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Religious organizations, places of worship, sacred texts, and religious laws and customs are seen as patriarchal by feminist theorists by concentrating power in male authorities and supporting male dominance and control over women. However, scholars like Karen Armstrong, Nawal El Saadawi, and Linda Woodhead have challenged these views by arguing that religion can be interpreted in different ways and does not necessarily promote the oppression of women.
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Chapter 13
This document defines key elements of religion and discusses different perspectives on religion. It describes religion as a system that defines the sacred and helps explain life. It also outlines Durkheim's distinction between the profane and sacred. Functionalists view religion as serving functions like meeting needs and maintaining social order. Conflict theorists see religion as justifying the status quo and dominating groups. The document also differentiates between types of religious organizations and beliefs.
Religious organisations & movements
This document outlines different typologies of religious organizations, including churches, denominations, sects, and cults. It describes key characteristics of each type, such as their leadership structure, views on other faiths, and relationship to society. Churches are typically bureaucratic and linked to the state, while sects are more egalitarian and critical of mainstream society. Cults are loosely structured and encourage members to pursue worldly goals. The document also discusses factors that have contributed to the rise of new religious movements, such as social change, secularization, and increased access through globalization and media.
Religion as a group phenomenon
A Lecture on Religion As a Group Phenomenon was delivered to students of Sociology in the class of Sociology of Religion supervised by Mr.Inam-ul-Haq Lecturer Sociology at UMT by M.USAMA MANSOOR
Spirituality vs religion
This document discusses Indian ethos in management by comparing various religions including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. It covers their origins, deities, scriptures, principles of moral thought and action, views on human nature, and applications of religion and spirituality in personal life and management. Spirituality is defined as a personal journey concerned with the human spirit, while religion typically involves organized beliefs and practices shared by a community.
Religion - Lesson 1: Concept of Religon and Belief System
Religion - Lesson 1: Concept of Religon and Belief SystemPATRONAGE OF MARY DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL (PMDS)
This document provides an overview of religion and belief systems. It discusses the main types of religions including monotheism, polytheism, and non-theism. It also covers the elements of most religions such as rituals, sacred concepts, belief systems, and organizations. Six major world religions are named as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Shintoism. The document also categorizes religions as simple supernaturalism, animism, theism, and transcendent idealism and describes the characteristics of each.What is religion
Religion involves reflecting on life's central questions about where we come from, where we are going, and what we ought to live for. It helps map a course through life and connects us to something transcendent. The roots of the term religion involve gathering, re-reading, and binding together. Religions develop from humanity's quest for meaning, purpose, and salvation, and adherents express their beliefs through particular worldviews, traditions, sacred texts, rituals, and moral codes.
Religion
Religion provides meaning, identity, and personal gratification for individuals. It also functions to reinforce social norms and cohesion for societies. Durkheim argued that religion developed from early rituals performed in groups, which created a sense of awe and reinforced moral values in society. Religion expresses the ideals and identity of the social group through shared beliefs and sacred symbols.
New religious movements
This document provides an overview of new religious movements (NRMs). It discusses that NRMs have approximately 100 million adherents globally in diverse groups. Some NRMs originate from mainstream religions, while others seek ancient wisdom or are based on charismatic leaders. It then examines some specific examples in more depth, including the Baha'i faith, which originated in 19th century Persia and promotes religious unity and human rights. Neo-Paganism and Wicca are also discussed as NRMs that seek to revive pre-Christian European religions.
Recommended
Chapter 13
This document defines key elements of religion and discusses different perspectives on religion. It describes religion as a system that defines the sacred and helps explain life. It also outlines Durkheim's distinction between the profane and sacred. Functionalists view religion as serving functions like meeting needs and maintaining social order. Conflict theorists see religion as justifying the status quo and dominating groups. The document also differentiates between types of religious organizations and beliefs.
Religious organisations & movements
This document outlines different typologies of religious organizations, including churches, denominations, sects, and cults. It describes key characteristics of each type, such as their leadership structure, views on other faiths, and relationship to society. Churches are typically bureaucratic and linked to the state, while sects are more egalitarian and critical of mainstream society. Cults are loosely structured and encourage members to pursue worldly goals. The document also discusses factors that have contributed to the rise of new religious movements, such as social change, secularization, and increased access through globalization and media.
Religion as a group phenomenon
A Lecture on Religion As a Group Phenomenon was delivered to students of Sociology in the class of Sociology of Religion supervised by Mr.Inam-ul-Haq Lecturer Sociology at UMT by M.USAMA MANSOOR
Spirituality vs religion
This document discusses Indian ethos in management by comparing various religions including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. It covers their origins, deities, scriptures, principles of moral thought and action, views on human nature, and applications of religion and spirituality in personal life and management. Spirituality is defined as a personal journey concerned with the human spirit, while religion typically involves organized beliefs and practices shared by a community.
Religion - Lesson 1: Concept of Religon and Belief System
Religion - Lesson 1: Concept of Religon and Belief SystemPATRONAGE OF MARY DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL (PMDS)
This document provides an overview of religion and belief systems. It discusses the main types of religions including monotheism, polytheism, and non-theism. It also covers the elements of most religions such as rituals, sacred concepts, belief systems, and organizations. Six major world religions are named as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Shintoism. The document also categorizes religions as simple supernaturalism, animism, theism, and transcendent idealism and describes the characteristics of each.What is religion
Religion involves reflecting on life's central questions about where we come from, where we are going, and what we ought to live for. It helps map a course through life and connects us to something transcendent. The roots of the term religion involve gathering, re-reading, and binding together. Religions develop from humanity's quest for meaning, purpose, and salvation, and adherents express their beliefs through particular worldviews, traditions, sacred texts, rituals, and moral codes.
Religion
Religion provides meaning, identity, and personal gratification for individuals. It also functions to reinforce social norms and cohesion for societies. Durkheim argued that religion developed from early rituals performed in groups, which created a sense of awe and reinforced moral values in society. Religion expresses the ideals and identity of the social group through shared beliefs and sacred symbols.
New religious movements
This document provides an overview of new religious movements (NRMs). It discusses that NRMs have approximately 100 million adherents globally in diverse groups. Some NRMs originate from mainstream religions, while others seek ancient wisdom or are based on charismatic leaders. It then examines some specific examples in more depth, including the Baha'i faith, which originated in 19th century Persia and promotes religious unity and human rights. Neo-Paganism and Wicca are also discussed as NRMs that seek to revive pre-Christian European religions.
Characteristics of Religion
The document discusses the key characteristics shared by most major world religions throughout history. These characteristics include belief in deities or supernatural powers, doctrines of salvation, moral codes of conduct, use of sacred stories, and religious rituals. The essential teachings of each religion are passed down through authoritative sources like scriptures, writings of religious leaders, and oral traditions. Most religions are either monotheistic with one god, polytheistic with multiple gods, or henotheistic recognizing a supreme deity alongside other spirits. Religions offer paths to salvation from dangers like sin or rebirth through acceptance of teachings, moral behavior, and ceremonies.
The nature of religion
Rituals and symbols are important aspects of religion that mark life changes and unite believers. Religions can be categorized into belief systems like animism, theism, and ethicalism. Religious organizations fall into four main structures - ecclesia which people are born into, denominations which are well established, sects which have split from denominations, and cults which are new and differ from major religions.
Lecture 13 - Religion
The document discusses key concepts related to defining and understanding religion from an anthropological perspective. It examines definitions of religion proposed by scholars like Durkheim, Geertz and Tylor. It explores the relationship between religion, magic and rituals. Case studies from West and North Africa are presented on how terms like witchcraft and sorcery are used. Theories on the origins and functions of religion are outlined, and Wallace's framework of classifying religions into individualistic, shamanistic, communal and ecclesiastical cults is described.
Chapter 14 religion
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It explains that sociologists study religion's social dimensions and influence on society rather than its spiritual aspects. Three main sociological perspectives are discussed: functionalism views religion as creating social order and unity; conflict theory examines how religion affects social change; and symbolic interactionism sees religion as providing symbolic meaning. Religious organizations such as churches, denominations, sects, and cults are also analyzed. Finally, the document reviews dimensions of religious commitment and trends in religion in the United States.
Definitions Cults, Sects Etc
1. Religions involve belief in divine or supernatural beings that are worshipped and obeyed as creators and rulers of the universe. Religions are expressed through conduct, rituals, and religious groups like Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.
2. Sects are religious groups that have broken away from larger established churches, while cults involve systems of worship around charismatic leaders and unorthodox or extremist beliefs and practices that psychologically coerce members.
3. Being involved in a cult can have negative effects on people like loss of free will, diminished intellectual abilities, and physical and mental health issues.
RELIGION
The document provides an overview of cultural geography of religion. It defines religion and discusses major world religions including their origins, divisions, and basic precepts. The major universalizing religions covered are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. The major ethnic religions discussed are Hinduism and Judaism. Other ethnic Asian religions of Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism are also briefly mentioned.
Religion, Function of religion , and Psychological Function Of Religion
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Religion
Religion is a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on conceptions of the sacred. It involves rituals and ceremonies. Sociology can study religion's social impact but not validate religious doctrines, as they involve faith rather than evidence. Durkheim saw religion symbolizing society's power over individuals and serving social functions like cohesion, control, and meaning. Marx noted religion legitimizes inequality. Weber showed how Protestantism promoted social change like capitalism. World religions include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Fundamentalism interprets scripture literally and rejects pluralism.
201.16 religious institutions
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It explains that early sociologists sought to apply scientific methods to understand religion's role in maintaining social order. Religion provides social cohesion, control, and purpose. However, some argue it also perpetuates inequality by focusing on otherworldly matters. Symbolic interactionism views religion as important to social identity and socialization. The document also discusses secularization, civil religion, and megachurches as forms of religion in modern society.
BELIEF SYSTEM: RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM
Humanities and Social sciences (HUMSS)
MELVIN MUSSOLINI ARIAS
Lec viii Religion as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad Sajid
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Studetnts of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Religion ppt
The document provides an overview of major religions in Asia, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Zen Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shinto, Shamanism, and Animism. It discusses the origins, founders, sacred texts, deities, beliefs, and practices of each religion.
Nature of religion
Religion is a collection of belief systems and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. It provides emotional support and security for believers by offering meaning and transcendence. Religion also functions as social control by sacralizing social norms and values, and can enable social change by justifying social movements. Additionally, religion contributes to individual and group identities and directs aspects of people's lives like rites of passage.
Religion
Religion is belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. Super natural beings are gods and goddesses, ghosts, and souls.
The social institution of religion
This document defines religion as beliefs about the supernatural, the afterlife, and how they impact life. It discusses key features of religion like prayer, ritual, and belief. From a functionalist perspective, religion is seen as teaching obedience, preserving in suffering, and virtues. However, from a conflict perspective, Marx saw religion as oppressing the working class by legitimizing capitalism. The document also examines dominant religions in Trinidad and Tobago and syncretic religions that blend Christian and African traditions. It lists contributions of religion like art, education, architecture, and influence on dress. Finally, it identifies various forms of worship within the Caribbean region.
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?The Center for Connection, Healing & Change
The document discusses the differences between religion and spirituality. Religion is described as more transactional and institutional, involving adherence to specific rules, doctrines, and moral codes set by governing bodies. It focuses on worship of historical or archetypal figures. Spirituality is described as more internal, focusing on practical application of teachings through personal experience and evolution. It emphasizes inclusivity, self-discovery, and seeing all beings as family. While religion can provide structure and community, spirituality allows for more freedom and diversity in one's faith journey and practice.A2 Sociology Beliefs - Religious Organisations and Movements
This document outlines different types of religious organizations:
- Churches are large with millions of members and are linked to the state. They see their interpretation as correct.
- Sects are small and exclusive, demanding real commitment from members. They see themselves as having the monopoly on truth.
- Denominations are between churches and sects - they are less exclusive and tolerant of other religions.
- Cults are loosely organized, individualistic groups that are seen as deviant by wider society.
Religious Cults
This presentation gives an insight into various religious cults that exist in the world & concludes showing how Christians(born-again children of God) can resist them.
Sociology and relgions
Religion plays an important role in society according to sociological theories. Marx saw religion as an ideology used by the ruling class to justify social inequality and oppress the working class. It creates false consciousness and masks the real issues of exploitation under capitalism. Durkheim viewed religion as an integrative force that provides meaning, social solidarity, and shared values in a society. People often change religions due to outside societal forces such as changes in education, marital status, geography, and generational assimilation rather than purely personal choice.
Religion ppt
This document discusses several topics related to religion from a sociological perspective. It begins by outlining Troeltsch's typology of religious organizations as ecclesia, church, sect, and cult. It then discusses trends in religion in the United States, noting the diversity of denominations and the civil religious aspects. The document also examines different perspectives on the relationship between religion and society, and debates whether religion serves to unite or divide societies.
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Social research examines attitudes, beliefs, trends, and social rules within a society. The scope of social research can focus on individuals or entire populations. Conducting social research is an engaging process that requires skills in observation, logical thinking, and curiosity about sociological topics like poverty, racism, class issues, voting behavior, and criminality. Researchers develop hypotheses to test their initial ideas or hunches about relationships between variables. Data can be collected through quantitative methods that rely on numbers or qualitative methods like observations and interviews to understand experiences. Primary data is collected directly by researchers, while secondary data involves previously collected official statistics.
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Characteristics of Religion
The document discusses the key characteristics shared by most major world religions throughout history. These characteristics include belief in deities or supernatural powers, doctrines of salvation, moral codes of conduct, use of sacred stories, and religious rituals. The essential teachings of each religion are passed down through authoritative sources like scriptures, writings of religious leaders, and oral traditions. Most religions are either monotheistic with one god, polytheistic with multiple gods, or henotheistic recognizing a supreme deity alongside other spirits. Religions offer paths to salvation from dangers like sin or rebirth through acceptance of teachings, moral behavior, and ceremonies.
The nature of religion
Rituals and symbols are important aspects of religion that mark life changes and unite believers. Religions can be categorized into belief systems like animism, theism, and ethicalism. Religious organizations fall into four main structures - ecclesia which people are born into, denominations which are well established, sects which have split from denominations, and cults which are new and differ from major religions.
Lecture 13 - Religion
The document discusses key concepts related to defining and understanding religion from an anthropological perspective. It examines definitions of religion proposed by scholars like Durkheim, Geertz and Tylor. It explores the relationship between religion, magic and rituals. Case studies from West and North Africa are presented on how terms like witchcraft and sorcery are used. Theories on the origins and functions of religion are outlined, and Wallace's framework of classifying religions into individualistic, shamanistic, communal and ecclesiastical cults is described.
Chapter 14 religion
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It explains that sociologists study religion's social dimensions and influence on society rather than its spiritual aspects. Three main sociological perspectives are discussed: functionalism views religion as creating social order and unity; conflict theory examines how religion affects social change; and symbolic interactionism sees religion as providing symbolic meaning. Religious organizations such as churches, denominations, sects, and cults are also analyzed. Finally, the document reviews dimensions of religious commitment and trends in religion in the United States.
Definitions Cults, Sects Etc
1. Religions involve belief in divine or supernatural beings that are worshipped and obeyed as creators and rulers of the universe. Religions are expressed through conduct, rituals, and religious groups like Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.
2. Sects are religious groups that have broken away from larger established churches, while cults involve systems of worship around charismatic leaders and unorthodox or extremist beliefs and practices that psychologically coerce members.
3. Being involved in a cult can have negative effects on people like loss of free will, diminished intellectual abilities, and physical and mental health issues.
RELIGION
The document provides an overview of cultural geography of religion. It defines religion and discusses major world religions including their origins, divisions, and basic precepts. The major universalizing religions covered are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. The major ethnic religions discussed are Hinduism and Judaism. Other ethnic Asian religions of Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism are also briefly mentioned.
Religion, Function of religion , and Psychological Function Of Religion
Religion
Function of religion
religion , function of religion and
Psychological Function Of Religion
Religion
Religion is a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on conceptions of the sacred. It involves rituals and ceremonies. Sociology can study religion's social impact but not validate religious doctrines, as they involve faith rather than evidence. Durkheim saw religion symbolizing society's power over individuals and serving social functions like cohesion, control, and meaning. Marx noted religion legitimizes inequality. Weber showed how Protestantism promoted social change like capitalism. World religions include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Fundamentalism interprets scripture literally and rejects pluralism.
201.16 religious institutions
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It explains that early sociologists sought to apply scientific methods to understand religion's role in maintaining social order. Religion provides social cohesion, control, and purpose. However, some argue it also perpetuates inequality by focusing on otherworldly matters. Symbolic interactionism views religion as important to social identity and socialization. The document also discusses secularization, civil religion, and megachurches as forms of religion in modern society.
BELIEF SYSTEM: RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM
Humanities and Social sciences (HUMSS)
MELVIN MUSSOLINI ARIAS
Lec viii Religion as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad Sajid
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Studetnts of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Religion ppt
The document provides an overview of major religions in Asia, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Zen Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shinto, Shamanism, and Animism. It discusses the origins, founders, sacred texts, deities, beliefs, and practices of each religion.
Nature of religion
Religion is a collection of belief systems and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. It provides emotional support and security for believers by offering meaning and transcendence. Religion also functions as social control by sacralizing social norms and values, and can enable social change by justifying social movements. Additionally, religion contributes to individual and group identities and directs aspects of people's lives like rites of passage.
Religion
Religion is belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. Super natural beings are gods and goddesses, ghosts, and souls.
The social institution of religion
This document defines religion as beliefs about the supernatural, the afterlife, and how they impact life. It discusses key features of religion like prayer, ritual, and belief. From a functionalist perspective, religion is seen as teaching obedience, preserving in suffering, and virtues. However, from a conflict perspective, Marx saw religion as oppressing the working class by legitimizing capitalism. The document also examines dominant religions in Trinidad and Tobago and syncretic religions that blend Christian and African traditions. It lists contributions of religion like art, education, architecture, and influence on dress. Finally, it identifies various forms of worship within the Caribbean region.
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?The Center for Connection, Healing & Change
The document discusses the differences between religion and spirituality. Religion is described as more transactional and institutional, involving adherence to specific rules, doctrines, and moral codes set by governing bodies. It focuses on worship of historical or archetypal figures. Spirituality is described as more internal, focusing on practical application of teachings through personal experience and evolution. It emphasizes inclusivity, self-discovery, and seeing all beings as family. While religion can provide structure and community, spirituality allows for more freedom and diversity in one's faith journey and practice.A2 Sociology Beliefs - Religious Organisations and Movements
This document outlines different types of religious organizations:
- Churches are large with millions of members and are linked to the state. They see their interpretation as correct.
- Sects are small and exclusive, demanding real commitment from members. They see themselves as having the monopoly on truth.
- Denominations are between churches and sects - they are less exclusive and tolerant of other religions.
- Cults are loosely organized, individualistic groups that are seen as deviant by wider society.
Religious Cults
This presentation gives an insight into various religious cults that exist in the world & concludes showing how Christians(born-again children of God) can resist them.
Sociology and relgions
Religion plays an important role in society according to sociological theories. Marx saw religion as an ideology used by the ruling class to justify social inequality and oppress the working class. It creates false consciousness and masks the real issues of exploitation under capitalism. Durkheim viewed religion as an integrative force that provides meaning, social solidarity, and shared values in a society. People often change religions due to outside societal forces such as changes in education, marital status, geography, and generational assimilation rather than purely personal choice.
Religion ppt
This document discusses several topics related to religion from a sociological perspective. It begins by outlining Troeltsch's typology of religious organizations as ecclesia, church, sect, and cult. It then discusses trends in religion in the United States, noting the diversity of denominations and the civil religious aspects. The document also examines different perspectives on the relationship between religion and society, and debates whether religion serves to unite or divide societies.
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Religion, Function of religion , and Psychological Function Of Religion
Religion, Function of religion , and Psychological Function Of Religion
Lec viii Religion as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad Sajid
Lec viii Religion as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad Sajid
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?
What is the difference between Religion and Spirituality?
A2 Sociology Beliefs - Religious Organisations and Movements
A2 Sociology Beliefs - Religious Organisations and Movements
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This document discusses consensus and conflict theories in sociology. It instructs students to read about Parson's GAIL model, which analyzes a society's ability to address expressive problems related to integration, as well as instrumental problems concerning adaptation. Students are asked to provide their own examples and write a timed essay critically assessing the contribution of functionalist theories to understanding society.
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The document outlines test topics that will be covered on various dates. The topics include social class, ethnicity, gender, functionalism, Marxism, and education policy. Social class will discuss both external factors like cultural and material deprivation as well as internal factors such as labeling and subcultures. Ethnicity will cover external factors like racism and internal factors such as institutional racism. Gender will address subject choice, identity, and achievement gaps between boys and girls in relation to both external societal factors and internal school factors.
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
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1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
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This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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- 1. Feminist theorists see religion as patriarchal.....in the following ways. Religious organisations Places of Worship Sacred texts Religious laws and customs BUT!!! BIG BUTS!!! Karen Armstrong Nawal El Saadawi Linda Woodhead