The purpose of this study is to evaluate the social development of 5-6 year-old children of employed and unemployed mothers. The population of the study consisted of 5-6 years-old preschool children in the province of Kayseri between 2012 and 2013. The sample group of the study was determined according to random sampling. As the data collection tool, “Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) for 60- 72 Month- Old Children" developed by Işık (2006) was used. The scale consists of 19 items, which were applied to totally 200 students including 114 girls and 86 boys. In the scale, α= .89; and the test-retest stability coefficient was.89. The data were evaluated by using the SPSS 20.00 software package and analyzed as percentage, frequency, and t-test.Results indicated that the social development of children of employed mothers was higher than those of children of unemployed mothers.
EDU 7001 HOW WILL YOU FIND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0056
This study used path analytic techniques and an ecological framework to examine the association between children’s perceptions of their parents’ educational involvement, children’s personal characteristics, and their school achievement. Fathers’ academic
Emotional, social, educational adjustment of higher secondary school students...Arul Sekar J.M.
The present study aims to investigate whether there is any significant relationship between adjustment and academic
achievement of higher secondary school students. In this survey study, the investigators used a stratified random sampling
technique for selecting the sample from the population. The stratification was done on the basis of gender and locality of
students. The sample consists of 350 higher secondary school students from ten schools in Thanjavur District, TamilNadu,
India. The tools used for the present study were Adjustment Inventory developed by A.K.P. Sinha and R.P. Singh (2007) and
academic achievement constructed by the investigator. The statistical techniques used for analyzing the data for the
present study were Karl Pearson's product-moment coefficient of correlation. The finding shows that there is a significant
relationship between emotional, social, educational adjustment of higher secondary school students in relation to
academic achievement.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Academic Achievement of Adolescents In Relation To Parental Encouragementiosrjce
This Study examines the Academic Achievement of Adolescence and Parental encouragement, the
encouragement support exerts most direct influence upon the acquisition of academic achievement. This study
explored the extent to which the parental encouragement has relation with academic achievement among school
students. Parents play a key role in shaping students achievement. Family factors such as parent’s level of
education, Parental expectations and parental support for their children seem to extent some influences on
adolescents academic achievement. Parents play an important role in educational motivation of their children.
They provide necessary facilities and educational environment which results is better performance in school.
Parents approve and appreciate activities related to education and remove any difficult felt by their wards. This
type of behavior of Parents is known as parental encouragement. In other wards parental encouragement
refers to the guidance, communication and interest shown by the parents to promote their wards progress in
school.
EDU 7001 HOW WILL YOU FIND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY / TUTORIALOUTLET DOT COMalbert0056
This study used path analytic techniques and an ecological framework to examine the association between children’s perceptions of their parents’ educational involvement, children’s personal characteristics, and their school achievement. Fathers’ academic
Emotional, social, educational adjustment of higher secondary school students...Arul Sekar J.M.
The present study aims to investigate whether there is any significant relationship between adjustment and academic
achievement of higher secondary school students. In this survey study, the investigators used a stratified random sampling
technique for selecting the sample from the population. The stratification was done on the basis of gender and locality of
students. The sample consists of 350 higher secondary school students from ten schools in Thanjavur District, TamilNadu,
India. The tools used for the present study were Adjustment Inventory developed by A.K.P. Sinha and R.P. Singh (2007) and
academic achievement constructed by the investigator. The statistical techniques used for analyzing the data for the
present study were Karl Pearson's product-moment coefficient of correlation. The finding shows that there is a significant
relationship between emotional, social, educational adjustment of higher secondary school students in relation to
academic achievement.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Academic Achievement of Adolescents In Relation To Parental Encouragementiosrjce
This Study examines the Academic Achievement of Adolescence and Parental encouragement, the
encouragement support exerts most direct influence upon the acquisition of academic achievement. This study
explored the extent to which the parental encouragement has relation with academic achievement among school
students. Parents play a key role in shaping students achievement. Family factors such as parent’s level of
education, Parental expectations and parental support for their children seem to extent some influences on
adolescents academic achievement. Parents play an important role in educational motivation of their children.
They provide necessary facilities and educational environment which results is better performance in school.
Parents approve and appreciate activities related to education and remove any difficult felt by their wards. This
type of behavior of Parents is known as parental encouragement. In other wards parental encouragement
refers to the guidance, communication and interest shown by the parents to promote their wards progress in
school.
A Study on Parental Attitude towards Girls’ Higher Educationijtsrd
In the present study the investigator attempted to find the attitude of parents of their girls’ higher education. 200 parents of girls were taken as a representative sample of the whole population. For selecting parents of girls as a sample stratified random sampling was adopted. The investigator has adopted the survey research method for this study. A self made attitude scale, which is the “Garai attitude test” consists of items was developed and used for collecting the data. For analyzing and interpreting the data the investigator used to mean, S.D. t test. The study revealed that rural parents were a better attitude than urban parents towards their girl’s higher education. The study also revealed that female parents were a better attitude than male parents towards their girl’s higher education. Ratna Garai "A Study on Parental Attitude towards Girls’ Higher Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38526.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38526/a-study-on-parental-attitude-towards-girls’-higher-education/ratna-garai
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Level of influence of parental involvement on the selected tangub city nation...Elton John Embodo
This study of ours is entitled "LEVEL OF INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON THE SELECTED TANGUB CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS.
This is the final version of our study, I hope it will help you.
Rethinking Peer Apprenticeship Through the Acquisition of Compliance Skills i...ijtsrd
This empirical article reassessed peer apprenticeship as a cultural construct and how acquisition of compliance skills in Middle Childhood (6-11 Years) is guided by this construct. The main objective of this study was to investigate peer apprenticeship and the acquisition of compliance skills in middle childhood children. The purposive sampling technique was used to elect 75 participants that made up the sample of the study. The study employed a combination of primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary techniques included field observations, and administration of questionnaire. The survey design was used to sample parents"™ and teachers"™ views while the quasi-experimental design was used for pupils. Analysis of findings revealed that; Peer apprenticeship influences the acquisition of compliance skills in children. This is evidence because the experimental group showed a significant improvement between the pre-test and post-test (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/18204/rethinking-peer-apprenticeship-through-the-acquisition-of-compliance-skills-in-middle-childhood-implications-for-cultural-socialisation-in-cameroon/dr-kumncho-eveline-neh
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Level of Influence of Parental Involvement on the Selected Tangub City Nation...Elton John Embodo
This study of mine determined the level of influence of parental involvement on the students to their studies. Assuming that the parents really influenced their children with regards to their studies, so it's focus is determine the level of influence.
This is unedited.. the grammar and the format still need to be checked by an expert.... weeks from now, I will be uploading the final version of my study,,the Edited one.
A Study on Parental Attitude towards Girls’ Higher Educationijtsrd
In the present study the investigator attempted to find the attitude of parents of their girls’ higher education. 200 parents of girls were taken as a representative sample of the whole population. For selecting parents of girls as a sample stratified random sampling was adopted. The investigator has adopted the survey research method for this study. A self made attitude scale, which is the “Garai attitude test” consists of items was developed and used for collecting the data. For analyzing and interpreting the data the investigator used to mean, S.D. t test. The study revealed that rural parents were a better attitude than urban parents towards their girl’s higher education. The study also revealed that female parents were a better attitude than male parents towards their girl’s higher education. Ratna Garai "A Study on Parental Attitude towards Girls’ Higher Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38526.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38526/a-study-on-parental-attitude-towards-girls’-higher-education/ratna-garai
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Level of influence of parental involvement on the selected tangub city nation...Elton John Embodo
This study of ours is entitled "LEVEL OF INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ON THE SELECTED TANGUB CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS.
This is the final version of our study, I hope it will help you.
Rethinking Peer Apprenticeship Through the Acquisition of Compliance Skills i...ijtsrd
This empirical article reassessed peer apprenticeship as a cultural construct and how acquisition of compliance skills in Middle Childhood (6-11 Years) is guided by this construct. The main objective of this study was to investigate peer apprenticeship and the acquisition of compliance skills in middle childhood children. The purposive sampling technique was used to elect 75 participants that made up the sample of the study. The study employed a combination of primary and secondary data collection techniques. Primary techniques included field observations, and administration of questionnaire. The survey design was used to sample parents"™ and teachers"™ views while the quasi-experimental design was used for pupils. Analysis of findings revealed that; Peer apprenticeship influences the acquisition of compliance skills in children. This is evidence because the experimental group showed a significant improvement between the pre-test and post-test (P http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/18204/rethinking-peer-apprenticeship-through-the-acquisition-of-compliance-skills-in-middle-childhood-implications-for-cultural-socialisation-in-cameroon/dr-kumncho-eveline-neh
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Level of Influence of Parental Involvement on the Selected Tangub City Nation...Elton John Embodo
This study of mine determined the level of influence of parental involvement on the students to their studies. Assuming that the parents really influenced their children with regards to their studies, so it's focus is determine the level of influence.
This is unedited.. the grammar and the format still need to be checked by an expert.... weeks from now, I will be uploading the final version of my study,,the Edited one.
Discourse Competence and Its Cultivating Strategies in English Major Instruct...inventionjournals
As an indispensable part of language competence, discourse competence is difficult to develop because of its lack of the teaching target orientation in the English instruction of English major in China’s universities, which has led to a lack of clarity of teaching and assessment goals. For this case, this paper examines the definitions of discourse competence, illustrates the connotations of discourse competence, and proposes that discourse competence should be established in English Syllabus for English Major of Colleges and Universities in China. Then the paper proposes the effective strategies for cultivating discourse competence from the following aspects: increasing teachers’ awareness of discourse competence and discourse teaching, strengthening teacher training to increase their own discourse competence, compiling textbooks with features of discourse competence training, and implementing discourse-based approach to English teaching.
Multitude Regional Texture Extraction for Efficient Medical Image Segmentationinventionjournals
Image processing plays a major role in evaluation of images in many concerns. Manual interpretation of the image is time consuming process and it is susceptible to human errors. Computer assisted approaches for analyzing the images have increased in latest evolution of image processing. Also it has highlighted its performance more in the field of medical sciences. Many techniques are available for the involvement in processing of images, evaluation, extraction etc. The main goal of image segmentation is cluster pixeling the regions corresponding to individual surfaces, objects, or natural parts of objects and to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. The proposed method is to conquer segmentation and texture extraction with Regional and Multitude and techniques involved in it. Ultrasound (US) is increasingly considered as a viable alternative imaging modality in computer-assisted brain segmentation and disease diagnosis applications.First for ultra sound we present region based segmentation.Homogeneous regions depends on image granularity features. Second a local threshold based multitude texture regional seed segmentation for medical image segmentation is proposed. Here extraction is done with dimensions comparable to the speckle size are to be extracted. The algorithm provides a less medical metrics awareness in a minimum user interaction environment. The shape and size of the growing regions depend on look up table entries.
Parents Attitude towards Girl Child Education: A Sociological Study of HaryanaRHIMRJ Journal
Girls and boys have the same rights to get a quality education. But the ‘gender gap’ becomes painfully evident when
looking at who is in the classroom. Girls lag behind than boys at all levels of formal education in Haryana. Enrolment,
retention, transition and achievement rates for girls are always lower than that of boys. This means that even many of the girls
who are enrolled in school do not complete Secondary School education. There is the strong belief that negative parental
attitude must be blamed for the low level education of girls. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to assessing
current parental attitude towards the education of girls children. The study analyzed the data from 50 parents, who had one or
more than one school going children. Out of these, 20 parents belonged to upper caste families, 15 parents belonged to middle
caste families and 15 parents belonged to lower caste families. The age range of the sample was 18-50 years, and they all
belonged to Bohar village of Rohtak District. 20-item questionnaire schedule was used for collecting data. The findings
showed that the overall attitude of the respondents was moderately favorable and positive towards schooling and education of
their children. The study reflects that generally parents would want to educate both boys and girls, however when there are
other demands on the family's resources that the education of the girl child is considered a secondary issue.
Effect of Parenting Style on Child Behavior: A Qualitative AnalysisMuhammad Arslan
Parting styles and its impact of child behavior is core phenomena of behavioral science that needs specific
attention from researcher and practitioner around the globe. The purpose of present qualitative study is to explore
the new trend of parenting style emerging in the society and their impact on child behaviors by using
unstructured interviews trough homogeneous sampling of parents located in Islamabad and native areas. The
data gathered from unstructured interviews was transcribed and processed through thematic analysis using NVivo
10 software. The findings of study reveal the notion that ultimately behavior of child depends upon
parenting style and many factors contribute in shaping parenting style that may be external environment, support,
love, affection and opportunities. Effective communication is the ultimately outcome that is effective among
majority of parents and that can be used by parents in accessing their child behavior and adjusting their parenting
strategies
This study endeavoured to establish the characteristics of effective teachers and how these characteristics assisted teachers to improve learner performance. To address this aim, a case study design was employed as a methodology for the study, consisting of five rural schools. A literature study was conducted, alongside semi-structured individual interviews with five school principals and focus group interviews with twenty eight teachers from the same rural schools from where school principals were drawn. The collected data was analysed thematically, by establishing themes and their emerging categories. The established themes and their categories were interpreted and discussed to answer the research questions. The major findings of the study revealed that an effective teacher has a blend of three characteristics, namely, professional characteristics, personality characteristics and social characteristics. The blend of characteristics contribute to the quality of teaching and learning processes. The study recommended that educational practitioners in diversity should be cognisant of the characteristics of effective teachers and nurture them appropriately as these characteristics have a life-transforming effects on the lives of the learners.
This study determined the prevalence of se1f regulatory skills (behavioural, emotional,verbal) and assessed the level of social competence of primary school pupils in Osun State. The study further examined the influence of self-regulatory skills and social competence on primary school pupils’ academic achievement. These were with a view to providing information on the association between Self-regulation and Social Competence in relation to lower Primary School Pupils’ academic achievement in Osun State Nigeria. The study adopted the correlational survey research design. The population for the study comprised primary III pupils in Osun State. Sample size consisted of 418 Primary III pupils selected using the multistage sampling procedure. Firstly, from the three Senatorial districts in Osun State, nine Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected using simple random sampling technique (three from each senatorial district). Secondly, in each LGA, two primary schools were selected using simple random sampling technique. Thirdly, eighteen intact classes of primary Ill pupils were selected from each of the selected schools using the simple random sampling technique.The three instruments used for this study were: Sell-Regulation Observation Scale (SROS) Teachers Rating Scale (TRS); and Pupils’ Achievement Test (PAT). Data was analyzed using percentage and chi-square. The results showed that the level of primary school pupils’ behavioural self-regulatory skill was low (30%), emotional self-regulatory skill was at average (43%) while the verbal self-regulatory skill was low (27%). Overall, the level of self-regulatory skills of primary school pupils’ was low (39%). The results also indicated that the level of’ manifestation of social competence was high (64%). Results further showed that there was a statistically significant influence of self-regulatory skills and social competence on primary school pupils’ academic achievement (x2= 873.532, p<0.05). The study concluded that whilst Self-regulatory skill contributed little to pupils‘ academic achievement, Social Competence greatly influenced primary school pupils’ academic achievement in Osun State.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impact of Employment of Mothers on Self Concept of Adolescentsinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Employment of women has become increasingly significant in the lives of women. The pertinent question that arises: Is the women happier and provide better parenting to their adolescents by relinquishing the traditional role or by combining the two roles? An attempt has been made to examine the effect of parenting of employed mothers on self-concept of their adolescents. A total of 200 parents were consisted for this study. 100 parents were with employed mothers and 100 were with homemaker mothers. 50 adolescent girls and 50 boys were further selected for measuring their self-concept from the schools of Dehradun, Haridwar and Roorkee district of Uttarakhand State, India. Parent child relationship scale was administered on parents and self-concept scale on adolescents. Study revealed significant difference in favour of parenting of homemaker mothers in the dimensions of marital conflict vs. marital adjustment and the faulty role expectations vs. realistic role expectations. Employed mother’s adolescents showed high self-concept on the dimension of social, temperamental and on total self concept. Boys of the same group found to be high self-concept on physical and temperamental and girls on the dimension of social self concept than the counter group. Implication of this research from the perspective of women employment and their parenting of adolescents regarding self-concept have been discussed.
The purpose of the study was to determine the major parenting styles and their influence on senior secondary school students’ social interaction in the area. The study made use of a sample of 1517 senior secondary class 2 students. It was an expost facto design with a structured questionnaire for data collection. The instrument was pre-tested to establish its validity and reliability. The results indicated that most parents seemed to adopt authoritative parenting style in their child rearing. The study showed that parenting styles have significant influence on students’ social interaction. It was inferred that authoritative parenting enables students to have positive self-concept, self assertuion, self reliance, understanding, and creativity that lead to high performance and social competence while other parenting styles lead to anti-social behaviour. Authoritative parenting style is therefore recommended to enhance students’ social interaction. Parents, students, school authorities and Government would benefit from the study.
Similar to Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers (20)
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 11||November. 2016 || PP.73-80
www.ijhssi.org 73 | Page
Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of
Employment Status of Their Mothers
Lecturer Dr. Hanife AKGÜL
1
(Erciyes Üniversty/Develi Hüseyin Şahin Vocational High School, Kayseri, Turkey)
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the social development of 5-6 year-old children of
employed and unemployed mothers. The population of the study consisted of 5-6 years-old preschool children in
the province of Kayseri between 2012 and 2013. The sample group of the study was determined according to
random sampling. As the data collection tool, “Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) for 60-
72 Month- Old Children" developed by Işık (2006) was used. The scale consists of 19 items, which were applied
to totally 200 students including 114 girls and 86 boys. In the scale, α= .89; and the test-retest stability
coefficient was.89. The data were evaluated by using the SPSS 20.00 software package and analyzed as
percentage, frequency, and t-test.Results indicated that the social development of children of employed mothers
was higher than those of children of unemployed mothers.
Keywords: Social Development, Employed Mother, Unemployed Mother, Preschool Child
I. INTRODUCTION
The preschool period constitutes the foundation of human life. A child begins to recognize and
comprehend the life in the preschool period. In this period, what are acquired will considerably affect and direct
the future gains. For this reason, each piece of knowledge and skill must be importantly processed in the
preschool period and the development fields of the child are required to be supported in a multi-directional
manner (Güven, 2004). Social competence and adaptation skill resulting in peer acceptance and successful
interactions are primary developmental task for preschool children (Avcıoğlu, 2004). Therefore, preschool
children should acquire social skills and be accepted by peers.
The term Sociality as a term was asserted by Georg Simmel in the early 20th century and covers the
whole personal relationships established by an individual with others. Social development is a process where
individuals, particularly children, become the functional members of a specific group and acquire the values and
behaviours of the other members of the group (Mary, 1981).
Social development and accordingly socialization are the act of becoming an individual belonging to a
community by appropriating behavioural patterns of that community, in which he/she lives, for himself/herself.
Children are not born as socialized beings. The child learns to adapt the rules and values of a group and adopt
this system of values during the socialization process. This learning lasts throughout one’s life expectancy.
During this process, children’s relations with the other people in their circle and other environmental factors are
also effective on their social adaptation (Başal, 2004). Social development is the process during which
individuals, particularly children, become the functional members of a specific group and acquire values and
behaviours of the other members of the group (Mary, 1981).
The factors affecting the social-emotional development in the preschool period can be divided into two:
individual (biological or genetic) factors and environmental factors. Environmental factors are school, friends,
and family factors. Within the family factor; father, mother, and siblings are the first and most important factors
affecting the social development of the child.
However, these factors cannot be considered alone. Genetic characteristics and environmental factors
play a role together in social development. The innate characteristics of the child and the socio-economic and
cultural effects of the community where the child is in are of great importance in the process of social
development (Karamanlı, 1998). Children become socialized when they adopt the life style of the community
they live in and adapt to the society. In this process, they endeavour to comprehend and adopt the language,
customs, and life philosophy of the community, of which they are a member. The socialization process starts in
the family within the infancy period and continues at school with the social circle of the child (Durmuş, 2005).
Today, women have taken their place in the business in order to make contributions to the family’s
budget due to the economic difficulties, or for a set of psychological reasons such as enhancing their life
standards, occupation love, earning respect in the society, making a circle of friends, meeting new people and
increasing their position when compared to their husbands (Aktaş, 2001). Some problems arise with
employment of the woman in the business life. Especially in the case of a married woman having children this
situation may become more challenging. Primary ones among such challenges are care of the child at hours
when mothers are absent, mothers' being unable to spend sufficient time with their children after having come
2. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 74 | Page
from work in an exhausted and tense manner, and thereby unable to establish a healthy communication with
them (Yavuzer, 1992). In addition to the mothers’ attitudes toward their children; characteristics such as their
age, educational level and employment status as well as number of children play a very significant role in
establishing a healthy communication with their children (Berns,1993). It has been found that the children with
social skills are more successful than peers not possessing such skills sufficiently in various educational
institutions (Şentürk, 2007). The child tries to imitate and learn the behaviours of persons they consider as
important in the family. The fact that mothers spend excess time with their children and are closer to them than
fathers causes the children to be more affected by mothers. Therefore, various characteristics of the parents
affect the behavioural problems of the children (Gülerce, 1996,).
The employment status of the mother and the effects of employment of the mother on the child depend
on various factors. These factors can be listed as employment status of the mother, her reasons, her educational
level, presence of anyone to take care of the child, and age of the child, etc. (Bıçakçı, 2004). A child sees and
perceives the world with their mother’s eyes (Yavuzer, 1996).
II. METHOD
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the social development of preschool children (5 and 6
years-old) of employed and unemployed mothers in the province of Kayseri. In order to achieve this purpose, an
answer would be sought for the question "is there any significant correlation between social development levels
of 5-6 years-old children and their mothers’ employment status?".
In this section, the model of the study, population and sample group of the study, data collection tools
and data analysis have been emphasized.
Model of Study
This study investigated the social development levels of 5-6 years-old children depending on their
mothers’ employment status. Since it was intended to describe the existing conditions in the study as they are,
the relational screening model which is one of the general screening models was used. Relational screening
models are research models that aim to determine presence and degree of covariance between two or more
variables. The general screening model was used in the study (Büyüköztürk et al., 2010).
Population and Sample Group
The population of the study consisted of 5- 6 years-old children who received their education in the
preschool educational institutions in the city centre and Develi district of the Kayseri province between 2013
and 2014.
The sample group of the study consisted of students attending 10 schools that were either Independent
Kindergartens and within the body of Elementary School Kindergarten class. Since all the elements in the
population did not have an equal chance of being selected, disproportionate stratified sampling (simple random
sampling), one of stratified sampling types, was preferred (Karasar, 2003). The sample group of the study
consisted of 200 (B=86 G=114) children selected by using a random sampling method. Table 1 illustrates the
demographic data concerning the children who constituted the sample group.
Table 1: Distribution of Children Constituting the Sample Group in Terms of Gender
Gender N %
Girls 114 57
Boys 86 43
TOTAL 200 100
When the distributions of children participating in the study in terms of their gender were examined, it
was observed from Table 1 that while 57% were girls, 43% were boys. The majority of the group was girls.
Data Collection Tools and Personal Information Form
A personal information form and Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale for 60- 72-month-old
children were used as data collection tools in the study. The personal information form was prepared by the
researcher for the purpose of determining the personal information of employed and unemployed mothers who
had 5-6 year old children attending a preschool educational institution.
Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale for 60- 72-month-old Children
The Marmara social-emotional adaptation scale was developed between 2002 and 2003 by a group of 9
experts who are the instructors at Marmara University. This scale was also conducted by Işık (2006) as a
postgraduate thesis on its validity and reliability study for 5- 6 years-old children as it measures the social and
emotional adaptation levels of 0-6, 6–11 years-old children. In the validity and reliability study of the Marmara
3. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 75 | Page
Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale conducted by Işık (2006), the scale was reduced from 36 items to 19 as a
result of the Factor Analysis. The final form of the scale consists of 19 items and 4 factors. The Cronbach Alpha
reliability coefficient of the scale is .89 (p<.001) and its test-retest stability coefficient is .89. The scale was
prepared as three-point Likert scale (Never=1, Sometimes=2, Always=3). While the lowest score that can to be
obtained from the scale is 19, the highest score is 57. The high score obtained from the scale signifies that the
child has a high level of social-emotional adaptation (Işık, 2006).
Analysis of Data
The personal information form was delivered to mothers of students randomly selected by taking the
class lists during the application and their data were received. For the same students, Marmara Social-Emotional
Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) was filled in by the teachers. The data obtained from the sample group were
inputted to the computer, assessed by using the SPSS 20.00 software package, and analyzed as frequency,
percentage, and t test.
III. RESULTS
In this section, the personal information of the mothers in the sample group and the scores obtained by
5-6 years-old children from the MSEAS were illustrated and interpreted with frequency, percentage, and t test
statistics. Table 2 illustrates the employment status of the mothers.
Table 2: Distribution of Employment Status of the Mothers
Employment Status of the mother n %
Employed 118 59
Unemployed 82 41
TOTAL 200 100
When Table 2 was examined, it was observed that while 59% of the mothers of the children participating in the
study were employed, 41% were unemployed. Table 3 illustrates the information concerning the mothers’
educational level
Table 3: Distribution of the Mothers’ Educational Level
Educational Level N %
Primary 30 15
Secondary School 18 9
High-School 56 28
Associate deg. /Bachelor deg 78 39
Graduate 18 9
TOTAL 200 100
When the educational status of the mothers of children participating in the study was examined
according to Table 3, it was observed that 39% had an associate degree or bachelor degree; whereas, 28% were
high school graduate, 15% were primary school graduate, 9% were secondary school and graduate school
graduates.
Table 4 illustrates the conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the
subscale "suitable behaviours for the requirements of social life" as a percentage and frequency.
Table 4: The conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the subscale "suitable
behaviours for the requirements of social life"
Questions Never Sometimes Always
n % n % n %
Shares tools and equipments with their friends
Employed - - 38 19 80 40
Unemployed 2 1 22 11 58 29
Obeys the rules in group games
Employed - - 70 35 52 26
Unemployed 2 1 28 14 48 24
Helps their circle when necessary
Employed 4 2 64 32 54 27
Unemployed 2 1 30 15 46 23
Solves problems without using aggression
Employed 6 3 36 18 76 38
Unemployed 4 2 20 10 58 29
Uses gentle expressions in their daily life.
Employed - - 70 35 62 31
Unemployed 2 1 28 14 38 19
4. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 76 | Page
Fulfils responsibilities appropriate for their age
Employed 4 2 64 32 54 27
Unemployed 2 1 30 15 46 23
Careful about the use of common belongings
Employed - - 38 19 80 40
Unemployed 2 1 22 11 58 29
Careful about looking well
Employed 4 2 66 35 48 24
Unemployed 2 1 28 14 52 26
Sensitive to the needs and requests of others
Employed - - 68 34 50 25
Unemployed 2 1 30 15 50 25
Table 4 shows that rates of the answers given by 5-6 years olds for all the questions in the subscale
"suitable behaviours for the requirements of social life" were higher in favour of the children of the employed
mothers. For the question of “shares materials and equipments with their friends”, 40% of the children of the
employed mothers were always and 19% were sometimes, making 59% in total; whereas for the condition
“shares materials and equipments with their friends” of the children of the unemployed mothers, 29% were
always and 11% were sometimes, making 40% in total. For the question of “obeys the rules in group games”,
26% of the children of the employed mothers were always and 35% were sometimes, making 61% in total. For
the condition “obeys the rules in group games” of the children of the unemployed mothers, 24% were always
and 14% were sometimes, making 38% in total.
Table 5 illustrates the conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the
subscale " suitable reactions to the social situations " as percentage and frequency.
Table 5: The conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the subscale " suitable
reactions to the social situations"
Questions Never Sometimes Always
n % n % n %
Enjoys being liked by others
Employed - - 38 19 80 40
Unemployed 2 1 22 11 58 29
Makes jokes appropriate for the environment and time
Employed 6 3 72 36 30 15
Unemployed 6 3 60 30 26 13
Gives proper reaction when treated unfairly
Employed 2 1 32 16 82 41
Unemployed 8 4 24 12 52 26
Struggles to get their right when is necessary
Employed 6 3 36 18 76 38
Unemployed 4 2 20 10 58 29
Table 5 shows that rates of the answers given by 5-6 years olds for all the questions in the subscale "
suitable reactions to the social situations " were higher in favour of the children of the employed mothers. For
instance, for the question of “struggles to get their right when necessary”, 38% of the children of the employed
mothers were always and 18% were sometimes, making 56% in total; whereas, 29% of the children of the
unemployed mothers were always and 10% were sometimes, making 39% in total.
Table 6 illustrates the conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the
subscale "interaction with the peers" as a percentage and frequency.
Table 6: The conditions of children with the employed and unemployed mothers n the subscale "interaction
with the peers"
Questions Never Sometimes Always
n % n % n %
Communicates easily with peers
Employed - - 30 15 88 44
Unemployed 2 1 28 14 52 26
Easily included in a previously formed peer group
Employed - - 38 19 80 40
Unemployed 2 1 22 11 58 29
Prefers to be with friends in leisure time
Employed 2 1 32 16 84 42
Unemployed 2 1 24 12 56 28
5. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 77 | Page
Table 6 shows that rates of the answers given by 5-6 years olds for all the questions in the subscale
"interaction with the peers" were higher in favour of the children of the employed mothers. For example, for the
question of “easily included in a previously formed peer group” in this subscale, 40% of the children of the
employed mothers were always and 19% were sometimes, making 59% in total; whereas, 29% of the children of
the unemployed mothers were always and 11% were sometimes, making 40% in total.
Table 7 illustrates the conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the
subscale "Adoption of a positive attitude towards the social environment" as percentage and frequency.
Table 7: The conditions of the children of the employed and unemployed mothers in the subscale "Adoption of
a positive attitude towards the social environment"
Questions Never Sometimes Always
n % n % n %
Separates smoothly from the parent
Employed 6 3 34 17 78 39
Unemployed - - 22 11 60 30
Is a happy child
Employed 10 5 32 16 58 29
Unemployed 2 1 28 14 70 35
Has a positive facial expression in general
Employed 2 1 24 12 60 30
Unemployed 2 1 32 16 80 40
Table 7 shows that rates of the answers given by children for the other two questions except for the
question "separates smoothly from the parent" in the subscale "adoption of a positive attitude towards the social
environment" were higher in favour of the children of the unemployed mothers. For instance, for the question
“has a positive facial expression in general” in this subscale, 40% of the children of the unemployed mothers
were always and 16% were sometimes, making 56% in total; whereas, 30% of the children of the employed
mothers were always and 12% were sometimes, making 42% in total.
Table 8 illustrates results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "suitable
behaviours for the requirements of social life" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on
5-6 years-old children of the employed and unemployed mothers.
Table 8: Results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "suitable behaviours for the
requirements of social life" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on children of the
employed and unemployed mothers
Status of the
mother
N X ss sh t test
t sd p
Employed 118 2,8 ,25 0,1 3,79 461 ,002
Unemployed 82 1,9 ,20 0,1
As is seen from Table 8, as a result of the independent samples t-test, it was found that there was a
statistically significant difference between the employment status of the mothers and scores of the subscale
"suitable behaviours for the requirements of social life" of the MSEAS (t = 3.79; p<.01).
Table 9 illustrates results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "suitable
reactions to the social situations" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on 5-6 years-old
children of the employed and unemployed mothers.
Table 9: Results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "suitable reactions to the social
situations" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on children of the employed and
unemployed mothers
Status of the mother N X ss sh t test
t sd p
Employed 118 2,6 ,24 0,1 3,51 458 ,010
Unemployed 82 2,1 ,22 0,1
As is seen from Table 9, as a result of the independent samples t-test, it was found that there was a
statistically significant difference between the employment status of the mothers and scores of the subscale "
suitable reactions to the social situations " of the MSEAS (t = 3.51; p<.05).
Table 10 illustrates results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "interaction
with the peers" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on 5-6 years-old children of the
employed and unemployed mothers
6. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 78 | Page
Table 10: Results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "interaction with the peers" of
Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on children of the employed and unemployed mothers
Status of the
mother
N X ss sh t test
t sd p
Employed 118 2,7 ,25 0,2 2,26 428 ,040
Unemployed 82 2,0 ,22 0,1
As is seen from Table 10, as a result of the independent samples t-test, it was determined that there was
a statistically significant difference between employment status of the mothers and scores of the subscale
"interaction with the peers" of the MSEAS (t = 2.26; p<.05).
Table 11 illustrates results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "adoption of a
positive attitude towards the social environment" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS)
on 5-6 years-old children of the employed and unemployed mothers.
Table 11: Results of the independent samples t-test performed for the subscale "adoption of a positive attitude
towards the social environment" of the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on children of
the employed and unemployed mothers
Status of the
mother
N X ss sh t test
t sd p
Employed 118 2,6 ,35 0,3 1,98 410 ,194
Unemployed 82 2,4 ,31 0,2
As is seen from Table 11, as a result of the independent samples t-test, it was determined that there was
no statistically significant difference between the employment status of the mothers and scores of the subscale
"adoption of a positive attitude towards the social environment" of the MSEAS (t = 2.26; p<.05).
Table 12 illustrates results of the independent samples t-test performed for the total score of the
Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on 5-6 years-old children of the employed and
unemployed mothers
Table 12: Results of the independent samples t-test performed for total score of the Marmara Social-Emotional
Adaptation Scale (MSEAS) on children of the employed and unemployed mothers
Maternal Status N X ss sh t test
t sd p
Employed 118 2,7 ,25 0,1 3,49 459 ,010
Unemployed 82 2,1 ,22 0,1
As is seen from Table 12, as a result of the independent samples t-test, it was found that there was a
statistically significant difference between the employment status of the mothers and the total score of MSEAS
(t = 3.49; p<.05). This difference was in the favour of children with the employed mothers.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
When the frequency and percentages of the answers given to the questions of the MSEAS were
examined, the frequency and percentage rates of the answers given by 5-6 years old children for all the
questions except for "is a happy child" and "Has a positive facial expression in general" in the subscale
"adoption of a positive attitude towards the social environment" were higher in favour of the children of the
employed mothers.
As a result of independent samples t test performed for the subscale scores of the MSEAS according
to the employment status of the mothers, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences in
the subscales of Suitable behaviours for the Requirements of Social Life, Suitable Reactions to the Social
Situations, and Interaction with the Peers. Also in results of the independent samples t-test performed for
evaluating total score obtained by children of the mothers from the Marmara Social-Emotional Adaptation Scale
(MSEAS), statistically significant differences were found, as well. This difference was in the favour of children
with the employed mothers. These results indicated that the social development of the children with employed
mothers was higher than those with unemployed mothers. While this result proved that the quality of the time
spent by the mothers with their children was important rather than its quantity, it could be thought that the
educational level of the mothers which is an significant factor in the development and education of children had
a positive effect on all the developmental fields of children, social development being in the first place.
The studies have showed that there is a significant relationship between the child’s psycho-social
development and their family relations, age, intelligence, gender and the social circle they live in (Başal, 2004).
According to Hoffman, mothers being a full time housewife adopt a more authoritative and stricter
attitudes compared to those who are full time employee. Nevertheless, employed mothers support their
7. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
www.ijhssi.org 79 | Page
independence more. The results of a study conducted by Hoffman on 369 families revealed that child bringing
up and discipline approaches between employed and unemployed mothers were considerably different. The
results indicate that employed mothers were more positive on their children and that their relationships with
their mothers were more warm and emotional when compared to the unemployed mothers (Hoffman, 2000). The
results of that study support the results of our study. In the examinations made on three-five year-old children,
data concerning that employed mother was not harmful for their children (Perry, 1961). Mothers who are happy
at work and are working without being anxious about the care of their children have a better parental role than
those who do not work (Aktaş, 1994). The result obtained in a longitudinal study conducted on 5828 women and
their 1657 children in the United States did not generally support the argument that employment of mothers
would have negative effects on their young children and cause a behaviour disorder. On the contrary, it
supported the opinion that employment of the mother and the increasing of the income level of the family would
enhance the life standard of the family and thus this general well-being affecting the family would create
positive effects on the development of the child because of ensuring to take care the child in a better
environment (Yeşilyaprak, 2007). Burchinal and Romsan (1961), who conducted studies on different age groups
ranging from childhood to adolescence, revealed that employment of the mother was not unfavourable for the
child and that there was no difference between children of employed and unemployed mothers (Ekşi,1990).
According to Scarr-Phıllıps-Mccartney, (1989), children of employed mothers are less likely to accept the
traditional gender roles. Therefore, both girls and boys acquire role expectations that are less stereotyped, more
flexible and are likely to adapt to novelties and conditional situations easily.
In the study conducted by Schachter (1981) on 32 employed and 38 unemployed mothers for 7 years, it
was found that children of employed mothers were more friendly and at self-sufficient level; whereas, the
children of mothers who did not work were more jealous and protected (Şentürk, 2007) .
In the study by Işık (2006), it was determined that there was a statistically significant and negative
correlation between social-emotional adaptation levels of 60-72 month old children and the organizational and
structural quality of their families. As functions of the families became unhealthier, the social-emotional
adaptation levels of their children decreased significantly.
Results of all the aforementioned studies examining the employment of the mother on her child comply
with and support results of our study.
In families where the mother does not work, the mothers or adults generally raise their children by
relying on the education experiences they go through. The educational experience of the adult becomes
generally insufficient based on the sense of the education in our era (Üstünova, 1998). A high level of education
of the mother leads to having extensive knowledge about the child’s development and makes positive
contributions to the personal traits of the child. These experience, high-educated mother, build a significant
effects of their children development.(Bıçakçı, 2004). In the study by Yeşilyaprak (2007), it was concluded that
the educational level of the employed mothers were an higher, and they made more efforts to improve
themselves and had higher awareness level when compared to the unemployed mothers. From this perspective,
she stated that employment of the mother is a predictor variable to for adopting appropriate approaches towards
her child and creating a healthier atmosphere. Bayley and Schaefer, (1967) stated that while educated mothers
with a high socio-economic levels provided more autonomy for their children and have a tendency to treat
equally, the mothers being inattentive about autonomy and punitive had more timid and conservative children (
Ekşi,1990).
A mother's ability to address the child’s needs and solve their problems in time is of important for the
development of trust of the child. This makes us think that an employed mother may be insufficient for raising a
child. The studies have revealed that these problems of the employed mothers are arising from the anxiety about
which they may not spend enough time with the children and not knowing how to care for them in the time
spent with the children instead of the mother's necessity of working. For this reason, the employed mother has to
establish a more qualified relationship with her children in a short time (Ertuğrul, 2002). If the mother is
employed, she should pay attention to spending a quality time with her children. Quality time spent together is
something we advise for all relationships; however, because the employed mothers cannot spend much time
with their children, it becomes more important for them. Spending quality time, establishes “qualified and
continuous unity” is to. A real relationship should exist between the mother and the child within the time spent
together (Tarhan, 2002). As a consequence, based on the results of this study:
• An employed mother should adopt the maternal role very well.
• She should pursue a healthy attitude as a mother.
• The required support and measures should be taken to minimise the problems she experiences while
working.
• It is significant for mothers undertaking the most important task in the development and education of
children in Turkey to have higher educational level.
8. Social Development of 5 And 6 Year Old Children in Terms of Employment Status of Their Mothers
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• Measures should be taken for increasing the time and the quality of time spent between the mother and
children and mothers should be provided with training programs about this matter.
• To give a more oportunities to the unemployed mothers, like decent job and vocational courses, should be
provided so that they can be an active part of the production or economic activities.
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