Chapter 04.social scientific approaches to persuasionDonnie Kirk
This document summarizes several social scientific approaches to persuasion, including dual process theories like the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Heuristic-Systematic Model. It also discusses variable-analytic approaches focusing on source and message effects. Additionally, it covers alternatives to dual process models like balance and consistency theories and the accessibility and activation of attitudes. The document provides an overview of key concepts in persuasion research across multiple theoretical frameworks.
This document defines attitudes and describes the ABC model of attitudes. It discusses how attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction, interaction with others, and observational learning. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or cognitive dissonance. Persuasion involves the source, message, and target audience, while cognitive dissonance is an inconsistency between cognitions and behaviors that causes tension motivating change.
An attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to an idea, person, object or situation. Attitudes are learned through experiences and interactions with others, and influence how people view these things even before being exposed to them. The ABC model of attitudes includes the affective, behavioral and cognitive components. Attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction from others, interaction with peers, and observational learning. Persuasion can change attitudes by targeting the source, message, and audience characteristics effectively. The elaboration likelihood model describes central and peripheral route processing of persuasive messages. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people seek to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors.
This document defines attitudes and describes the ABC model of attitudes. It discusses how attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction, interaction with others, and observational learning. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or cognitive dissonance. Persuasion involves the source, message, and target audience, while cognitive dissonance is an inconsistency between cognitions and behaviors that causes tension motivating change.
Social cognition involves how people process, store, and apply social information. It focuses on cognitive processes in social interactions and how we think about other people. Social cognition involves both automatic and effortful processing of information. Schemas and impression formation also play important roles in social cognition by influencing how we organize, interpret, and judge social information and others. The way we think about others greatly impacts how we interact with the world.
This document provides an overview of ethical decision-making models and their application in clinical practice. It discusses how moral judgments are influenced by both rational and non-rational processes. Automatic thinking, emotions, and cognitive biases can complicate clinical ethics and decision-making. The document outlines several models for conceptualizing ethical development, including the acculturation model which involves integrating personal and professional ethical values. It emphasizes using a principle-based approach focused on concepts like autonomy, beneficence, and justice when making ethical decisions.
The darker side of ethics and morality in psychotherapy.pptxJohn Gavazzi
The presentation highlights those areas in psychotherapy and ethics that we cannot see. These phenomena include emotions, decision-making skills, biases, personal values, and other non-conscious processes in the therapeutic dynamic.
This document provides an overview of the course "Behavioural Science II" taught by Esther Ohenewa. The goal of the course is to help students understand individual and group behavior, attitudes, and social influences. Key topics covered include social psychology, social perception, understanding behavior and attribution theory, attitude formation and functions, social relations like stereotypes and prejudice, group dynamics and influence, and conflict resolution. Assessment of behaviors, attitudes, and social interactions is discussed.
Chapter 04.social scientific approaches to persuasionDonnie Kirk
This document summarizes several social scientific approaches to persuasion, including dual process theories like the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Heuristic-Systematic Model. It also discusses variable-analytic approaches focusing on source and message effects. Additionally, it covers alternatives to dual process models like balance and consistency theories and the accessibility and activation of attitudes. The document provides an overview of key concepts in persuasion research across multiple theoretical frameworks.
This document defines attitudes and describes the ABC model of attitudes. It discusses how attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction, interaction with others, and observational learning. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or cognitive dissonance. Persuasion involves the source, message, and target audience, while cognitive dissonance is an inconsistency between cognitions and behaviors that causes tension motivating change.
An attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond positively or negatively to an idea, person, object or situation. Attitudes are learned through experiences and interactions with others, and influence how people view these things even before being exposed to them. The ABC model of attitudes includes the affective, behavioral and cognitive components. Attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction from others, interaction with peers, and observational learning. Persuasion can change attitudes by targeting the source, message, and audience characteristics effectively. The elaboration likelihood model describes central and peripheral route processing of persuasive messages. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people seek to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors.
This document defines attitudes and describes the ABC model of attitudes. It discusses how attitudes are formed through direct contact, instruction, interaction with others, and observational learning. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or cognitive dissonance. Persuasion involves the source, message, and target audience, while cognitive dissonance is an inconsistency between cognitions and behaviors that causes tension motivating change.
Social cognition involves how people process, store, and apply social information. It focuses on cognitive processes in social interactions and how we think about other people. Social cognition involves both automatic and effortful processing of information. Schemas and impression formation also play important roles in social cognition by influencing how we organize, interpret, and judge social information and others. The way we think about others greatly impacts how we interact with the world.
This document provides an overview of ethical decision-making models and their application in clinical practice. It discusses how moral judgments are influenced by both rational and non-rational processes. Automatic thinking, emotions, and cognitive biases can complicate clinical ethics and decision-making. The document outlines several models for conceptualizing ethical development, including the acculturation model which involves integrating personal and professional ethical values. It emphasizes using a principle-based approach focused on concepts like autonomy, beneficence, and justice when making ethical decisions.
The darker side of ethics and morality in psychotherapy.pptxJohn Gavazzi
The presentation highlights those areas in psychotherapy and ethics that we cannot see. These phenomena include emotions, decision-making skills, biases, personal values, and other non-conscious processes in the therapeutic dynamic.
This document provides an overview of the course "Behavioural Science II" taught by Esther Ohenewa. The goal of the course is to help students understand individual and group behavior, attitudes, and social influences. Key topics covered include social psychology, social perception, understanding behavior and attribution theory, attitude formation and functions, social relations like stereotypes and prejudice, group dynamics and influence, and conflict resolution. Assessment of behaviors, attitudes, and social interactions is discussed.
Prof. Kanchan.ku.perception,attitude,valuesmotivation,learning.pptxProf. Kanchan Kumari
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to perception, attitudes, values, and learning. It discusses the nature, process, importance, and factors influencing perception. It also examines attitude formation and the different types of attitudes. Values and the importance of an individual's value system are explored. Learning theories around conditioning and social learning are summarized. The document concludes with discussing the managerial implications of understanding these concepts.
This document provides an introduction to individual behavior and perception. It defines behavior as a person's response to stimuli, which can be influenced by factors like culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, and coercion. Studying individual behavior allows people to understand their own patterns, take responsibility for managing themselves, and develop self-competency. Perception is how people organize and interpret sensory information to make sense of their environment. A person's perception is influenced by characteristics of the target, perceiver, and situation. Perceptual errors can occur through processes like selective perception, halo effects, contrast errors, projection, stereotyping, and expectancy effects.
William Glasser developed Choice Theory and Reality Therapy based on his experience working in psychiatric facilities. He emphasized personal responsibility and that people are motivated by their needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Reality therapy focuses on the present and helping clients meet their needs effectively. It uses the WDEP process - exploring wants, evaluating current behaviors, and making plans. The approach aims to empower clients through self-evaluation and planning for the future.
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics, including defining key concepts like values, beliefs, attitudes, ethics, and morality. It discusses moral frameworks for decision making and how nurses are influenced by various factors. Everyday ethical issues nurses may face are explored, like informing a patient of a death or following a doctor's instructions. The document aims to help nurses understand ethics and make well-reasoned moral decisions in their practice.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on ethical decision-making in psychology. It discusses how moral decisions are influenced by both rational and irrational tendencies. It also examines models of moral development and decision-making, including the acculturation model where psychologists integrate their personal values with their professional ethics. The presentation addresses cognitive biases that can impact ethics and provides examples of "false risk management strategies" that intend to reduce liability but do not improve patient care. The objectives are to review ethical principles, models of moral decision-making, integrating personal and professional ethics, and understanding false risk management.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Communication
Lesson : Sociological model of communication2
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Communication
Lesson : Sociological model of communication
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
This document discusses various theoretical perspectives on human behavior that are relevant for social work professionals. It covers key concepts from different theories like systems theory, conflict theory, rational choice theory, and psychodynamic theory. It also outlines criteria for evaluating theories and discusses how theories can be used to guide social work practice interventions. The document emphasizes that theories provide frameworks for understanding human behavior and that scientific knowledge of theories and research is an important ingredient for doing social work.
Technical Writing Belief Velue Attitude and Virtue2022002857mbit
1. Beliefs are formed from knowledge and information, with core beliefs being more permanent than dispositional beliefs. Contemporary approaches to beliefs include that common-sense understanding may be correct or useful but not entirely.
2. Values guide actions and are formed from various sources like family, peers, role models and institutions. Values are classified by types like terminal vs instrumental and categories like religious and social.
3. Attitudes are predispositions based on one's value system, with attitudes and values being interrelated but differing in that attitudes are personal while values come from social and cultural sources.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It provides the following key points:
1. An attitude is a positive or negative orientation toward something, and attitudes influence behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
2. Work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment. High job satisfaction and commitment can improve performance and retention.
3. Attitude change involves modifying the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Several theories seek to explain how attitudes change, such as reinforcement theory, balance theory, and cognitive dissonance theory.
The document discusses various cognitive biases and heuristics that influence perception and decision making. It explains attribution theory, which suggests that people attempt to determine whether behaviors are internally or externally caused. Some common biases discussed are the fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, selective perception, halo effect, and stereotyping. The rational model of decision making assumes people have complete information and choose the optimal option, but in reality people use bounded rationality and satisfice. Intuition also influences decisions. The document outlines several biases that impair decision making, like anchoring bias and availability bias, and provides some strategies for reducing biases and more ethical decision making.
Class 6 intro to mezirow's transformative learning theorytjcarter
Mezirow's transformative learning theory proposes that adult learning can involve a transformation of meaning structures including points of view, habits of mind, and frames of reference. Learning becomes transformative when these meaning structures are revised or re-framed to be more inclusive, differentiated, and open to new perspectives. The theory outlines four ways learning can occur and describes an ideal process of perspective transformation involving critical reflection and dialogue. While influential, the theory has also received some criticism for its rational focus and lack of emphasis on context and relationships.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the new science of morality and how it applies to professional ethics in psychology. It discusses how morality is influenced by emotions and heuristics rather than rational algorithms. It introduces the Ethical Acculturation Model which describes how personal ethics integrate with professional obligations over time. Key concepts covered include moral foundations theory, moral emotions, cognitive biases in decision-making, and applying an ethical framework of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity and justice to clinical scenarios. The goal is to help psychologists make ethical decisions by considering both intuitive and deliberative thought processes.
Attitudes ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkot 1Babasab Patil
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It makes three key points:
1. Attitudes are positive or negative orientations or feelings toward something specific, like a person, place, or idea. They influence behaviors and can be shaped by beliefs and values.
2. Important work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which impact performance, retention, and the employee-organization relationship.
3. Attitudes can change through processes of reinforcement, balancing beliefs to reduce inconsistency, and addressing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and behaviors. Changing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components is important to shifting perspectives.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, goals, objectives, and characteristics of the scientific research process. It discusses research as a systematic attempt to answer questions through objective, logical methods. The goals of research are described as theoretical (e.g. description, explanation), practical (e.g. control, prediction), and cognitive. Key aspects of the scientific research process include defining the research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
Social cognitive theory is an interpersonal theory that aims to understand individual and group behavior and identify methods to modify behavior. It focuses on reciprocal determinism between personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Key concepts include observational learning, reinforcement, self-efficacy, and expectations. Diffusion of innovation theory examines how innovations spread through social systems via communication channels over time. It considers characteristics of innovations and adopter categories. Community organization theory aims to help community groups identify problems, mobilize resources, and implement strategies through consensus, capacity building, and task orientation.
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS THE POPULATION OF BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BBY HUMANS AND INFLUENCED BY CULTURE, ATTITUDE, EMOTIONS, VALUES, ETHICS, AUTHORITY, RAPPORT,ETC.................................................
The document discusses perception processes and how individuals organize and interpret sensory information. It defines perception and outlines the perceptual process model involving environmental stimuli, receiving stimuli through the senses, and perceptual selectivity. It discusses factors like personality, motivation, experience, stimulus intensity, contrast that influence how stimuli are selected. The document also covers perceptual organization principles of figure-ground, closure, continuity, proximity and similarity. It discusses social perception and factors influencing how people perceive others. It introduces attribution theory and types of attributions like dispositional and situational. It outlines Kelley's theory of causal attribution focusing on consensus, consistency and distinctiveness. It concludes with attributional biases like the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.
This document discusses theories and concepts related to persuasion and attitude change. It covers:
1) Key factors in persuasion including the communicator, communication/message, and audience. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or counter-attitudinal acts.
2) Yale's communications theory examines who says what to whom with what effect, studying communicator, message, and audience variables.
3) Dual-process models of persuasion including the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Heuristic-Systematic Model which describe central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Prof. Kanchan.ku.perception,attitude,valuesmotivation,learning.pptxProf. Kanchan Kumari
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to perception, attitudes, values, and learning. It discusses the nature, process, importance, and factors influencing perception. It also examines attitude formation and the different types of attitudes. Values and the importance of an individual's value system are explored. Learning theories around conditioning and social learning are summarized. The document concludes with discussing the managerial implications of understanding these concepts.
This document provides an introduction to individual behavior and perception. It defines behavior as a person's response to stimuli, which can be influenced by factors like culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, and coercion. Studying individual behavior allows people to understand their own patterns, take responsibility for managing themselves, and develop self-competency. Perception is how people organize and interpret sensory information to make sense of their environment. A person's perception is influenced by characteristics of the target, perceiver, and situation. Perceptual errors can occur through processes like selective perception, halo effects, contrast errors, projection, stereotyping, and expectancy effects.
William Glasser developed Choice Theory and Reality Therapy based on his experience working in psychiatric facilities. He emphasized personal responsibility and that people are motivated by their needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun. Reality therapy focuses on the present and helping clients meet their needs effectively. It uses the WDEP process - exploring wants, evaluating current behaviors, and making plans. The approach aims to empower clients through self-evaluation and planning for the future.
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics, including defining key concepts like values, beliefs, attitudes, ethics, and morality. It discusses moral frameworks for decision making and how nurses are influenced by various factors. Everyday ethical issues nurses may face are explored, like informing a patient of a death or following a doctor's instructions. The document aims to help nurses understand ethics and make well-reasoned moral decisions in their practice.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on ethical decision-making in psychology. It discusses how moral decisions are influenced by both rational and irrational tendencies. It also examines models of moral development and decision-making, including the acculturation model where psychologists integrate their personal values with their professional ethics. The presentation addresses cognitive biases that can impact ethics and provides examples of "false risk management strategies" that intend to reduce liability but do not improve patient care. The objectives are to review ethical principles, models of moral decision-making, integrating personal and professional ethics, and understanding false risk management.
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Communication
Lesson : Sociological model of communication2
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
Deviprasad Goenka Management college of Media Studies
http://www.dgmcms.org.in/
Subject:Communication
Lesson : Sociological model of communication
Faculty Name: Saurabh Deshpande
This document discusses various theoretical perspectives on human behavior that are relevant for social work professionals. It covers key concepts from different theories like systems theory, conflict theory, rational choice theory, and psychodynamic theory. It also outlines criteria for evaluating theories and discusses how theories can be used to guide social work practice interventions. The document emphasizes that theories provide frameworks for understanding human behavior and that scientific knowledge of theories and research is an important ingredient for doing social work.
Technical Writing Belief Velue Attitude and Virtue2022002857mbit
1. Beliefs are formed from knowledge and information, with core beliefs being more permanent than dispositional beliefs. Contemporary approaches to beliefs include that common-sense understanding may be correct or useful but not entirely.
2. Values guide actions and are formed from various sources like family, peers, role models and institutions. Values are classified by types like terminal vs instrumental and categories like religious and social.
3. Attitudes are predispositions based on one's value system, with attitudes and values being interrelated but differing in that attitudes are personal while values come from social and cultural sources.
Social cognition refers to how people process and respond to social information. It involves interpreting social cues, analyzing social situations, and remembering social information using mental structures called schemas. Schemas help organize our knowledge about social roles, people, and events. When making judgments with limited time and information, people rely on mental shortcuts called heuristics. However, social cognition is not always rational and can involve errors like unrealistic optimism and counterfactual thinking.
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It provides the following key points:
1. An attitude is a positive or negative orientation toward something, and attitudes influence behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
2. Work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment. High job satisfaction and commitment can improve performance and retention.
3. Attitude change involves modifying the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Several theories seek to explain how attitudes change, such as reinforcement theory, balance theory, and cognitive dissonance theory.
The document discusses various cognitive biases and heuristics that influence perception and decision making. It explains attribution theory, which suggests that people attempt to determine whether behaviors are internally or externally caused. Some common biases discussed are the fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, selective perception, halo effect, and stereotyping. The rational model of decision making assumes people have complete information and choose the optimal option, but in reality people use bounded rationality and satisfice. Intuition also influences decisions. The document outlines several biases that impair decision making, like anchoring bias and availability bias, and provides some strategies for reducing biases and more ethical decision making.
Class 6 intro to mezirow's transformative learning theorytjcarter
Mezirow's transformative learning theory proposes that adult learning can involve a transformation of meaning structures including points of view, habits of mind, and frames of reference. Learning becomes transformative when these meaning structures are revised or re-framed to be more inclusive, differentiated, and open to new perspectives. The theory outlines four ways learning can occur and describes an ideal process of perspective transformation involving critical reflection and dialogue. While influential, the theory has also received some criticism for its rational focus and lack of emphasis on context and relationships.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the new science of morality and how it applies to professional ethics in psychology. It discusses how morality is influenced by emotions and heuristics rather than rational algorithms. It introduces the Ethical Acculturation Model which describes how personal ethics integrate with professional obligations over time. Key concepts covered include moral foundations theory, moral emotions, cognitive biases in decision-making, and applying an ethical framework of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity and justice to clinical scenarios. The goal is to help psychologists make ethical decisions by considering both intuitive and deliberative thought processes.
Attitudes ppt @ bec doms mba bagalkot 1Babasab Patil
This presentation discusses attitudes and how they can be defined, measured, and changed. It makes three key points:
1. Attitudes are positive or negative orientations or feelings toward something specific, like a person, place, or idea. They influence behaviors and can be shaped by beliefs and values.
2. Important work attitudes include job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which impact performance, retention, and the employee-organization relationship.
3. Attitudes can change through processes of reinforcement, balancing beliefs to reduce inconsistency, and addressing cognitive dissonance between beliefs and behaviors. Changing the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components is important to shifting perspectives.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, goals, objectives, and characteristics of the scientific research process. It discusses research as a systematic attempt to answer questions through objective, logical methods. The goals of research are described as theoretical (e.g. description, explanation), practical (e.g. control, prediction), and cognitive. Key aspects of the scientific research process include defining the research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
Social cognitive theory is an interpersonal theory that aims to understand individual and group behavior and identify methods to modify behavior. It focuses on reciprocal determinism between personal factors, behavior, and the environment. Key concepts include observational learning, reinforcement, self-efficacy, and expectations. Diffusion of innovation theory examines how innovations spread through social systems via communication channels over time. It considers characteristics of innovations and adopter categories. Community organization theory aims to help community groups identify problems, mobilize resources, and implement strategies through consensus, capacity building, and task orientation.
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS THE POPULATION OF BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BBY HUMANS AND INFLUENCED BY CULTURE, ATTITUDE, EMOTIONS, VALUES, ETHICS, AUTHORITY, RAPPORT,ETC.................................................
The document discusses perception processes and how individuals organize and interpret sensory information. It defines perception and outlines the perceptual process model involving environmental stimuli, receiving stimuli through the senses, and perceptual selectivity. It discusses factors like personality, motivation, experience, stimulus intensity, contrast that influence how stimuli are selected. The document also covers perceptual organization principles of figure-ground, closure, continuity, proximity and similarity. It discusses social perception and factors influencing how people perceive others. It introduces attribution theory and types of attributions like dispositional and situational. It outlines Kelley's theory of causal attribution focusing on consensus, consistency and distinctiveness. It concludes with attributional biases like the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.
This document discusses theories and concepts related to persuasion and attitude change. It covers:
1) Key factors in persuasion including the communicator, communication/message, and audience. Attitude change can occur through persuasion or counter-attitudinal acts.
2) Yale's communications theory examines who says what to whom with what effect, studying communicator, message, and audience variables.
3) Dual-process models of persuasion including the Elaboration Likelihood Model and Heuristic-Systematic Model which describe central and peripheral routes to persuasion.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Attitude
• Attitude is defined as:
• “ (a) A relatively enduring organisation of
beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies
towards socially significant objects, groups,
events or symbols;
• (b) A general feeling or evaluation – positive
or negative – about some person, object or
issue”
3. Structure of attitudes
• A widely held view of an attitude’s anatomy is the
three-component attitude model, consisting of:
• A cognitive (thinking) component – beliefs about
the object of an attitude;
• An affective (feeling) component – positive or
negative feelings associated with the object of an
attitude;
• A behavioural (acting) component – a state of
readiness to take action.
4. • This model can be traced at least as far back to the work of
Milton Rosenberg and Carl Hovland (1960). As well as the three
components, this approach also emphasised that attitudes are:
• Relatively permanent: that is, they persist across time and
situations – a momentary feeling is not an attitude;
• Limited to socially significant events or objects;
• Generalisable and at least somewhat abstract – if you drop a
book on your toe and find that it hurts, this is not enough to form
an attitude, because it is a single event in one place and at one
time, but if the experience makes you dislike books or libraries,
or clumsiness in general, then that dislike is an attitude.
• Each attitude, then, is made up of thoughts and ideas, a cluster
of feelings, likes and dislikes, and behavioural intentions.
5. Attitude Formation
• Refers to how attitudes are formed from experience as
they are thought to be the result of learning.
Behavioural Approaches
1). Direct experience
• Most attitudes are the result of direct experience (positive
or negative).
• This is related to Fishbein & Ajzen’s expectancy value
model (1974), since negative experiences will lead to the
experiencing of negative attitudes.
• Mere exposure effect also accounts for attitudes, since
exposure leads to an evaluation represented in an attitude.
6. 2). Classical conditioning
• Repeated associations can mean that a previously
neutral stimulus is paired with a less neutral response
and can therefore be powerful in the formation of an
attitude.
3). Operant conditioning
• Behaviour that results in positive consequences is
likely to be reinforced and repeated compared to
behaviour followed by negative consequences, and
attitudes are therefore shaped by a system of rewards
and punishments.
7. 4). Observational learning
• Attitudes are the result of modelling the
actions or emotions displayed by real life or
symbolic models, so attitudes are simply
observed and imitated.
8. Cognitive Approaches
1). Information integration theory
• Attitudes are constructed in response to information
we have about objects.
• So, attitudes are formed by evaluating and averaging
information that is collected, and stored, about a
given object.
2). Self-perception theory
• People form attitudes by analysing their own
behaviour and making attributes about them.
9. 3). Mood-as-information hypothesis
• Individuals base their attitudes on evaluations they
make about their mood, so use mood to provide
information and evaluation of an object.
4). Heuristic processing
• Decision rules are used to make a judgement/form an
attitude, so use mental shortcuts/cues available from
memory.
5). Persuasion
• Attitudes can also be formed in response to
persuasion.
10. Attitude Change
• Persuasion is the application of rational and/or emotional
arguments to convince others to change their attitudes or
behavior.
• It is a form of social influence used not only in the courtroom
but also in every part of daily social life.
• The persuasion process goes on in the classroom, church,
political arena, and the media.
• Persuasive messages are so much a part of our lives that we
often are oblivious to the bombardment from billboards, TV,
radio, newspapers, parents, peers, and public figures.
11. 1). The Yale Communication Model
• A model of the persuasion process that stresses the role of the
communicator (source of a message), the nature of the
message, the audience, and the channel of communication.
• According to the Yale communication model, the most
important factors comprising the communication process are
expressed by the question, Who says what to whom by what
means?
• This question suggests that there are four factors involved in
persuasion. The “who” refers to the communicator, the person
making the persuasive argument.
• The “what” refers to the organization and content of the
persuasive message.
12. • The “whom” is the target of the persuasive message,
the audience.
• Finally, the “means” points to the importance of the
channel or medium through which the message is
conveyed, such as television, radio, or interpersonal
face-to-face communication.
• For each factor, there are several variables that can
potentially influence the persuasion process.
The Communicator
• Credibility: Expertise and Trustworthiness
• Credibility-The believability (expertise and
trustworthiness) of the communicator of a persuasive
message.
13. • Expertise-A component of communicator credibility that
refers to the communicator’s credentials and stems from the
individual’s training and knowledge.
• Trustworthiness-A component of communicator credibility
that involves our assessment of the communicator’s motives
for delivering the message.
14. The Cognitive Approach to Persuasion
• Cognitively oriented social psychologists emphasize that a
persuasive communication may trigger a number of related
experiences, memories, feelings, and thoughts that individuals
use to process the message.
• Therefore, both what a person thinks about when she hears the
persuasive message and how the person applies those
thoughts, feelings, and memories to analyzing the message are
critical.
• The Elaboration Likelihood Model
• A cognitive model of persuasion suggesting that a target’s
attention, involvement, distraction, motivation, self-esteem,
education, and intelligence all influence central and/or
peripheral processing of a persuasive message.
15. • One well-known cognitive response model is the elaboration
likelihood model (ELM).
• This model, first proposed by Petty and Cacioppo (1986),
makes clear that audiences are not just passive receptacles but
are actively involved in the persuasion process.
• Their attention, involvement, distraction, motivation, self-
esteem, education, and intelligence determine the success of
persuasive appeals.
• The elaboration likelihood model owes a lot to the Yale model,
incorporating much of the Yale research on the important roles
of communicator and message.
• But its primary emphasis is on the role of the audience,
especially their emotions and motivations.
• According to ELM, two routes to persuasion exist: a central
processing route and a peripheral processing route. Persuasion
may be achieved via either of these routes.
16. Central Route Processing
• In the ELM, information may be processed by effortful,
controlled mechanisms involving attention to and understanding
and careful processing of the content of a persuasive message.
• Central route processing involves elaboration of the message by
the listener.
• This type of processing usually occurs when the person finds the
message personally relevant and has preexisting ideas and beliefs
about the topic.
• The individual uses these ideas and beliefs to create a context for
the message, expanding and elaborating on the new information.
• Because the message is relevant, the person is motivated to listen
to it carefully and process it in an effortful manner.
17. • Peripheral Route Processing
• In the ELM, information may be processed using cues
peripheral or marginal to the content message.
• What if the listener is not motivated, is not able to understand
the message, or simply does not like to deal with new or
complex information?
• In these incidences, the listener takes another route to
persuasion, a peripheral route.
• In peripheral route processing, listeners rely on something
other than the message to make their decisions; they are
persuaded by cues peripheral or marginal to the message.
18. • The Heuristic Model of Persuasion
• A cognitive model of persuasion suggesting that of the two
routes to persuasion, systematic and heuristic, people choose
to use heuristics or peripheral cues more often.
• A second cognitive model of persuasion is the heuristic and
systematic information processing model (HSM).
• Proposed by Chaiken (1987), the HSM has much in common
with the ELM. As in the ELM, there are two routes for
information processing: the systematic and the heuristic.
• Systematic processing in the HSM is essentially the same as
central processing in the ELM, and heuristic processing is the
same as peripheral processing.
• Heuristics are simple guides or shortcuts that people use to
make decisions when something gets too complicated or when
they are just too lazy to process systematically.
19. • The main difference between the two theories lies in the claim
of the HSM that reliance on heuristics is more common than is
usually thought (Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989).
• If motivation and ability to comprehend are not high,
individuals rely on heuristics most of the time. Some of these
heuristics might be: “Experts can be trusted.” “The majority
must be right.” “Sheʼs from the Midwest; she must be
trustworthy.” “If it was on the evening news, it must be true.”
20. • Heuristic processing can be compared to scanning newspaper
headlines.
• The information you receive is minimal, and the truth or
relevance of the headline will be determined by those simple
rules.
• “Congress Cannot Agree on a Budget,” reads the headline.
Your response would be to quickly check the available
heuristics that might explain the headline.
• Here it is: “Politicians are incompetent.” Next headline, please.
• The HSM suggests that people are more likely to agree with
communicators who are expert and with messages with which
most people agree. Again we see the cognitive miser at work.
21. • Cognitive Dissonance Theory: A Model of Self-Persuasion
• Direct persuasion by a communicator is not the only route to
attitude or behavior change.
• Attitude change may also occur if we find our existing
attitudes in conflict with new information, or if our behavior is
inconsistent with our beliefs.
• Festinger (1957) observed that people try to appear consistent.
When we act counter to what we believe or think, we must
justify the inconsistency.
• In other words, if we say one thing and do something else, we
need a good reason.
• Usually, we persuade ourselves that we have a good reason,
even if it means changing our previous attitudes.
• Inconsistency is thus one of the principal motivations for
attitude change.
22. • Festingerʼs cognitive dissonance theory proposed that if
inconsistency exists among our attitudes, or between our attitudes
and our behavior, we experience an unpleasant state of arousal
called cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957).
• The arousal of dissonance motivates us to change something, our
attitudes or our behavior, to reduce or eliminate the unpleasant
arousal. Reducing the tension helps us achieve consonance, a
state of psychological balance.
• Cognitive dissonance theory is like homeostatic theory in biology.
Consider what happens when you are hungry: Your brain detects
an imbalance in your blood sugar levels, causing a physiological
state of hunger.
• You are motivated to reduce this unpleasant state of arousal by
finding and consuming food.
• Similarly, when cognitive consonance is disrupted, you feel
tension and are motivated to reduce it.
23. • The five key assumptions of cognitive dissonance theory can be
summarized as follows:
1. Attitudes and behavior can stand in a consonant (consistent) or a
dissonant (inconsistent) relationship with one another.
2. Inconsistency between attitudes and behavior gives rise to a
negative motivational state known as cognitive dissonance.
3. Because cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable state, people are
motivated to reduce the dissonance.
4. The greater the amount of dissonance, the stronger the motivation
to reduce it.
5. Dissonance may be reduced by rationalizing away the
inconsistency or by changing an attitude or a behavior.
24. • A theory of attitude change proposing that if
inconsistency exists among our attitudes, or
between our attitudes and our behavior, we
experience an unpleasant state of arousal
called cognitive dissonance, which we will be
motivated to reduce or eliminate.
25. Defining Prejudice, Stereotype,
Discrimination
• Prejudice-A preconceived negative judgment of a
group and its individual members.
• The negative (or positive) evaluations or judgements
of members of a group that are based primarily on
membership in the group and not necessarily on the
particular characteristics of individuals.
26. Stereotypes
• A belief about the personal attributes of a
group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes
over generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to
new information.
• Beliefs about social groups in terms of the
traits or characteristics that they are believed to
share.
• Stereotypes are cognitive frameworks that
influence the processing of social information.
27. • Discrimination-Unjustified negative behavior toward
a group or its members.
• Differential behaviours (usually negative) behaviours
directed toward members of different social groups.
• Prejudice- A affective component
• Stereotypes- A cognitive component
• Discrimination- A behavioural component
28. The Roots of Prejudice
a). Social Learning Explanation
• Social learning theory suggests that people develop
prejudice and stereotypes about members of various groups in
the same way they learn other attitudes, beliefs, and values.
b). Motivational Approaches
• Authoritarian Personality shows prejudice as a consequence
of unconscious hostility toward rigid and demanding parents.
• Realistic conflict theory argues that prejudice is the outcome
of direct competition over valued, but limited, resources.
• Social identity theory suggests that people use group
membership as a source of pride and self-worth.
29. The Roots of Prejudice (Contd..)
• Cognitive Foundations of Prejudice
a). Social Categorization: The process of classifying people
according to particular social characteristics, to sort out the
world of people around us.
Ingroup
Outgroup
Ingroup-outgroup bias: The tendency to hold less favourable
views about groups to which we do not belong, while holding
more favourable opinions about groups to which we do
belong.
Outgroup Homogeneity bias: The perception that there is less
variability among the members of outgroups than within one’s
own ingroup.
30. The Roots of Prejudice (Contd..)
• Illusory correlation- The result of people
overestimating the strength of relationship between
two distinctive or unusual events.
• The ultimate attribution error- The tendency
among people holding strong stereotypes to attribute
negative behaviour on the part of a minority group
member to dispositional characteristics, and
correspondingly, to attribute positive behaviour on the
part of a minority group member to situational
factors.