for Ethics subject

1. SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,
AND CULTURAL Issues IN THE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2. • LESSON 1: AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIESLEARNING OUTCOMES:At the
end of this module the students were able to:
• Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres,
historical analysis of a particular event that could help others
understand the chosen topic Propose recommendation or solutions
to present day problems based on their understanding of root cause,
and their anticipation of future scenarios. Display the ability to work
in a multi- disciplinary team and contribute to a group endeavor.

3. What is RA 6657 or CARP - Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program?
• CARP, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, is the
redistribution ofpublic and private agricultural lands to farmers and
farm workers who are landless,irrespective of tenurial
arrangement. CARP’s vision is to have an equitable
landownership with empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries
who can effectivelymanage their economic and social
development to have a better quality of life.(Department of
Agrarian Reform, n.d.

4. • The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No. 6657
otherwise known asComprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)
signed by President Corazon C. Aquinoon June 10, 1988. It is an
act which aims to promote social justice andindustrialization,
providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for
otherpurposes. (Department of Agrarian Reform

5. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657(June 10, 1988
• AN ACT INSTITUTING A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM TOPROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION,
PROVIDING THE MECHANISMFOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

6. 1. What is CARP? What is CARPER?
• CARP stands for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program,
agovernment initiative that aims to grant landless farmers
and farmworkersownership of agricultural lands. It was signed into
law by President Corazon C.Aquino on June 10, 1988, and was
scheduled to have been completed in 1998.On the year of its
deadline, Congress enacted a law (Republic Act No.
8532)appropriating additional funds for the program and
extending the automaticappropriation of ill-gotten wealth recovered
by the Presidential Commission onGood Governance (PCGG) for CARP
until 2008

7. 2. Who are the beneficiaries of CARP?
• Landless farmers, including agricultural lessees, tenants, as well as
regular,seasonal and other farmworkers. The Department of
Agrarian Reform (DAR)identifies and screens potential beneficiaries
and validates their qualifications.For example, to qualify, you must be
at least 15 years old, be a resident of thebarangay where the land
holding is located, and own no more than 3 hectares ofagricultural
land. (Department of Agrarian Reform

8. 3. What are the government offices
involved in theprogram?
• Many agencies are involved in the implementation of CARP.
The leadagencies are the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), and
the Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources (DENR).
They are incharge of theidentification and distribution of covered
land, and is commonly referred to asCARPable land. (Department of
Agrarian Reform

9. 4. How much land is subject to land reform
• An estimated 7.8 million hectares of land is covered by CARP.
(Departmentof Agrarian Reform,

10. 5. How much land has been acquired and
distributed so far
• As of December 31, 2013, the government has acquired and
distributed 6.9million hectares of land, equivalent to 88% of the total
land subject to CARP.(Department of Agrarian Reform

11. 6. How much land was distributed to
beneficiaries underthis administration?
• s of December 31, 2013, the administration has distributed
a total of751,514 hectares, or 45% of the total landholdings
to be distributed to thefarmer beneficiaries left under this
administration. From this, DAR has distributes 412,782
hectares and DENR has alreadydistributed 338,732 hectares.
(Department of Agrarian Reform,

12. • 10. After the period of time allotted for CARPER by law ispassed
(August7, 2009 to June 30, 2014), how will theremaining
landholdings, which are subject to compulsoryacquisition, be
distributed to the beneficiaries

13. • As long as Notices of Coverage are issued on or before June 30, 2014,
landdistribution to the beneficiaries shall continue until
completion, according toSection 30 of CARPER (R.A. No. 9700).
Meaning, even after CARPER’s deadline,the law itself mandates the
concerned agencies to finish distributing lands tothe beneficiaries up
to the very last hectares. This assures to the farmers thatthe process
for receiving their land will continue (e.g., beneficiary
identification,survey, generation, and registration of land titles to
beneficiaries). (Departmentof Agrarian Reform, n.d.

14. • 11. How does DAR intend to deal with the
remaininglandholdings (771,795 hectares) to be distributed
• DAR projects that it will be distributing 187,686 hectares in 2014;
198,631hectares in 2015; and 385,478 hectares in 2016. Of the
remaining CARPable landholdings to be distributed, 551,275
hectaresare considered workable, while 220,520 hectares are
tagged as problematic.

15. 2. What were the challenges encountered in the
courseof acquiring and distributing private lands?
• There were numerous problems in implementing the land
reformprogram:In some cases, technical descriptions in the land titles
(which determine theboundaries of the land) were found to be
erroneous and had to be corrected.Some titles were destroyed, and
therefore, had to be reissued by undergoing acourt process, similar
to filing a case. Potential beneficiaries argued
amongthemselves on who should or should not be qualified as
beneficiaries; thesedisputes had to be mediated or resolved by the
government. In other cases,landowners may petition that their lands
be exempted or excluded from CARPcoverage, and some of these
petitions have gone up to the Supreme Court

17. 1. Use/read the copies of CARP (RA 6657) and CARPER
(RA 9700) Lawsprovided.2. Write on the left side at least
three (3) items/ laws you would want changed,revised or
replaced on a per item basis.

18. • 3. Write on the right side your proposal.
• 4. Provide the reason/s for your revision or proposa

19. The Philippine Constitution

20. • THE CONSTITUTIONS-the fundamental law of the land, which
establishes the character and basicprinciples of the government. -the
basic political principles on which a state is governed, making clear
the rightsof the individual and limiting powers of the government.

21. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• A. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION (1899)-following the declaration of
independence from Spain (1898) by the RevolutionaryGovernment,
a Congress was held in Malolos, Bulacan in 1899 to draw
up aConstitution-it was the First Republican Constitution in Asia.
The document states that thepeople have exclusive sovereignty. -it
states basic civil rights, separated from the church and state, and
called for thecreation of an Assembly of Representatives which would
act as the legislative body

22. PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTIO
• Political Science – is the study of the polis (Greek word for
city, which istantamount to today’s state). It is a specialized study of
state, its government andpolitics

23. • State and NationState – has some degree of permanence; political
conceptNation - it is racial in nature, bound by a common race or
language as well ascustoms and traditions

24. Elements of State
• 1. People – inhabitants or the population of the state that comprises its
citizens2. Territory – definite geographic area occupied by the people3.
Government – agency or instrumentality through which the will of the
peopleis formulated, expressed and realized.4. Sovereignty – supreme
power of the state to rule over its citizens within itsterritory and be free
from control of foreign states.Theories of the Evolution of State1. Natural
Theory – the formation of the state results from man’s
naturalinclination to associate and interact.2. Divine Theory – holds the
view that the state is of divine creation and itsrules are of God’s chosen
ones.3. Force Theory – asserts that the state emerged as consequences of
invasion,force or coercion.4. Patriarchal Theory – state evolves from
families5. Social Contract Theory – explains that states were formed by
deliberate andvoluntary agreement among the people

25. • Branches of Government1. Executive – law implementing body
(President) 2. Legislative – law-making body (Congress)3. Judicial –
law-interpreting body (Court system)

26. • inherent Powers of the state1. Police power – the power of the
state to enact laws or regulations in relation topersons and
property for the promotion of public health, morals, safety and
generalwelfare

27. • . Taxation – power of the state to impose proportional
charges upon persons,property of rights, for the use and
support of the government and to enable it todischarge a
legitimate function. 3. Eminent Domain – right or power of the state
to take private property for publicuse upon payment of just
compensation.

28. • What is government?-an institution that has the power to make laws
and enforce those certain territories,people and other organizations -
derived from the Latin word qubemaculum which means a rudder
used to steer,control, or direc

29. • Systems of Government:1. Unitary-system of political organization
in which most or all of the governing powersresides in a
centralized government. -The centralized government commonly
delegates authority to subnationalunits and channels policy
decisions when down to them for implementation.Example:
Philippines- Advantage: There is a clear hierarchical authority.-
Disadvantage: For the reason that the loyalty of the citizens is focused
on thegovernmental authority, citizens tend to identify with
the country as a wholerather than with regional authorities.

30. Forms of Government
• A. Rule by One Person1. Monarchy-a government that has a single
person who is generally considered theruler by the title and
birthright

31. • 2. Dictatorship-a type of government controlled by a single individual,
typically a personwho rules by threat or force, and giving the
people little or noindividual freedom. This can be applicable
during a period of chaos ordiscontent when the leader seeks
emergency powers to implement policie

32. • B. Rule by the Few 1. Aristocracy – a government by the “best
members of the community”-aristocrats are presumably men of the
highest intelligence and integrity andthey belong to the elite in
society- their status, wealth, and political power are inherited. 2.
Oligarchy – government of a wealthy few but they do not come from
nobility likearistocrats.-it is unlikely that oligarchy could serve the
interest of the masses since theyuse their positions in the
government for their personal benefits.

33. • Basic Principle of the 1987 Constitution1. Recognition of the aid of
Almighty God2. Sovereignty of the people3. Renunciation of war as an
instrument of national policy4. Separation of the church and state5.
Supremacy of the civilian authority over military6. Recognition of the
importance of the family as basic social institution and of thevital role of
the youth in nation-building7. Guarantee of human rights8. Separation of
powers9. Government through suffrage10. Guarantee of local
autonomy11. Independence of the judiciary12. High sense of public service
morality and accountability of public officers13. Nationalization of natural
resources and certain private enterprises affected withpublic interest14.
Government of laws and not for men15. Non-suability of the state16. Rule
of the majority – Democracy/indirect or republican

34. • Preamble – prelude to the Constitution“We, the sovereign Filipino
people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order tobuild a just and
humane society and establish a Government that shall embodyour
ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and
develop ourpatrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
posterity the blessings ofindependence and democracy under the
rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.”