Reading in Philippine History -- The Philippines Under Spanish Rule. As a crown colony, the Philippines was administered by the council of the Indies. Even so, the Spanish officials in the Philippines we're appointed by the king of the Spain. In 1863, the Philippines as a colony was place under the jurisdiction of the MINISTRY OF THE COLONIES OR OVERSEAS MINISTRY ( ministerio de ultramar)

1. 5
Chapter
Reading in Philippines History

2. THE
PHILIPPINES
UNDER
SPANISH RULE
(1600s – 1800s)

3. To foretell the destiny of a
nation, it is necessary to open the
book that tells of her past.
-Dr. Jose Rizal
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4. REASONS FOR SPANISH
COLONIZATION
4

5. When King Charles 1
decided to send an
expedition to the
Moluccas, his purpose
was primarily
commercial. Spices
commanded high price
during that time, so
trade in spices was very
profitable. Thus, king
Charles was persuaded
to send the Magellan
expedition to Asia to
reach for the Spice
Island.
Spanish claim to the archipelago was
sealed based on two reasons.
 First, since the “discovery” of the
Philippines was made under the
auspices of Spain.
 Second, since Spain, being in actual
possession of the Philippines, it had the
right to colonize it. In other words,
Spain claimed the Philippines by right
of “discovery” and by right of actual
occupation or conquest.
The Philippines was a possession or
property of the King of Spain and,
therefore a crown colony.
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6. Political
Changes
As a crown colony, the Philippines
was administered by the council of
the Indies. Even so, the Spanish
officials in the Philippines we're
appointed by the king of the Spain.
In 1863, the Philippines as a colony
was place under the jurisdiction of
the MINISTRY OF THE
COLONIES OR OVERSEAS
MINISTRY ( ministerio de ultramar)
6

7. The Central
Government
In organizing the Central
government of the
Philippines, the Spanish
authorities saw to it that
they would be guided by
their experience in
Mexico and Spanish
America, the Laws of the
Indies were applied the
Philippines. Some
Spanish laws were
likewise adopted like La
Novisima Recopilation ,
Leyes de Toro, and the
Siete Partida.
Two branches of
Government:
 Executive
 Judicial
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8. The Audiencia
The Judicial powers of the government
were exercised by the Audiencia and the
lower courts. The Audiencia was
established in the Philippines in 1583 to
administer justice to the aggrieved
people in the colony. Governor Santiago
de Vera was its first president.
8

9. Local Government
Pacified Provinces, which were already
recognizing the authority of Spain, we're
governed by civil provincial governors. The
provincial governor was called alcalde
mayor.
Under the provincial government was the
municipal government. The town or
municipality, composed of several barrios,
was headed by the gobernador cillo ( little
governor), also called captain municipal or
simply Capitan.
9

10. The City and
Its
Government
During the first century
of Spanish rule, there
were only two cities;
Cebu and Manila.
By the seventeenth
century, the Philippines
had six cities: Cebu,
Manila, Vigan, Nueva
Segovia (Lal-lo, Cagayan),
Areva.
Its government was different
from that of the town. It was
called ayuntamiento, equivalent to
today’s city hall.
Consisted of two alcaldes, twelve
regidores (now called councilors),
a chief of police, a city
secretary, and few other lesser
officials.
Each barrio or barangay
of the town was headed
by a cabeza who did not
receive any salary.
 He was given a
portion of the taxes
collected in his
barrio.
 He was considered a
member of the
principalia or the
aristocracy.
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11. Propagating the
Catholic Faith
When Legazpi sailed for the
Philippines, he was accompanied by
some friars belonging to the
Augustinian Order. Many Filipino
who were converted to the Catholic
faith by the Augustinians that came
with Legazpi in 1565.
Missionaries spread Catholicism in
and around Manila, the Visayas, the
Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan.
 In 1577, the Franciscan
missionaries arrived and spread
the Catholic faith in Manila.
 In 1581, the Jesuits, who were not friars in
the Philippines. They spread Catholicism
in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and
Mindanao.
 In 1587 the Dominican missionaries came
to Manila to spread the Catholic faith in
Manila, the Cagayan region, and
Pangasinan.
 In 1606 the Recollect missionaries came
and propagated the faith in Manila,
Zambales, Mindoro, Ticao, Burais, Cuyo,
Romblon, Negros, and some parts of
Mindanao.
11

12. The Union of Church
and State
Because the early Kings of Spain helped much in
propagating and defending the Catholic faith,
they became closely identified with the Church.
There was union of Church and State in Spain.
The same union was introduced in the
Philippines, so that the officials appointed by the
King and by his representative in the colony
were also defenders of the faith.
12

13. The Church
Organization
To administer the parishes efficiently, the
Catholic Church was divided into districts. In
turn, each district was divided into parishes and
missions. The districts represented geographic
regions that had different dialects or languages.
On the other hand, the parishes represented
villages, while missions represented areas or
regions that were not yet conquered and
converted to Catholicism.
13

14. The
Inquisition
The inquisition was an
ecclesiastical office, whose duty
to search for heretics and those
guilty of preaching religious
doctrines that were contrary to
that of the Catholic Church.
14

15. The Introduction
of Printing
Most religious works
used by the
missionaries during
on early years of
Spanish rule were
handwritten. There
was no printing press
during those early
years. Because it took
much time to copy
religious books
The Domicans introduced
in the Philippines the art of
printing. The first printing
press they introduced was
called xylography or
printing by woodblock.
15

16. The
Resindensia
and the Visita
Because of the abuses committed by
many Spanish official who were sent
to the Philippines, the King and
Minister of Spain introduced two
institution in their colonies ,
including Philippines. These were the
residencia and the visita.
 The residencia - was the public
investigation and trial of outgoing
colonial officials in order to
ascertain whether they had
committed abuses in the
performed of their duties.
 The visita - was a secret
investigation of an official
's conduct as a public
servant . Its purpose was
to ensure that the official
will work honesty and
efficiently as he was
expected to do .This was
done anytime in the
duration of the official's
term.
16

17. The Plaza Complex
The houses of the natives
were situated around a
plaza or town center to
bring them close to the
church, the convent, the
municipio, the
marketplace, and the
cemetery.
17

18. Economic Changes
The Philippines under Spanish
Rule

19. The
Encomienda
The encomienda - was not
actually a piece of land ,but a
favor from the King ,under
which the Spaniards receiving
the favor was given the right to
collect tributes or taxes from
the inhabitants of an area
assigned to him .The man who
receive this favor was called
encomendero .
The encomienda was ,
therefore, a public office. There
were three Kind of encomienda
as :
(1) the Royal encomienda which
belonged to the King.
(2) the Eclesiastical encomienda
which belonged to the church.
(3) the Private encomienda
which belonged to a private
individual. So many were the
abuses committed by the
encomenderos that the king
abolished the private
encomienda toward the end of
the seventeenth century.
19

20. Forced Labor
The Spanish officials in the Philippines ordered the Filipinos to work in the
construction of churches, roads, bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling and
cutting timber.
However some conditions were set for forced labor, called polo y servicio, which
included the following:
(1) the Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work;
(2) the Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant places where they
could not return to their families;
(3) the drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest
seasons;
(4) that men who are physically incapable should not be overworked;
(5) that forced labor should not resorted to only in cases of absolute necessity;
(6) that the number of labors drafted should be diminished as soon as laborers from
other countries (probably referring to the Chinese) had volunteered to work.
For a Filipino laborer to be exempted from forced labor, he had to pay a fee called
falla. This fee was unreasonably high, and oftentimes the laborer could not afford to
pay it.
20

21. The
Tribute
The tribute - was a form of recognition of the
Filipinos loyalty to king of Spain. When it was
introduced officially in 1570, the amount was
small, those who paid tribute were persons above
sixteen years and those below sixty . In 1589 , the
tribute was raised of which a small portion went to
the Church .This was called sanctorum . Because of
the opposition to the tribute and to the abuses
connected with its collection, the king abolished it
in 1884 and the cedula personal was introduced.
This is the present equivalent of the residence
certificate class "A". 21

22. Taxes
Aside from the tribute , the
Filipinos also paid other taxes.
They included the diezmos
prediales, the donativo de
Zamboanga, and the vinta.
The diezmos prediales - was a tax
which consisted of one -tenth of
the land .
The donativo de Zamboanga - was
a tax specifically used for the
conquest of Jolo. Which was
introduced in 1635.
The vinta - was a tax paid by
the people of some province
along the coast of western
Luzon for the defense of the
coast from Muslim pirates ,
who raided the Visayas and
Luzon for " slaves " that they
needed in their overseas
trading.
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23. The
Galleon
Trade
Even before the arrival of the Spaniards,
the Philippines had already been trading
with her neighbors. Jolo and Manila were
trading centers of the archipelago. •The
Early Spanish colonial officials
encourage trade between Manila and
other countries of the East because it was
so lucrative that it could make them
wealthy within a short period of time.
Ships from Japan, China ,Siam (
Thailand) , India, Cambodia , Malacca
and what is now Indonesia. This trade
was called the Galleon Trade
23

24. The
Mexican
Subsidy
Because of the poor economic condition
of the country, which the Spaniards,
generally speaking, did not try to
improve, the Philippines became a
burden to Spain. In order to prevent the
government from becoming bankrupt,
the Mexican government sent to the
Philippines an annual subsidy called
situado.
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25. The Economic
Society
The economic society of friends
of the country was founded by
Governor Basco in 1781 to
effectively implement an
economic policy in the colony.
The society was divided in five
sections:
1. Factories and Manufacturers
2. Industry and Popular education
3. Natural History
4. Domestic and Foreign
commerce
5. Agriculture and rural economy
25

26. The Government
Monopolies
• Spanish officials in charge of inspection
and classification committed abuses from
tobacco farmers who failed to produce the
required quota of tobacco.
• The farmers received nothing but paper
promises or promissory notes saying that
they would receive the amount due them.
• Thus, because of anomalies, the King
ordered an abolition in 1881, but it was
actually abolished in 1882 in the
Philippines.
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27. The Government
Monopolies
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28. The following were the
provisions of the decree:
1. The cultivation of tobacco was prohibited
except for the provinces selected to grow it.
2. Contraband sale of tobacco was forbidden.
3. The government had the exclusive right to
purchase all tobacco products, to inspect and
classify the tobacco plant; and to prepare and
manufacture cigar and cigarettes.
4. The government had to prohibit the
exportation or importation of tobacco by any
agency that are not connected with the
government. 28

29. The Royal
Company
 Aims to promote progress of the Philippines
by improving the foreign trade to the colony
of the Spain and to develop the natural
resources of the Philippines by encouraging
industry, manufacturing and agriculture.
 Commercial relations between Philippines
and Europe were promoted and
consequently led to increased revenues. The
encouragement of the cultivation of indigo,
sugar,, pepper and other spices by the
company led to increased agricultural
production. 29

30. The Economic Society
• The spaniards implemented the economic
programs which are mainly about land ownership
and taxes. The programs are encomienda,
hacienda, imposition of different kind of taxes,
galleon trade, monopoly and polo y servicios.
• The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in
the appearance of a new class. Alongside the
landholdings of the church and the rice estates of
the pre-spanish nobility arose haciendaof coffee,
hemp and sugar, often the property of
enterprising chinesd-filipino mestizos.
30

31. The Royal Company
The company failed in its two-fold aims.
The causes of this failure are:
1. The Spanish merchants in the Philippines did not cooperate
whole heartedly with the company.
2. The company was not able to establish direct commercial
contact with the Japan, China and India.
3. The company wan not well-managed because the officials
spent their time in activities that were not connected with the
promotion of the company welfare.
4. Foreign vessel, instead of the company's vessel brought to
manila such items as groceries, canned goods, wine and other
European products. 31

32. Economic Development :
An Overview
Several factors accounted for the slow development of
the Philippines Economy.
I. First, most Spanish officials were lazy and
incompetent and inefficient. Instead of developing
the natural resources of the colony, they were
more interested enriching themselves in the office.
They refused to till soil, to them soiling hand was
demeaning.
II. Second, there were frequent quarrels among the
Spaniard themselves. These quarrels sapped their
energy and led to demoralization.
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33. Thank You!
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