Solar system & planets
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Edwin Hubble's observations in the 1920s led him to conclude that the universe is expanding. He found that the farther away galaxies are, the faster they are moving away from us. This provided evidence that the universe began in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang. In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered cosmic microwave background radiation, which supported the Big Bang theory by showing remnants of radiation from the early universe. The composition of the universe has changed over time as stars formed and died, creating heavier elements through nuclear fusion.
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WE LIVE IN A STRANGE SOLAR SYSTEM
There's a lot to wonder about space. The fact is we don't know all the answers about it. We know it's vast and beautiful, but we're not really sure how vast (or how beautiful, for that matter).
Some of the things we do know, however, are downright mind-boggling. Below, I've collected some of the most amazing facts about space, so when you look up at the stars you can be ever more wowed by what you're looking at.
1. Neutron stars can spin at a rate of 600 rotations per second
Neutron stars are one of the possible evolutionary end-points of high mass stars. They're born in a core-collapse supernova star explosion and subsequently rotate extremely rapidly as a consequence of their physics. Neutron stars can rotate up to 60 times per second after born. Under special circumstances, this rate can increase to more than 600 times per second.
2. Space is completely silent
Sound waves need a medium to travel through. Since there is no atmosphere in the vacuum of space, the realm between stars will always be eerily silent.
That said, worlds with atmospheres and air pressure do allow sound to travel, hence why there's plenty of noise on Earth and likely other planets as well.
3. There is an uncountable number of stars in the known universe
We basically have no idea how many stars there are in the universe. Right now we use our estimate of how many stars there are in our own galaxy, the Milky Way. We then multiply that number by the best guesstimate of the number of galaxies in the universe. After all that math, NASA can only confidently say that say there all zillions of uncountable stars. A zillion is any uncountable amount.
An Australian National University study put their estimate at 70 sextillion. Put another way, that's 70,000 million million million
4. The Apollo astronauts' footprints on the moon will probably stay there for at least 100 million years
Since the moon doesn't have an atmosphere, there's no wind or water to erode or wash away the Apollo astronauts' mark on the moon. That means their footprints, roverprints, spaceship prints, and discarded materials will stay preserved on the moon for a very long time.
They won't stay on there forever, though. The moon still a dynamic environment. It's actually being constantly bombarded with "micrometeorites," which means that erosion is still happening on the moon, just very slowly.
5. 99 percent of our solar system's mass is the sun
Our star, the sun, is so dense that it accounts for a whopping 99 percent of the mass of our entire solar system. That's what allows it to dominate all of the planets gravitationally.
Technically, our sun is a "G-type main-sequence star" which means that every second, it fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen to helium. It also converts about 4 million tons of matter to energy as a byproduct.
When the sun dies, it will become a red giant and envelop the Earth and everything on it. But don't worry: That won't happen for another
1universe hp
The document provides information about the universe and solar system. It discusses:
- The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old and consists of dark energy, dark matter, and normal matter.
- The solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust around the sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Planetesimals collided and accreted to form the planets.
- The current model is that the sun and planets formed from a protoplanetary disk, with collisions forming the terrestrial planets close to the sun and condensation forming the gas giants further out.
Day 1 Martin file from syllabus ves 5.pptx
- Ancient astronomers initially constructed a model that placed Earth at the center of the universe, with all other objects orbiting around it. This was known as the geocentric model.
- Over time, as better instruments allowed for more detailed observations, this model could no longer explain all the observed facts about planetary motion.
- A new heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center, was proposed and eventually accepted because it fit the experimental evidence better. This shows how scientific models evolve as new evidence is obtained through observation.
The universe2
The document discusses three main theories about the origin and evolution of the universe: the Big Bang theory, the Steady State theory, and the Oscillating Universe theory. It provides details about each theory and the evidence that supports them, including the work of astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Vesto Slipher, and Fred Hoyle. It also covers the expansion of the universe as observed through redshift and Hubble's law.
The universe2
The document discusses three main theories about the origin and evolution of the universe: the Big Bang theory, the Steady State theory, and the Oscillating Universe theory. It provides details about each theory and the evidence that supports them, including the work of astronomers like Edwin Hubble, Vesto Slipher, and Fred Hoyle. It also covers the expansion of the universe as observed through redshift and Hubble's law.
Origin of the universe
The document summarizes the origin of the universe and the solar system. It discusses the Big Bang theory and other theories such as inflation theory and M-theory. It also discusses early theories on the origin of the solar system such as Descartes' vortex theory and the Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. Additionally, it provides details on properties of the current solar system, including classifications of planets and components such as asteroids and comets.
Sophie & char formation of the solar system
The solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity around the sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago. A supernova may have triggered the collapse of the cloud. The planets formed from circling disks of debris left over from the formation of the sun. While the sun contains 99.9% of the mass of the solar system, the planets combined contain 99.7% of its angular momentum due to their orbital motion. Water and other volatiles are found throughout the outer solar system, though Earth has by far the largest stores of liquid water.
CHAPTER 1- 0ctober 12,2021- Origin of the Universe.pptx
This document outlines key concepts about the Earth and the solar system. It discusses the content and performance standards for understanding the formation of the universe, solar system, and Earth's internal structure. The learning competencies cover explaining hypotheses of the universe's and solar system's origins, recognizing Earth's uniqueness, and describing the solar system's current advancements. Learners are expected to conduct surveys on possible geologic and weather hazards and understand the solar system's origins and Earth's subsystems.
the_universe___solar_system.ppt
1. The document discusses the formation and structure of the universe, galaxies, and the solar system according to scientific theories.
2. It explains that the Big Bang Theory describes how the universe began as a very dense singularity over 13 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
3. It also describes how galaxies like the Milky Way formed, and how the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of dust and gas according to the nebular hypothesis over 4.6 billion years ago.
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CHAPTER 1- 0ctober 12,2021- Origin of the Universe.pptx
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Power point presentation
Surface tension is the contractive tendency of a liquid's surface that allows it to resist external forces. It results from molecules in the liquid having a stronger attraction to each other than to molecules in the air or other surrounding materials. This property is important for phenomena like capillarity and allows things denser than water, like insects or small objects, to float or move along the water's surface. Surface tension gives raindrops their spherical shape and causes the separation of immiscible liquids like oil and water.
Fission and fusion
This document discusses nuclear fission and fusion. It describes how fission occurs when a large nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei along with neutrons. Fission can be spontaneous or induced by neutron bombardment. Induced fission involves bombarding atoms with neutrons which causes the nuclei to split. The document also explains nuclear fusion, where two low mass nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus along with energy release. Fusion occurs through the combining of hydrogen isotopes to form helium. Both fission and fusion result in the release of kinetic energy greater than the initial particles.
Dispersion
A document from Kerala University College of Teacher Education discusses the dispersion of light through a prism. When light passes through a prism, it is spread out into the visible light spectrum of VIBGYOR colors ranging from violet to red. The phenomenon that causes this splitting of light into its constituent colors is known as dispersion, with the resulting array of colors called a spectrum.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Concave
A convex mirror forms an image that is upright, diminished, and located between the focal point and the center of curvature of the mirror. The rays of light from an object diverge after reflection and appear to converge from the image, which is always virtual and located behind the mirror.
Em waves
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon by which a changing magnetic field generates an electric current in a conductor. The document discusses how Michael Faraday discovered this through experiments with coils and magnets. It explains that moving a magnet into or out of a coil causes a current to flow as detected by a galvanometer, with the direction and magnitude of flow depending on the direction and speed of magnetic flux change. Faraday's laws of induction state that an EMF is induced whenever the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, and that the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
M N SAHA
Meghnad Saha was an Indian astrophysicist born in 1893 in present-day Bangladesh who made significant contributions to astrophysics. He is best known for formulating the Saha ionization equation, which is a basic tool for interpreting stellar spectra and determining the ionization states of elements in stars based on their temperature. Saha helped establish several scientific institutions in India and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in physics. He died in 1956 after a distinguished career advancing science in India.
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This document discusses methods for separating mixtures. It introduces filtration and fractional distillation as two separation techniques. Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids or gases, while fractional distillation uses distillation to separate compounds in a liquid mixture based on differences in their boiling points.
Em waves
Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon by which a changing magnetic field generates an electric current in a conductor. The document discusses how Michael Faraday discovered this through experiments with coils and magnets. It explains that moving a magnet into or out of a coil causes a current to flow as detected by a galvanometer, with the direction and magnitude of flow depending on the direction and speed of magnetic flux change. Faraday's laws of induction state that an EMF is induced whenever the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, and that the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Solar system & planets
- 1. WELCOME
- 2. The Universe, Solar System, and Planets I Questions: How do we know the Big Bang happened? How do we know the Universe is expanding? What is the timeframe of Universe evolution?
- 3. News Flash: NASA/CNN report first stars formed early than once thought
- 4. Edwin Hubble at Mt. Wilson Hubble’s observations at the 100 inch during the 1920’s led him to the conclusion that the universe is expanding, and that an object’s recession velocity is proportional to its distance from the observer. Hubble guiding the Hooker 100 inch telescope in 1923. The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilson near Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in the world from 1917-1947.
- 5. Deep Hubble Space Telescope Image A deep image of an “empty” portion of the sky with the Hubble Space Telescope reveals that the universe is filled with galaxies- many just like our own. The light we see from the most distant galaxies has traveled approx-imately 10 billion years to reach us.
- 6. Using the Doppler Effect to Measure Velocity Blueshift Redshift
- 7. Galaxy Spectroscopy Stellar Spectrum Calcium Sodium Magnesium Galaxy Spectrum Spectra of a nearby star and a distant galaxy Star is nearby, approximately at rest Galaxy is distant, traveling away from us at 12,000 km/s
- 8. Origin of the Universe - Did It Begin with a Big Bang?
- 9. Discovery of the Background Radiation from initial Big Bang -Long wavelength -came from all directions Penzias and Wilson, 1965 Arecibo Dish, Puerto Rico
- 10. Early History of the Universe • Matter as we know it did not exist at the time of the Big Bang, only pure energy. Within one second, the 4 fundamental forces were separated – gravity - the attraction of one body toward another – electromagnetic force - binds atoms into molecules, can be transmitted by photons – strong nuclear force - binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus – weak nuclear force - breaks down an atom’s nucleus, producing radioactive decay
- 11. Early History of the Universe • After 3 minutes, photons and neutrons began to fuse to form the nuclei of hydrogen and helium atoms • About 300,000 years later, temperatures were cool enough for complete hydrogen and helium atoms to form • Photons escaped from matter about the same time, and light existed for the first time
- 12. Changing Composition of the Universe • 200 million years later, with expansion still occurring, stars and galaxies began forming from leftover matter - hydrogen and helium – nuclear fusion in stars has reduced the original composition of 100% H and He to 98% – when a dying star explodes, the heavier elements created by fusion are blown into space to be recycled by newly forming stars – the overall composition of the galaxies is gradually changing to the heavier elements
- 13. TThhee SSoollaarr SSyysstteemm -- IIttss OOrriiggiinn aanndd EEaarrllyy DDeevveellooppmmeenntt OOuurr ssoollaarr ssyysstteemm,, ppaarrtt ooff tthhee MMiillkkyy WWaayy ggaallaaxxyy,, ccoonnssiissttss ooff tthhee SSuunn,, nniinnee ppllaanneettss,, 6644 kknnoowwnn mmoooonnss,, mmaannyy aasstteerrooiiddss,, mmiilllliioonnss ooff ccoommeettss aanndd mmeetteeoorriitteess,, aass wweellll aass iinntteerrppllaanneettaarryy dduusstt aanndd ggaasseess
- 14. TThhee SSoollaarr SSyysstteemm -- IIttss OOrriiggiinn aanndd EEaarrllyy DDeevveellooppmmeenntt
- 15. General Characteristics of the Solar System • Planetary orbits and rotation – planet and satellite orbits are in a common plane – nearly all planet and satellite orbital and spin motions are in the same direction – rotation axes of nearly all planets and satellites are roughly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic
- 16. General Characteristics of the Solar System • Chemical and physical properties of the planets – the terrestrial planets are small, have a high density, and are composed of rock and metallic elements – the Jovian planets are large, have a low density, and are composed of gases and frozen compounds • Slow rotation of the Sun • Interplanetary material – existence and location of asteroid belt – distribution of interplanetary dust
- 17. Meteorites - Visitors from Outer Space • Meteorites are believed to be pieces of material that originated in the formation of the Solar System about 4.6 billion years ago – Stones - composed of iron and magnesium silicates, about 93% of all meteorites – Irons - composed of iron and nickel alloys – Stony-Irons - nearly equal amounts of iron and nickel and silicate minerals
- 18. THANK YOU