The document discusses the evolution of communities through various historical periods, from hunter-gatherer societies to agrarian and modern communities, highlighting the social structures, stratifications, and dynamics that arise in these groups. It examines how community development is intertwined with socio-economic factors and the role of education, politics, and deviance in shaping social interactions. Overall, it presents the complexities of community formation, governance, and social relationships, emphasizing the importance of collective effort for survival and progress.

2. “A COMMUNITY IS LIKE A SHIP;
EVERYONE OUGHT TO BE
PREPARED TO TAKE THE
HELM.”
•words of Henrik Ibsen

4. Community being an organized social structure
serves as the driving force for civilization.
Human development came side by side with the
development of communal orientation as well as
with the evolution of socio-economic structures.
Anthropological Perspective

5. ANTHROPOLOGY

6. a. paleolithic age (old stone age) –
hunter gatherers
* The earliest humans were able to create tools from rocks and other
solid materials found elsewhere in their environment. Through sheer
ingenuity these early people were able to produce tools for hunting and
chopping. Such display of ingenuity must have been driven by their
sense of community in which gathering of foods was no longer
intended to feed one or two persons but the entire community. In the
process, as the population continues to grow, the early humans were
able to develop a system of holding the entire community together into
one solid unit working collectively for the common good.

7. Photo credits to DEA Picture
Library/De Agostini/Getty

8. b. mesolithic age (middle stone age) –
horticultural and agricultural
• In this period early people started using tools more
advanced than those in the Paleolithic era. Because the
population is getting bigger so as the demands for
provisions which brought the idea of growing plants for food
instead of just relying on what the nature can provide. This
marked the transition of a community into an agricultural
oriented social system which resulted also in inequality and
conflict within and with other communities.

9. Photo credits to ir4project.org

10. c. neolithic age – agrarian
• This period is characterized by the advancement of technology
which resulted to the large agricultural production and
consequently led to social stratifications. People of the community
saw how the large stockpile of agricultural products can translate
to power. The situation created a competition that was decided by
the size of land owned and technology used in order to produce
more. From then on conflict and competition has played a big role
in the community dynamics.

11. The Banaue Rice Terraces is an embodiment of an early agricultural
communities in Northern Philippines. Photo source: en.wikipedia.org.

12. •Sociology is a branch of Social Science that analyzes the
history, evolution, structure, and functions of societies.
Sociologist studied community as a system and tried to
generate empirical data to established theories on various
social phenomena stemming from inter-human
relationships as well as humans to institutions
relationships.

13. a. Social stratification
• Involves categorization of people in a community into
groups based on several factors which include wealth,
income, occupation, race, gender, power among others.
Social stratification provides a view of the situations
within the community system such as how power is
obtained or shared including the distribution of race and
gender in the population.

14. b. Social Class
•Hierarchical categorization of people based on the income
economic capacity. This includes the most basic
classification such as upper class, middle class and lower
class. Politicians and economic planners used this kind
of categorization to have a clearer vision of how certain
socio-economic policies will affect people in the economic
system work or how certain policy will affect the people.

15. Photo credits to study.com

16. c. Social Mobility
• Refers to the movement of an individual or group within or
between social strata. It results in change in social status
relative so one’s positions or location.
• One example of social mobility is the movement from one lower
position to a higher position in a political system.
• Another manifestations of social mobility is the shift in social
class of OFWs from lower to upper class of OFWs resulting
from increased in financial capability.

18. d. Gender Equality Movements
•It involves how individuals view themselves in
the light of their freedom to choose what
gender view they will intend to follow or
perform certain roles without having to
confront any form of social repercussion.

20. e. Deviance
•Any form of action or behavior that undermines
social norms, laws or cultural orientations.
Deviance can be a mere result of a person’s
inclination to follow a personal view of a socially
acceptable behavior and not necessarily an
affront to the rules and customary order.

21. For some Filipinos having tattoos especially among women
is a form of deviance but for anthropologists tattoos has
significant part in our rich culture.
Photo credits to Lars Krutak.

22. •Politics is about the interrelationship of power and the
community. Political scientists view community as a
system composed of people of diverse views that create
conflicts and competitions. Such kind of interactions
necessitate the need for an authority that will assume
power in order to establish and preserve order.

23. Institutional
Perspective

24. •Community as a political system
composed of the following
elements:

26. A. POPULATION
• Refers to the people who are bestowed
with duties, rights and privileges in
order to maximize potentials to the
benefits of the community.

27. B. TERRITORY
• A geographical community occupies
a physical space within which all
social, economic and political views
and activities may be practiced.

28. C. SOVEREIGNTY
• At the community level it
basically refers to the capacity
of the community to enforce
rules within its territory.

29. D. GOVERNMENT
• An institution at the community
level that was empowered to
ensure order within its territory.

30. • A community is a dynamic social
grouping in which all the members
strive to sustain daily living through
different activities involving
production, and exchanges of goods
and services. Due to the limitations on
the resources the community
necessitated the adoption of a system
that will ensure fair distribution of
resources.
Photo credits: businessdiary.com /
burgermac /

31. • Human survival is tied up to the different techniques and
innovations the people can master in order to provide for
their needs. Through the advancement of intellect, people
learned how to adapt to their environment and utilize all the
resources around them to produce their daily necessities. As
social beings, humans live in a community that they share
with others for which they have to relinquish certain aspect
of their freedom to be able to harmoniously coexist.
Education Institution
Perspectives

32. “Education for all” has long been the mantra of the DepED because education will open the
door for multitude of opportunities for better life for young individuals and progress for the
community
(Photo credit to rappler.com)

33. •In as far as religious perspective is concerned, a
community is consist of people who commit and
practice a common belief system. The culture
system wasn’t always a product of a social process
but by a pre-established code handed down to the
people through and enforced by an anointed leader.

34. People of different
ages from various
walks of life
gathered to show
their support to the
efforts for a peaceful
Mindanao (Photo
credit to the Office
of the Presidential
Adviser on the Peace
Process /
peace.gov.ph).