Social movements are defined as collective efforts by individuals or groups organized to promote or resist social change through persistent and organized collective action. They aim to bring about or resist fundamental changes to existing social groups or societies by establishing a new social order. Some important social movements include globalization which breaks down national barriers, women's movements which fight for equal rights as men, and industrialization which introduced mechanization in manufacturing.
Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
This document discusses social change by outlining key concepts including the definition of social change, sources of social change, and major theories of social change. It examines internal and external sources that drive social change as well as evolutionary, conflict, functionalist, and cyclical theories of how social change occurs. The document also explores modernization and globalization as forces shaping social change and provides examples of technological and demographic changes driving social change in the United States.
The document discusses the nature and approaches to social interaction and social processes. It defines social interaction as how people influence each other through attitudes, feelings and actions. There are three types of social interaction: person-to-person, person-to-group, and group-to-group. Approaches to understanding social interaction include symbolic interactionism and perspectives like definition of the situation, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology, and social exchange. Social processes refer to recurrent patterns of interactions between individuals that have become stable over time. There are universal processes like cooperation, competition, and conflict, as well as derived processes such as acculturation, assimilation, and differentiation. Social processes can also be classified based on whether they promote unity
Social change is the modification or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time. It is an ongoing process that occurs differently depending on each society. There are several factors that cause social change, including technology, ideology, competition, conflict, political and economic conditions, and structural strain. These sources of change are interrelated and interconnected, as they work together to drive rapid growth and transformation in society. Changes can have both benefits and drawbacks for communities, and sources of change impact all levels of social structure, from individuals to groups to institutions. The various sources cannot be separated, as that would make societies unstable and unable to adapt properly.
This document summarizes social and cultural change. It defines social change as significant alterations in behavior, values, and norms over time. Examples of major social changes provided include the Industrial Revolution, abolition of slavery, and feminist movement. Theories of social change discussed include evolutionary, conflict, and functionalist theories. Key aspects of social change covered are characteristics, process, factors, resistance/acceptance, and consequences. Suggestions are made for bringing positive social change, such as eradicating problems like poverty, discrimination, illiteracy, and child labor.
Social movements are defined as collective efforts by individuals or groups organized to promote or resist social change through persistent and organized collective action. They aim to bring about or resist fundamental changes to existing social groups or societies by establishing a new social order. Some important social movements include globalization which breaks down national barriers, women's movements which fight for equal rights as men, and industrialization which introduced mechanization in manufacturing.
Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
This document discusses social change by outlining key concepts including the definition of social change, sources of social change, and major theories of social change. It examines internal and external sources that drive social change as well as evolutionary, conflict, functionalist, and cyclical theories of how social change occurs. The document also explores modernization and globalization as forces shaping social change and provides examples of technological and demographic changes driving social change in the United States.
The document discusses the nature and approaches to social interaction and social processes. It defines social interaction as how people influence each other through attitudes, feelings and actions. There are three types of social interaction: person-to-person, person-to-group, and group-to-group. Approaches to understanding social interaction include symbolic interactionism and perspectives like definition of the situation, dramaturgy, ethnomethodology, and social exchange. Social processes refer to recurrent patterns of interactions between individuals that have become stable over time. There are universal processes like cooperation, competition, and conflict, as well as derived processes such as acculturation, assimilation, and differentiation. Social processes can also be classified based on whether they promote unity
Social change is the modification or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time. It is an ongoing process that occurs differently depending on each society. There are several factors that cause social change, including technology, ideology, competition, conflict, political and economic conditions, and structural strain. These sources of change are interrelated and interconnected, as they work together to drive rapid growth and transformation in society. Changes can have both benefits and drawbacks for communities, and sources of change impact all levels of social structure, from individuals to groups to institutions. The various sources cannot be separated, as that would make societies unstable and unable to adapt properly.
This document summarizes social and cultural change. It defines social change as significant alterations in behavior, values, and norms over time. Examples of major social changes provided include the Industrial Revolution, abolition of slavery, and feminist movement. Theories of social change discussed include evolutionary, conflict, and functionalist theories. Key aspects of social change covered are characteristics, process, factors, resistance/acceptance, and consequences. Suggestions are made for bringing positive social change, such as eradicating problems like poverty, discrimination, illiteracy, and child labor.
Social movements aim to bring about or prevent societal changes. There are several types of social movements including reactionary, conservative, reformist, revolutionary, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, expressive, alternative, and redemptive movements. Successful social movements require different types of leaders and followers working together using various tactics like educational, political, and direct action approaches.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
Deviance is defined as behavior that violates social norms and causes disapproval or condemnation from others. It can suck people into deviant lifestyles from which it is difficult to escape due to social stigma. Deviance ranges from admired or odd behavior to more serious bad behavior and includes examples such as homosexuality, drug addiction, teenage pregnancy, prostitution, and mental illness. Understanding cultural diversity is important for nurses to effectively communicate with clients from different backgrounds.
Deviance refers to any violation of social norms and rules. What is considered deviant varies across societies and groups within societies. While some individuals engage in deviant acts, others are labeled deviant due to factors like their race, birth defects, or disease. All groups use social control and sanctions to enforce norms, punishing deviants with negative sanctions and rewarding conformists with positive sanctions. Sociologists examine deviance using perspectives like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
The document discusses various sociological research methods used to study education such as experiments, surveys, interviews, observations and the analysis of official statistics and documents. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection techniques including quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary sources. Factors that influence the choice of research methods are also covered such as practical issues, ethical considerations and theoretical perspectives.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior, focusing on how social relationships influence people and how societies are established and change.
2. Early founders of sociology like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber developed sociological perspectives to understand social phenomena, and sociology continues to use theoretical frameworks like functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
3. Sociology has both an academic focus on developing theories and knowledge, as well as an applied focus through clinical sociology which aims to use sociological insights to address social problems.
Social change involves alterations to social institutions, behaviors, and relations within a society. It can occur through innovation, invention, contact with other societies, or changes in areas like technology, ideas, and the environment. When one part of a culture changes faster than others, it can create tensions known as "cultural lag." Cultural lag refers to a gap between material and non-material aspects of culture that arises when technological or economic changes happen more rapidly than cultural norms and values can adapt.
1. The document discusses theories of social change including evolutionary theory, conflict theory, functional theory, and cyclical theory.
2. It explains the processes of social change as discovery, invention, and diffusion of new ideas and technologies.
3. Factors that can drive social change are also outlined, such as physical environment, population, culture, attitudes, and perceived needs.
This document discusses approaches to ethnicity, including primordialism, instrumentalism, and constructivism. It outlines topics like defining others, instrumental states, and peace time nationalism. Criticism of instrumentalism is also presented. Ethnicity involves personal identity and group ties. States can manipulate ethnic identities for political goals and gain power. While nationalism strengthens states, some argue ethnicity is more deeply rooted than just political interests.
Amartya Sen's 1999 book "Development as Freedom" argues that development should be understood as expanding the freedoms and capabilities of individuals. Sen defines freedom as both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, as well as the opportunities available to individuals. True development requires removing major sources of unfreedom like poverty, tyranny, and lack of economic opportunity. Sen discusses five types of instrumental freedoms - political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security - that interact and can strengthen one another in the development process.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of political sociology. It defines political sociology as the study of the relationship between society and politics, and the interaction between social and political structures. The document outlines the objectives and scope of political sociology. Political sociology examines topics such as social influences on political participation and attitudes, voting behavior, decision-making processes, political systems, and the role of social groups and institutions. It aims to understand the social bases of conflict and how political processes manage social conflicts.
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as variations from social norms and expectations. While some deviance is normal, too much or extreme deviations can disrupt social order. Deviance performs functions like defining norms but can also have dysfunctions. Society uses internal and external social controls like sanctions to encourage conformity. Theories of deviance include strain theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionist perspectives like differential association theory and labeling theory.
This document outlines a presentation on the importance of social research. It defines social research as a systematic method to investigate social problems, discover new ideas, and find solutions. The objectives of social research are listed as discovering new ideas, collecting data on issues, providing principles for problems, removing misconceptions, and verifying ideas. Social research is important because it can identify the causes of social problems, help solve problems, provide new ideas and techniques, develop theories, and increase knowledge. The scope of social research brings structural social change and new concepts about social phenomena through the collection and interpretation of data.
This document provides an overview of collective behavior and social movements. It defines collective behavior as spontaneous, unstructured behavior by large groups of people, like crowds, riots, and social movements. It discusses characteristics of collective behavior and theories like emergent norm theory. It also defines crowds, mobs, riots, disasters, and types of each. The document outlines factors that can cause mass behavior, like rumors, public opinion, and panics. It defines social movements as organized efforts to create social change and discusses types of movements and theories to explain them, like deprivation theory. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of a social movement from emergence to decline.
India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life. Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world's great civilizations.
This document provides an overview of various social science perspectives that are relevant for social work, including psychology, sociology, political science, history, and economics. It outlines key concepts within each discipline and how they relate to social work. For example, it notes that psychology studies individual behavior and social work works to influence behavior, while sociology scientifically studies society and social work aims to solve social problems. The document is intended as a teaching aid to understand the linkages between social work and different social science fields. It provides brief definitions and comparisons of key terms.
C. Wright Mills coined the term "Sociological Imagination" to describe the ability to see how individual experiences are influenced by broader social, economic, and political forces. The Sociological Imagination involves stepping back from one's own life to understand it in a larger context and see how public issues arise from private troubles shared by many individuals. Mills argued that having a Sociological Imagination allows people to better understand both their own lives and society.
The document provides an overview of sociologist Talcott Parsons, including his educational and professional background, major works, and intellectual influences. It discusses how he helped establish structural functionalism as the dominant theoretical perspective in sociology in the 1950s-1960s by integrating insights from Weber, Durkheim, Hobhouse, and others. Parsons viewed social actions as real processes that both shape and are shaped by structural relations within a functioning social system.
This document summarizes key concepts about social change and modernization from a sociology course. It defines social change as community responses that address social problems by transforming culture and institutions over time. It discusses Max Weber's view that social change stems from new ideas. Important causes of change include inventions, discoveries, and the diffusion of ideas between societies. Social movements are classified based on who and how much change they seek. Modernization describes the transformation of traditional societies through economic development and changes to social, political, and cultural structures, characterized by declining communities, expanded personal choice, a future orientation, and replacing tradition with rational thinking.
Social change refers to changes in social relationships and social behavior over time. It involves changes in culture, technology, population, environment, and other factors that influence human interactions and organizations. Some key points:
- Social change is inevitable as societies are dynamic and constantly evolving due to both internal and external factors.
- Major factors driving social change include cultural changes, technological advances, population shifts, environmental changes, and new ideas/attitudes.
- Conservative attitudes, lack of education/communication, economic limitations, personal interests resisting change, and strong attachment to traditions can act as barriers to social change.
- Theories of social change include evolutionary, conflict, and religious perspectives on how and why societies transform over
This document discusses social and cultural change. It defines social change as significant alterations in behaviors, values, and norms over time. Social change can be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces and may include changes to social institutions or relations. True social change occurs when members of society organize into social movements to bring about or resist primary changes. The document then examines evolutionary, functionalist, and conflict theories of social change and lists several common causes of social change, like technological advances or urbanization. It concludes by discussing goals of social change like liberation or democratization, and explains how cultures can change through diffusion or acculturation due to things like inventions, environment, or contact with other cultures.
This document provides an overview of sociology and its history and key concepts. It discusses how sociology developed out of the works of early philosophers and scholars seeking to better understand society. Some of the major thinkers discussed include Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel. It also summarizes the main theoretical perspectives in sociology including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Social movements aim to bring about or prevent societal changes. There are several types of social movements including reactionary, conservative, reformist, revolutionary, escapist, assimilationist, pluralist, expressive, alternative, and redemptive movements. Successful social movements require different types of leaders and followers working together using various tactics like educational, political, and direct action approaches.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
Deviance is defined as behavior that violates social norms and causes disapproval or condemnation from others. It can suck people into deviant lifestyles from which it is difficult to escape due to social stigma. Deviance ranges from admired or odd behavior to more serious bad behavior and includes examples such as homosexuality, drug addiction, teenage pregnancy, prostitution, and mental illness. Understanding cultural diversity is important for nurses to effectively communicate with clients from different backgrounds.
Deviance refers to any violation of social norms and rules. What is considered deviant varies across societies and groups within societies. While some individuals engage in deviant acts, others are labeled deviant due to factors like their race, birth defects, or disease. All groups use social control and sanctions to enforce norms, punishing deviants with negative sanctions and rewarding conformists with positive sanctions. Sociologists examine deviance using perspectives like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
The document discusses various sociological research methods used to study education such as experiments, surveys, interviews, observations and the analysis of official statistics and documents. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection techniques including quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary sources. Factors that influence the choice of research methods are also covered such as practical issues, ethical considerations and theoretical perspectives.
1. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behavior, focusing on how social relationships influence people and how societies are established and change.
2. Early founders of sociology like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber developed sociological perspectives to understand social phenomena, and sociology continues to use theoretical frameworks like functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
3. Sociology has both an academic focus on developing theories and knowledge, as well as an applied focus through clinical sociology which aims to use sociological insights to address social problems.
Social change involves alterations to social institutions, behaviors, and relations within a society. It can occur through innovation, invention, contact with other societies, or changes in areas like technology, ideas, and the environment. When one part of a culture changes faster than others, it can create tensions known as "cultural lag." Cultural lag refers to a gap between material and non-material aspects of culture that arises when technological or economic changes happen more rapidly than cultural norms and values can adapt.
1. The document discusses theories of social change including evolutionary theory, conflict theory, functional theory, and cyclical theory.
2. It explains the processes of social change as discovery, invention, and diffusion of new ideas and technologies.
3. Factors that can drive social change are also outlined, such as physical environment, population, culture, attitudes, and perceived needs.
This document discusses approaches to ethnicity, including primordialism, instrumentalism, and constructivism. It outlines topics like defining others, instrumental states, and peace time nationalism. Criticism of instrumentalism is also presented. Ethnicity involves personal identity and group ties. States can manipulate ethnic identities for political goals and gain power. While nationalism strengthens states, some argue ethnicity is more deeply rooted than just political interests.
Amartya Sen's 1999 book "Development as Freedom" argues that development should be understood as expanding the freedoms and capabilities of individuals. Sen defines freedom as both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, as well as the opportunities available to individuals. True development requires removing major sources of unfreedom like poverty, tyranny, and lack of economic opportunity. Sen discusses five types of instrumental freedoms - political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security - that interact and can strengthen one another in the development process.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of political sociology. It defines political sociology as the study of the relationship between society and politics, and the interaction between social and political structures. The document outlines the objectives and scope of political sociology. Political sociology examines topics such as social influences on political participation and attitudes, voting behavior, decision-making processes, political systems, and the role of social groups and institutions. It aims to understand the social bases of conflict and how political processes manage social conflicts.
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as variations from social norms and expectations. While some deviance is normal, too much or extreme deviations can disrupt social order. Deviance performs functions like defining norms but can also have dysfunctions. Society uses internal and external social controls like sanctions to encourage conformity. Theories of deviance include strain theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionist perspectives like differential association theory and labeling theory.
This document outlines a presentation on the importance of social research. It defines social research as a systematic method to investigate social problems, discover new ideas, and find solutions. The objectives of social research are listed as discovering new ideas, collecting data on issues, providing principles for problems, removing misconceptions, and verifying ideas. Social research is important because it can identify the causes of social problems, help solve problems, provide new ideas and techniques, develop theories, and increase knowledge. The scope of social research brings structural social change and new concepts about social phenomena through the collection and interpretation of data.
This document provides an overview of collective behavior and social movements. It defines collective behavior as spontaneous, unstructured behavior by large groups of people, like crowds, riots, and social movements. It discusses characteristics of collective behavior and theories like emergent norm theory. It also defines crowds, mobs, riots, disasters, and types of each. The document outlines factors that can cause mass behavior, like rumors, public opinion, and panics. It defines social movements as organized efforts to create social change and discusses types of movements and theories to explain them, like deprivation theory. Finally, it outlines the typical stages of a social movement from emergence to decline.
India offers astounding variety in virtually every aspect of social life. Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world's great civilizations.
This document provides an overview of various social science perspectives that are relevant for social work, including psychology, sociology, political science, history, and economics. It outlines key concepts within each discipline and how they relate to social work. For example, it notes that psychology studies individual behavior and social work works to influence behavior, while sociology scientifically studies society and social work aims to solve social problems. The document is intended as a teaching aid to understand the linkages between social work and different social science fields. It provides brief definitions and comparisons of key terms.
C. Wright Mills coined the term "Sociological Imagination" to describe the ability to see how individual experiences are influenced by broader social, economic, and political forces. The Sociological Imagination involves stepping back from one's own life to understand it in a larger context and see how public issues arise from private troubles shared by many individuals. Mills argued that having a Sociological Imagination allows people to better understand both their own lives and society.
The document provides an overview of sociologist Talcott Parsons, including his educational and professional background, major works, and intellectual influences. It discusses how he helped establish structural functionalism as the dominant theoretical perspective in sociology in the 1950s-1960s by integrating insights from Weber, Durkheim, Hobhouse, and others. Parsons viewed social actions as real processes that both shape and are shaped by structural relations within a functioning social system.
This document summarizes key concepts about social change and modernization from a sociology course. It defines social change as community responses that address social problems by transforming culture and institutions over time. It discusses Max Weber's view that social change stems from new ideas. Important causes of change include inventions, discoveries, and the diffusion of ideas between societies. Social movements are classified based on who and how much change they seek. Modernization describes the transformation of traditional societies through economic development and changes to social, political, and cultural structures, characterized by declining communities, expanded personal choice, a future orientation, and replacing tradition with rational thinking.
Social change refers to changes in social relationships and social behavior over time. It involves changes in culture, technology, population, environment, and other factors that influence human interactions and organizations. Some key points:
- Social change is inevitable as societies are dynamic and constantly evolving due to both internal and external factors.
- Major factors driving social change include cultural changes, technological advances, population shifts, environmental changes, and new ideas/attitudes.
- Conservative attitudes, lack of education/communication, economic limitations, personal interests resisting change, and strong attachment to traditions can act as barriers to social change.
- Theories of social change include evolutionary, conflict, and religious perspectives on how and why societies transform over
This document discusses social and cultural change. It defines social change as significant alterations in behaviors, values, and norms over time. Social change can be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces and may include changes to social institutions or relations. True social change occurs when members of society organize into social movements to bring about or resist primary changes. The document then examines evolutionary, functionalist, and conflict theories of social change and lists several common causes of social change, like technological advances or urbanization. It concludes by discussing goals of social change like liberation or democratization, and explains how cultures can change through diffusion or acculturation due to things like inventions, environment, or contact with other cultures.
This document provides an overview of sociology and its history and key concepts. It discusses how sociology developed out of the works of early philosophers and scholars seeking to better understand society. Some of the major thinkers discussed include Comte, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel. It also summarizes the main theoretical perspectives in sociology including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Social change and globalization are interconnected processes. Social change refers to basic alterations in a society's behavior patterns, culture, and structure over time. It can be slow, gradual, or fast and radical. Major theories of social change include evolutionary theory, cyclical theory, equilibrium theory, and conflict theory. Globalization is increasing integration between world units through economic, social, technological, political, and cultural aspects. It has standardized experiences worldwide. Social change results from shifting populations, technological innovation, new ideas and values, and cultural diffusion - all of which are accelerated and interconnected in a globalized world.
This document provides an overview of social movements and collective behavior. It begins by defining key terms like crowds, masses, publics, and social movements. It then discusses several theoretical perspectives on collective behavior, including emergent norm theory, value-added theory, and assembling perspective. The document also differentiates between types of crowds and examines levels of social movements from local to national to global. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to the study of social movements and collective behavior.
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 21-social movements and socialProf. Dr. Halit Hami Öz
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document provides an overview of four major theories of social change: evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, conflict theories, and functionalist/dynamic theories. Evolutionary theories view social change as progress toward more complex and advanced forms of society. Cyclical theories see the rise and fall of civilizations in cyclical patterns of growth and decay. Conflict theories emphasize the forces of instability and social struggle. Functionalist theories view society as seeking equilibrium and able to absorb disruptive forces while maintaining overall stability through cultural patterns.
Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change Hannah Yana
This document defines collective behavior as behaviors engaged in by large numbers of people. It distinguishes collective behavior from group behavior in that collective behavior involves limited, short interactions without clear boundaries, while groups interact longer with stronger norms. The document then describes different types of collective behavior including fads, mass hysterias, and riots. It also summarizes several theories that attempt to explain collective behavior such as contagion theory, convergence theory, and emergent-norm theory.
This document discusses key topics in sociology including the definition of sociology, collective behavior, social movements, social change, and social stratification. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and discusses how sociology meets the characteristics of a science through knowledge, methods, and tools. It explores collective behavior such as crowds and audiences and how social movements emerge and decline in stages. Social change is influenced by conflict, ideas, and demographic factors. Social stratification divides society in a social hierarchy based on access to wealth, power and prestige as seen in caste and class systems.
This document defines and describes different types of collective behavior, including crowd behavior and mass behavior. It identifies key characteristics of collective behavior like being spontaneous, unstable, unstructured, and emotional. The document then examines different types of crowds like casual crowds, conventional crowds, expressive crowds, and acting crowds. It also discusses riots, mass hysteria, rumors, panic, and fashion/fads as forms of mass behavior. Finally, it introduces the concept of public opinion and discusses contagion theory as an explanation for collective behavior.
2019_Chapter_1_Sociology from some schoolbadato5850
Sociology studies human social behavior and patterns from a group perspective. Early European sociologists like Comte, Marx, Durkheim and Weber established sociology as a science and developed theoretical perspectives to view society. Comte coined the term sociology and emphasized positivism. Marx viewed society through class conflict. Durkheim's theories included mechanical and organic solidarity. Weber's contributions were verstehen and rationalization. Theoretical perspectives in sociology include functionalism, which views society as a system of interrelated parts, conflict theory, which sees society as based on conflict over resources, and symbolic interactionism, which focuses on how people interact through symbols and their shared meanings.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human behavior and society. It discusses the key thinkers who developed sociology, such as Comte, Durkheim, Marx, and Weber. It also summarizes the main theoretical perspectives in sociology - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism - and how they explain concepts like the relationship between individual and society, the basis of social order, and the source of social change.
1. The document outlines several approaches to social theory including scientific theories that aim to discover universal laws of human behavior, philosophical approaches based on conceptual thinking rather than empirical research, and social theories with a moral vision that see social knowledge as valuable for improving society.
2. Key theorists and their works are discussed including Marx's German Ideology and Capital, Durkheim's study of the division of labor in society, Weber's analysis of the Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism, and Mills' argument about the power elite in major institutions.
3. Contemporary social theorists addressed include Parsons and his functionalist approach to social systems, Berger and Luckmann's social construction of reality, Collins' conflict
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology".
3. Serafin M. Macaraig was the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology.
4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
5. Father Valentin Marin introduced sociology in the Philippines with the opening of a criminology program at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in the 1950s.
Collective behaviour and social movements a conceptual reviewAlexander Decker
This document provides a conceptual review of collective behavior and social movements. It begins by defining key terms like collective behavior and social movements. Collective behavior refers to spontaneous group actions that do not conform to social norms, while social movements involve more purposeful and organized efforts to create social change. The document then distinguishes between the two, noting that social movements have greater internal organization and aim to achieve social or political goals. It reviews theories of why collective behavior and social movements are studied, including to better understand and manage crowds. The document outlines different forms of collective behavior, like crowds which can be casual, conventional, expressive, or protest crowds. It concludes by discussing reasons for studying these concepts, such as reducing conflict and informing citizens
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
The document discusses the development of sociology from its early origins to the modern era. It describes how human societies evolved over millions of years from early hominids to modern Homo sapiens. The emergence of agriculture marked a shift to communal living similar to social animals like wolves. Sociology then emerged to study increasing societal complexities, emphasizing collective understanding and action for societal well-being. The document also examines the intellectual forces that shaped sociological thinking in different regions, such as the Enlightenment in France and Britain, and the influences of thinkers including Marx, Weber, and Pareto in Germany, Britain, France and Italy.
This document discusses how social psychology has shifted from focusing on solving social problems to controlling individual behavior to benefit elites. Originally, social psychologists sought to address issues like poverty and discrimination. However, during the 1950s, views influenced by Marxism became heretical, and research focused instead on manipulating individual thoughts and actions. Federal funding pushed social psychology to adopt this elitist approach aimed at conforming populations rather than helping disadvantaged groups. Now, behavior technologies are developed to strengthen dominant social groups' power rather than improve everyone's quality of life. This cult-like control of individuals resembles totalitarian regimes more than democratic ideals of free will.
The document summarizes four major theories of social change: evolutionary theory, functionalist theory, conflict theory, and post-modernism. Evolutionary theory views social change as moving in a single, progressive direction based on Darwin's work, seeing societies evolving from simplistic to more complex forms. Functionalist theory assumes societies become more complex and interdependent over time to function more effectively. Conflict theory argues social change results from conflicts within society. Post-modernism questions the idea of researchers objectively analyzing other cultures, emphasizes understanding customs in context, and sees globalization and technology driving new forms of social organization.
The journey of storytelling can be sectioned based on the mode of storytelling -
As old as 30,000 B.C. where primitive art would portray the different cultures and lifestyles.
The masses with cave paintings and murals reflecting the episodes of hunting, or any rituals.
Around 1000 B.C. ago, Greek mythology and legends were discovered and gained prominence
To understand the nuances of storytelling and its impact
Analyze the influence of epics on the plot and flow of storytelling
To infer the process of storytelling from narrative theory and learn its implementation
This document provides guidance for student journalists on reporting and writing news stories. It discusses the importance of journalism in a democratic society and emphasizes getting the most accurate information possible through thorough verification of sources. The document offers tips for different types of stories, conducting interviews, developing story ideas, writing engaging leads, and building strong long-term source relationships based on honesty and integrity. The overall message is that quality journalism requires diligent research, even if it means the reporter must be willing to work long hours and ask difficult questions to uncover important truths.
The document provides an introduction to the concepts of microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines microeconomics as the study of individual agents like households and firms and their decision making regarding allocation of scarce resources. Macroeconomics is defined as looking at the big picture of overall growth, employment, and choices made by large groups like countries. The document then gives examples of microeconomic concerns like production, prices, and markets versus macroeconomic concerns like income and employment at the national level.
The diffusion/extension approach to development communication focuses on adopting technological and social innovations through the diffusion of new ideas, services, and products. This process of diffusion starts with individual and community needs and decisions to accept or reject innovations, which depend primarily on the needs of adopters. A well-defined mass media and interpersonal communication infrastructure is necessary to support development communication efforts. The integrated approach emphasizes avoiding duplication and waste in development efforts by maintaining a balance in information facilities for both rural and urban areas.
Heart disease is a common affliction caused by stress, smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise. It is the leading cause of death among employees. Sedentary lifestyles, smoking, poor diet, stress, and lack of exercise can lead to blocked or narrowed coronary arteries and conditions like angina, heart attack, or heart failure. The document recommends starting simple by taking a 30-minute brisk walk daily to improve heart health, lower cholesterol and blood pressure, reduce stress, and increase fitness. Walking is a low-impact exercise suitable for most ages that has significant heart health benefits when done regularly.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The event will cover the following::
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. 1
Change is one of the most constant features of
American society.
It is difficult to predict how or at what rate a society
will change.
The course of change in a society depends on the
nature of the existing culture.
People in a society consciously decide for
themselves how change will occur.
Social Change
Social change occurs when many members of a
society adopt new behaviors that have long-term
and relatively important consequences.
2. 2
Major social institutions would continue to exist.
Human nature would remain the same.
Equality and the trend toward centralized
government would continue.
The availability of material resources limits and
directs social change.
Key Assumptions in Predicting Social
Change in America
Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville made several
accurate assumptions of trends in American society.
3. 3
Change is directed by the past, but history does
not strictly dictate the future.
There are no social forces aside from human
actions.
Key Assumptions in Predicting Social
Change in America
4. 4
Social Processes
Discovery is the process by which something is
learned or interpreted.
Invention is the creation of something new from
previously existing items or processes.
Diffusion is the process by which one culture
borrows from another culture or society.
A process is a series of steps that gradually leads to
a result. Sociologists have identified several
important social processes. Three important social
processes follow.
5. 5
Technology is the use of knowledge and
hardware to achieve practical goals.
Demographics is a second factor for creating
social change.
Interaction with the environment affects American
life.
Revolution, the sudden and complete overthrow
of an existing social or political order, changes
society.
Forces that Lead to Social Change
Sociologists have identified some major forces that
lead to change. They include the following:
6. 6
Technology includes knowledge and hardware that
are used to achieve practical goals.
Technology
The appearance of new technology is generally a
sign that social change will soon follow.
The computer revolution brought about
technological change at an astounding rate.
7. 7
Interaction with the natural environment has also
transformed American life.
The vast territory west of the thirteen colonies
allowed the nation to expand to the Pacific Ocean.
This expansion helped shape our cultural identity
and values, and caused untold changes.
The environment continues to shape historical
events, especially when natural disasters occur.
A scarcity of natural resources has affected the
American economy.
The Natural Environment
8. 8
Revolution and War
A revolution involves the sudden and complete
overthrow of an existing social or political order,
and is often accompanied by violence.
War is organized, armed conflict that occurs within
a society or between nations.
Revolution and war are related factors that lead to
social change.
9. 9
Theoretical Perspectives on Social Change
Functionalism depicts societies as relatively
stable.
Following a major change, these integrated
systems seek a new equilibrium.
Conflict theory states that social change is the
result of struggles among groups for scarce
resources. Societies are unstable systems that
are constantly undergoing change.
Symbolic interactionism identifies decreasing
shared values as a source of social instability.
Click the hyperlink to view more information about the theoretical perspectives on
social change or click the right arrow to proceed through the presentation.
10. 10
There are two functionalist theories of social
change based on the concept of equilibrium.
The Functionalist Perspective
When used by sociologists, equilibrium describes
a society’s tendency to react to changes by
making small adjustments to keep itself
functioning and in balance.
A society in change moves from stability to
temporary instability and back to stability. This is
a dynamic, or moving, equilibrium.
11. 11
As these conflicts are resolved, social change
occurs.
Karl Marx wrote that “without conflict, no progress:
this is the law which civilization has followed to the
present day.”
The Conflict Perspective
According to the conflict perspective, social
change is the result of struggles among groups for
scarce resources.
12. 12
Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf believes that social
change comes from a multitude of competing
interest groups–political, economic, religious,
racial, ethnic, or gender-based. Society changes
as power relationships among interest groups
change.
The Conflict Perspective
13. 13
According to symbolic interactionism, human
beings interact with others on the basis of
commonly shared symbols.
The nature and frequency of social interaction are
affected by the extent to which people share
meanings.
As shared interpretations of the world decrease,
social ties weaken and social interaction becomes
more impersonal.
Symbolic Interactionism
14. 14
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior is the spontaneous behavior of a
group of people responding to the same stimuli.
For sociologists, the term collective refers to a
large number of people who do not normally
interact and who do not necessarily share clearly
defined norms.
The study of collective behavior poses a large
problem for researchers used to studying
structured behavior.
Dispersed collectivity refers to people who are
widely scattered following common rules or
responding to common stimuli.
15. 15
Legends, Fads, and Fashions
A rumor is a widely circulating story of
questionable truth.
Urban legends are moralistic tales passed along
by people who swear the stories happened to
someone they know or to an acquaintance of a
friend or family member.
A fad is an unusual behavior pattern that spreads
rapidly, is embraced zealously, and then
disappears after a short time.
A fashion is a widely accepted behavior pattern
that changes periodically.
16. 16
Mass hysteria exists when collective anxiety is
created by acceptance of one or more false
beliefs.
A panic occurs when people react to a real threat
in fearful, anxious, and often self-damaging ways.
Mass Hysteria
17. 17
A crowd is a temporary collection of people who
share an immediate common interest. Sociologist
Herbert Blumer (1969a) has distinguished four basic
types of crowds.
Crowd
A casual crowd is the least organized, least
emotional, and most temporary type of crowd.
A conventional crowd has a specific purpose and
follows accepted norms for appropriate behavior.
Expressive crowds have no significant or long-
term purpose beyond unleashing emotion.
A crowd that takes some action toward a target is
an acting crowd.
18. 18
What are mobs and riots?
A mob is an emotional crowd ready to use
violence for a specific purpose.
A riot is an episode of largely random destruction
and violence carried out by a crowd.
19. 19
Theories of Crowd Behavior
The three most important theories of crowd behavior
are the contagion theory, emergent norm theory, and
convergence theory.
The contagion theory states that members of
crowds stimulate each other emotionally until
irrational behavior increases.
The emergent norm theory stresses the similarity
and difference between daily social behavior and
crowd behavior.
The convergence theory states that crowds are
formed by people with similar mindsets.
20. 20
Social Movements
The social movement is the most highly structured,
rational, and enduring form of collective behavior
whose goal is to promote social change. The
following defining elements characterize social
movements:
a large number of people
a common goal to promote or prevent social
change
structured organization with commonly recognized
leaders
activity sustained over a relatively long time period
21. 21
David Aberle identified four basic types of social
movements.
A revolutionary movement attempts to change a
society totally.
A reformative movement aims to affect more
limited changes in society.
A redemptive movement focuses on changing
people completely.
An alternative movement seeks only limited
changes in people.
Primary Types of Social Movements
22. 22
The value-added theory identifies six conditions
that must exist for social change to occur.
The resource mobilization theory focuses on the
use of resources to achieve goals.
Theories of Social Movements
Because of the highly structured nature of social
movements, sociologists have been able to analyze
this form of collective behavior and devise two major
theories of social movements:
23. 23
In the value-added process, each step in the
creation of a product contributes, or adds value,
to the final entity.
The value-added theory identifies six conditions
that must exist in order for social movements to
occur: structural conduciveness, structural strains,
generalized beliefs, precipitating factors,
mobilization of participants for action, and social
control.
Value-Added Theory
24. 24
Resource mobilization theory focuses on the
process through which members of a social
movement secure and use the resources needed to
advance their cause.
What is the resource mobilization theory?
Resources include human skills such as
leadership, organizational ability, and labor power.
Material goods such as money, property, and
equipment are also required.