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Smuggling
- 1. M.A Economic Governance and Development Economy of Border Management and Transport Routes Smuggling and FDI Bad Practices by Zabihullah Mudabber Sharifullah Danesh Under the Supervision of Jonathon Hornbrook
- 2. Outline Background Information A Typology of Smuggling Smuggling Destinations The War on Opium in Afghanistan Eradication Projects in CA & Afghanistan
- 3. Smuggling Smuggling is the secret movement of goods across national borders to evade customs duties or import or export restrictions. Smuggling is the illegal transportation and distribution of objects, information or people across national or international border, in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. Smuggling is the evasion of excise taxes on goods by circumvention of border controls Background Information What is Smuggling?
- 4. Tariff Barriers: Tax Difference among neighboring countries. High Import /Export duties and excise taxes Non-Tariff Barriers: Administrative Barriers to Trade (ABT) Cumbersome customs procedures Lack of efficient employment option (no Singe Window) Lack of Single Administrative document (SAD) High Corruption within the custom departments Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Reluctance to obtain quality standards and certifications Policies for Domestic protection Restrictions, Quotas Why Do People Smuggle? Smuggling Background Information
- 5. How many Types of Smuggling Do you Know? Smuggling of Objects Contraband of legal Goods Shuttle Trade Trade of Illegal Goods Smuggling of People Human Trafficking of any kind Migrant Smuggling Smuggling of Information Online smuggling, hacking banks Typology of SmugglingSmuggling A Typology of Smuggling
- 6. How legal goods are circumvented in the border controls to evade custom duties. (How legal goods are going through black channel) Typology of SmugglingSmuggling 1.1 Contraband of Legal Goods Circumvention of border controls. Under billing of prices of the goods in custom. Under billing of the quantity of the goods. Or either Overbilling of the prices and quantity of goods. Tax exempted Goods are re-sold in the local Markets Power-Interest Group/Patronage
- 7. Following are major legal goods people smuggle through out the regions from different destinations. Typology of Smuggling Central Asia Fuel Car TV Sets Cell phones Garments Cigarettes Foreign currency Gold and Jewelry $ 2.7 billion/year Afghanistan Grain & Food Items Garments Medication $ 2.5 billion/year Iran Gold Artifacts Home appliances Cell phones Computers Cosmetics Cigarette $ 3 billion/yr Pakistan Petroleum Medications Cigarettes Auto parts electronics Cosmetics Footwear Others $ 2.8 billion/yr Smuggling Major Legal Goods Smuggle
- 8. Fuel Case of Kyrgyzstan 30 – 40 tons Trafficked Daily profit US$ 40-50 million annually Smuggling Typology of Smuggling 22 Criminal Proceedings by Gov Is it Still going on?
- 9. Smuggling Fuel imports for the use of NATO in Afghanistan is tax exempted When there were 160,000 foreign troops AFG used to import 900 Million liters without paying any taxes and custom duties. Now, there are 16000 troops AFG is still importing 900 million liters without paying any custom duties! Typology of Smuggling Fuel Case of Afghanistan
- 10. SHUTTLE TRADE
- 11. Smuggling Shuttle trade refers to the activity in which individual entrepreneurs buy goods abroad (usually on a Cheaper price) and import them for resale in street markets or small shops (on a Higher price). Usually small amount, not eligible for custom. Goods are being imported and exported as general visitor, migrant returnees etc… through Typology of Smuggling 1.2 Shuttle Trade
- 12. clothing and shoes (68%), kitchenware (19%) and appliances (13%)
- 13. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Only 6 out of 30 routes are under control of Customs department in borders with Pakistan . Major Informal and Shuttle Trade take place with Pakistan Afghanistan Informal Trade reaches 2.5 bn $
- 14. Smuggling Mirror Statistics Typology of Smuggling
- 15. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 1452.8 545 8364 943.4 1688 5073 1748 11001 1699 1783 CA China Imports from China 2013 (mln $)
- 16. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 35.9 93.3 8364 979.5 1260 88.9 108 14681 8673 1092 CA China Exports to China 2013 (mln $)
- 17. Smuggling Narco Trafficking Arms Trafficking Wildlife Cultural Property Others as Prohibited Typology of Smuggling 1.3 Trade Of Illegal Goods
- 18. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling European Drug Report 2015 (Video)
- 19. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Major Drug Producing and Consuming Counties
- 20. Smuggling Narco Market Value: Do you know How much is the M.V of Illegal Trade of Drugs? Typology of Smuggling Annual estimated ≈ 400 billion US Dollars Global Market 2005 13 billion in Production Level 94 billion in Wholesale Level 320 billion in Retail Level 45 billion is traded so far in 2016 3000$ 16000$ https://data.unodc.org/sys/rpt?reportfile=cannabis®ION=__ALL®ION__label=All&SUBREGION=__ALL&SUBRE GION__label=All&COUNTRY=__ALL&COUNTRY__label=All&DRUG=__ALL&DRUG__label=All+%285%29&format=html &fullscreen=true&showtoc=true#state:0
- 21. Global opium production (2004-2013), tons 4850 4620 5810 8091 6841 4953 4730 6983 4906 6883 529 472 553 686 600 427 383 476 385 560 4200 4100 5300 7400 5900 4000 3600 5800 3700 5500 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 total potential opium production total potential heroine manufacture Afghanistan Expon. (Afghanistan) Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
- 22. Afghanistan opium production (bln $) Afghanistan Produces around 68 billion dollars worth Opium. 4% stays within Afghanistan, the rest flows to the rest of powerful interest groups. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
- 24. Potential opium production decreased in 2015 Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
- 25. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling Potential opium production decreased in 2015
- 26. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Hashish seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 Heroin seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 0 2000 4000 6000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Opium seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Linear (Kyrgyzstan) 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Marijuana seizures, kilograms Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Smuggling Typology of Smuggling
- 27. Drug Trafficking Routes Smuggling Smuggling Destinations
- 30. Opiate War in Afghanistan Smuggling The War on Drugs
- 31. Smuggling Typology of Smuggling The Opiate War In Afghanistan (Video)
- 32. Graph: S#26 War has always been about resources and control. Taliban had successfully eradicated the opium crop in the Golden Crescent before the US invasion. Taliban opiate production stood at 185 tons, Which increased to 3400 tons in 2002 which is immediately following the October 2001 invasion. Now, more than 90% of the world’s heroin comes from the war torn country The War on Drugs Smuggling
- 33. Smuggling The War on Drugs
- 34. Smuggling Arm Trafficking The War on Drugs The collapse of the Soviet Union The rise of Terrorist groups Integration of Terrorist groups
- 35. Smuggling Arm Trafficking Routes The Route which is used for the supply of drug is also used to fulfill the demand for weapons Re-imbursement of the supply of Drugs. (Weapons are bartered in return to the supply of drugs) The War on Drugs
- 37. Anti- Smuggling Projects Smuggling Eradication Projects Governments and International Community has taken steps to eradicate and fight against any kind of smuggling through out financing and implementing various projects around the world. The Projects Include: Training Anti-Narcotic Units Training of Border Police Improve Customs department Institutional Development Public Awareness Health Initiatives Agriculture projects to substitute Opium in Afghanistan International and Regional Cooperation
- 38. Alternative Development Program Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: USAID Total Fund: 75 Million Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation Project Location: Eastern Region, Afghanistan Duration: 2005 - 2013 Generating more than 17,584 full-time jobs Trained 118,414 farmers, government representatives, associations, and business owners. Trained 2,500 women in livestock husbandry; 4,599 in business skills; and 3,835 in improved agricultural practices. rehabilitated 603 kilometers of roads and 2,726 kilometers of irrigation canals.
- 39. Agricultural Credit Enhancement Program (ACEP) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: USAID Total Fund: 100 Million USD Project Scope: to reduce poppy cultivation Project Location: 4 regions Including Central Duration: Employing more than 100 professionals ACE I established the Agricultural Development Fund (ADF). Direct beneficiaries 31,000 small commercial farmers in 33 provinces, indirect exceeds 150,000
- 40. Border Management Program in Central Asia (BOMCA) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: EU Total Fund: 33.6 Million Euro Project Scope: Adoption of Modern Border Mangmt Project Location: Central Asian Countries Duration: 2003- 2014 Adoption of Integrated Border Management (IBM). Training of Inspection of Officers and Border employees Advanced Trainings for airports, railways staffs Establishment of connections between the countries.
- 41. Central Asia Drug Action Program (CADAP) Smuggling Eradication Projects Project funded by: giz, Ministry of Public Health Total Fund: 20.7 Million Euro Project Scope: Drug Prevention, Policies, MIS… Project Location: Central Asian Countries Duration: 2010- 2013 in a different phases CADAP is assisting Central Asian countries in their policies and measures aimed at reducing the demand for illegal drugs substances.
- 42. Other Ongoing UNOCD Projects Smuggling Eradication Projects GLO/G80 - "Container Control Programme (CCP) - Turkmenistan Segment“ GLO/Y09 - "Paris Pact Initiative, Phase IV: A Partnership To Combat Illicit Traffic In Opiates Originating In Afghanistan RER/H22 - "Establishment Of The Central Asia Regional Information And Coordination Center" (CARICC)“ RER/V10 - "Sub-Programme 4 Of The Regional Programme On Afghanistan And Neighboring Countries - Trends And Impacts" https://www.unodc.org/centralasia/en/ongoing-projects/drug-trafficking-and-border-control.html
Editor's Notes
- Кош келиңиз (Kosh kelingiz!) = Welcome Кандайсың?
- Custom Clearing Agents
- In fact, in Batken prices for petroleum products were by 3-5 soms higher than in other regions. In neighboring Tajikistan in the border areas prices are higher by 15-20 soms for certain types of fuel, and close to the Afghan border, in Dushanbe, gasoline costs 30-35 soms more. Naturally, the fuel, which flows into the Batken region, partly exported to Tajikistan, resold. Those who have worked on this, with a liter had their 10-12 soms. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- На самом деле в Баткене цены на ГСМ были на 3-5 сомов выше, чем в остальных регионах. В соседнем Таджикистане в приграничных районах цены выше на 15-20 сомов на отдельные виды топлива, а ближе к афганской границе, в Душанбе, бензин стоит на 30-35 сомов дороже. Естественно, ГСМ, которые поступали в Баткенскую область, частично вывозились в Таджикистан, перепродавались. Те, кто этим занимался, с литра имели свои 10-12 сомов.
- The Fuel Case of NATO overcharged by £460m (700 million USD) for fuel during Afghan war Ministry of Defense is Investigating:
- Dordoi -75% to foreigners; Karasuu- 85%
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPrRlRWaIbk
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPrRlRWaIbk
- https://data.unodc.org/sys/rpt?reportfile=cannabis®ION=__ALL®ION__label=All&SUBREGION=__ALL&SUBREGION__label=All&COUNTRY=__ALL&COUNTRY__label=All&DRUG=__ALL&DRUG__label=All+%285%29&format=html&fullscreen=true&showtoc=true#state:0
- Analytical Reasons for Increase and Decrease: NATO is leaving 18.3 kilograms per hectare, which was 36% less than in 2014 (28.7 kilograms per hectare).
- In 2012-2013-2014 (it increased by 36 Percent) From Area under opium poppy cultivation decreased by 19%
- Seized percentage is very low compared to the smuggled amount. 3,1% in 2006 (total 118 metric ton heroin smuggled to CA and only 3.1% seized = 3651 kg UNODC estimated that in 2006, 118 metric tons of heroin were smuggled through Central Asia via the “northern route”. Of the estimated amount smuggled, only a fraction (3.1 percent or 3,651.2 kg) was seized in Central Asia. Of this amount, Kazakh law enforcement agencies seized 554.7 kg, Kyrgyz law enforcement agencies seized 260.8 kg, Turkmen law enforcement agencies seized 201.1 kg and Uzbek law enforcement agencies seized 537.1 kg. Tajik authorities, however, seized almost 4 times the amount of other Central Asian countries at 2,097.5 kg.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQFy9BFQEyM
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qME6Ta9InY4
- The Afghan Border Police divides command of its 23,000 police force across 6 zones to protect 14 Border Crossing Points and 5 Major Airports
- Kunar – Bajaur of Pakistan
- As a result of the large quantity of firearms in circulation, several states in the region have become concerned about the trafficking in weapons into their territory. Kyrgyzstan is particularly worried about weapons coming into the country from Tajikistan. Some of these weapons move along the old Silk Road from Ishkashim through Gorno-Badakhshan via Khorog and Murghab to Osh. Another route runs from central Tajikistan to the Kyrgyz districts of Leilek and Batken and then to Osh and Bishkek.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdrXFYk4p4I
- https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/14393.html