Pro Poor Growth tingkat Provinsi di Indonesia merupakan paper yang berusaha untuk mengupas tentang quality of growth for the poor di setiap provinsi, khususnya selama periode RPJM 2005 - 2009.
Youth population and the labour market of pakistan a micro level studyAdam Azad
This document analyzes youth labor market participation in Pakistan using microdata from the 2006-07 Labor Force Survey. Some key findings include:
1) A significant number of Pakistani youth start working at a young age, which can negatively impact future productivity and earnings.
2) Unemployment rates are highest for youth just entering the labor market and gradually decrease with age.
3) There are significant gender differences in labor market outcomes for youth across Pakistan's regions, with female youth facing much higher unemployment.
4) Youth in Balochistan are more willing to work but less likely to find employment compared to other provinces.
Prospects for Economic Growth in Nigeria – a demographic perspectiveguest06bff3
Presentation to the Task Force by its co-chair, David Bloom. The presentation sets out salient facts describing Nigeria’s economy and population; explains the theory of the demographic dividend; and asks whether there is a demographic dividend in Nigeria’s future.
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
Poverty and it's Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeriaijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on poverty and efforts to alleviate it in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Poverty in Nigeria has persisted despite various government development plans and programs since 1960.
- Poverty levels rose between 1980-1996 according to government statistics, with over 70% of Nigerians living in poverty.
- Poverty is most severe in rural areas and northern regions of the country.
- Income inequality and corruption have contributed significantly to poverty.
- The document examines successful poverty reduction in other countries like Malaysia, China, and South Korea to identify lessons for Nigeria.
Does economic growth reduce poverty in nigeria (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data from 1980 to 2008 to determine if there is a significant relationship between GDP growth rates and poverty levels in Nigeria. The empirical findings show a direct relationship, meaning that economic growth has not reduced poverty in Nigeria. This contradicts the theory that economic growth will trickle down to reduce poverty. The study suggests that policymakers need to ensure a more equitable distribution of national income and improve public services that support poverty reduction, such as education.
Critical Review of Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: Evidence from Sout...iosrjce
This study is aimed at determining the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes in the
south east zone of Nigeria, taking into consideration that poverty profile in Nigeria displays zonal differences,
which of course is a reflection of the different agro-climatic conditions, economic zones and natural resource
endowments. Despite the huge funds earmarked by Government for the various poverty alleviation
programmes in the zone, poverty still abounds. The study employed primary data which was collected using
questionnaire of the alternative response form. The researcher employed chi-square statistic to analyze data
generated in the survey. The study revealed that poverty alleviation programmes of government have no
significant impact in the south east zone.Hence, the study concludes among others that, the government poverty
alleviation programmesdid not have significant impact on the poverty needs of the south-east zone. The study
recommended among others thatsustainable poverty reduction strategy should not focus narrowly on social
welfare measures, rather assets redistribution and creation of incentive structures that can enhance the rate
and pattern of economic growth should be seen as essential component.
Presented at a one day workshop jointly organized by Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Cornell University, with funding from International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) titled 'Implementation of MGNREGA in India: A Review of Impacts for Future Learning'.
The main objective of the workshop was take stock of the current scenario of MGNREGA, assess the impacts it has made over the past decade and emerge with knowledge as to the areas under MGNREGA that still need to be studied and can be opened up with more research.
Youth population and the labour market of pakistan a micro level studyAdam Azad
This document analyzes youth labor market participation in Pakistan using microdata from the 2006-07 Labor Force Survey. Some key findings include:
1) A significant number of Pakistani youth start working at a young age, which can negatively impact future productivity and earnings.
2) Unemployment rates are highest for youth just entering the labor market and gradually decrease with age.
3) There are significant gender differences in labor market outcomes for youth across Pakistan's regions, with female youth facing much higher unemployment.
4) Youth in Balochistan are more willing to work but less likely to find employment compared to other provinces.
Prospects for Economic Growth in Nigeria – a demographic perspectiveguest06bff3
Presentation to the Task Force by its co-chair, David Bloom. The presentation sets out salient facts describing Nigeria’s economy and population; explains the theory of the demographic dividend; and asks whether there is a demographic dividend in Nigeria’s future.
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
Demography and Economic Growth in Nigeriaguest7a0d21
Presentation given by David Bloom and Salal Humair to the Committee on African Studies Harvard Africa Seminar, setting out the details and aims of the NextGenerationNigeria project. This presentation also contains the speaking notes
Poverty and it's Alleviation: Lessons for Nigeriaijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on poverty and efforts to alleviate it in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Poverty in Nigeria has persisted despite various government development plans and programs since 1960.
- Poverty levels rose between 1980-1996 according to government statistics, with over 70% of Nigerians living in poverty.
- Poverty is most severe in rural areas and northern regions of the country.
- Income inequality and corruption have contributed significantly to poverty.
- The document examines successful poverty reduction in other countries like Malaysia, China, and South Korea to identify lessons for Nigeria.
Does economic growth reduce poverty in nigeria (2)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. The study uses econometric analysis of time series data from 1980 to 2008 to determine if there is a significant relationship between GDP growth rates and poverty levels in Nigeria. The empirical findings show a direct relationship, meaning that economic growth has not reduced poverty in Nigeria. This contradicts the theory that economic growth will trickle down to reduce poverty. The study suggests that policymakers need to ensure a more equitable distribution of national income and improve public services that support poverty reduction, such as education.
Critical Review of Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: Evidence from Sout...iosrjce
This study is aimed at determining the impact of government poverty alleviation programmes in the
south east zone of Nigeria, taking into consideration that poverty profile in Nigeria displays zonal differences,
which of course is a reflection of the different agro-climatic conditions, economic zones and natural resource
endowments. Despite the huge funds earmarked by Government for the various poverty alleviation
programmes in the zone, poverty still abounds. The study employed primary data which was collected using
questionnaire of the alternative response form. The researcher employed chi-square statistic to analyze data
generated in the survey. The study revealed that poverty alleviation programmes of government have no
significant impact in the south east zone.Hence, the study concludes among others that, the government poverty
alleviation programmesdid not have significant impact on the poverty needs of the south-east zone. The study
recommended among others thatsustainable poverty reduction strategy should not focus narrowly on social
welfare measures, rather assets redistribution and creation of incentive structures that can enhance the rate
and pattern of economic growth should be seen as essential component.
Presented at a one day workshop jointly organized by Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Cornell University, with funding from International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) titled 'Implementation of MGNREGA in India: A Review of Impacts for Future Learning'.
The main objective of the workshop was take stock of the current scenario of MGNREGA, assess the impacts it has made over the past decade and emerge with knowledge as to the areas under MGNREGA that still need to be studied and can be opened up with more research.
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
A Robust Model for Thegrowth of the Nigerian Populationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
DOES GENDER MAKES ANY DIFFERENCE IN LIVELIHOODS LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATIONHudu Zakaria
This document analyzes gender differences in livelihood diversification in Northern Ghana based on a population survey. The analysis found that livelihood diversification is common for both men and women, but men engage in a greater number of livelihood activities on average compared to women. Specifically, significantly more men than women reported paid wage labor activities in the past 12 months, while women dominated non-farm self-employed enterprises. The document recommends measures to economically empower women, such as training and financing, in order to help women improve their non-farm livelihood opportunities.
Chay Stockdale & Kevin Rodrigues_Determinants and Distribution of the South A...Chay Stockdale
This document summarizes a study that investigates the determinants and distribution of labour market income in South Africa using data from the National Income Dynamics Study. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of 16 independent variables on individual labor market income. Education level was found to have the largest individual impact on income. Other significant determinants included age, tenure, occupation, sector, province, area, race, gender, union membership, average hours worked, health status, marital status, and English ability. The study recommends policy interventions focused on improving education levels and other factors that can increase individual incomes in South Africa.
The document provides statistics on various socioeconomic indicators in Pakistan such as labor force, employment, poverty, health, education, and environment from 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The key points are:
- The labor force of Pakistan increased from 50.33 million to 51.78 million from 2006-2007 to 2007-2008. Employment increased from 47.65 million to 49.09 million over the same period.
- Agriculture accounts for around 44% of employment while industry and services each account for around 20-21% and 35% respectively in 2007-2008.
- Poverty declined slightly according to some measures but inflation disproportionately impacted the poorest segments of the population.
- Liter
Improving poverty alleviation programmes in nigeria through small and medium ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses poverty in Nigeria and proposes improving poverty alleviation programs through small and medium scale agricultural development projects. Some key points:
- Nigeria has high unemployment and poverty rates, with over 70% of the population living below the poverty line. The government has implemented various poverty programs but they have had little success in reducing unemployment or poverty.
- The paper argues that agricultural development projects could help generate more employment and reduce poverty. Nigeria has abundant natural resources and arable land but much of its agricultural potential remains untapped.
- Small and medium agricultural projects could help address issues like low productivity, limited access to inputs and credit for farmers, and inadequate infrastructure and extension services currently hampering
National level survey relevant to health seminar (2)vishal soyam
This document provides an overview of important national level health surveys conducted in India, including their objectives, methodology, and key findings. It discusses the Census, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household Survey (DLHS), Sample Registration System (SRS), and Annual Health Survey (AHS). The Census is conducted every 10 years and provides demographic and socioeconomic data. NFHS, DLHS, and SRS provide regular health indicator estimates. NFHS covers fertility, family planning, and child health. DLHS assesses health service coverage at district level. SRS monitors birth and death rates. AHS yields annual health indicators for high-focus states. The surveys use random sampling and standardized questionnaires to collect reliable
The study examines the factors underlying the jobless and wageless recovery in the Nigerian
economy. The study administered questionnaire to elicit information in randomly selected states in the six geopolitical
zones namely: Abuja, Bauchi,
This document discusses trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It notes that poverty levels have risen sharply from 28.1% of the population living below the poverty line in 1980 to over 70% in 2002. While some expected democracy to reduce poverty, four years after civilian rule began in 1999 poverty continues to increase. The document examines factors slowing democratic consolidation and options for pro-poor policies and development in Nigeria.
Needs, poverty and democracy in nigeria – an assessmentKayode Fayemi
This document analyzes trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It finds that poverty has significantly increased, with over 70% of Nigerians now living below the poverty line. Poverty is most prevalent in rural areas and northern regions but has also grown substantially in urban areas. Women and girls experience higher rates of poverty than men due to social and economic inequalities. While Nigeria has significant oil wealth, the Niger Delta region remains deeply impoverished due to underdevelopment and political repression over many years of military rule. Inadequate infrastructure, education, healthcare and opportunities continue to plague Nigeria and exacerbate poverty conditions.
Millennium development goals and poverty in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty in Nigeria using various statistical analyses. Correlation analysis shows that literacy rate has a positive association with poverty index and per capita income, but a negative association with infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate has a strong negative association with per capita income and trade openness. Regression analysis indicates that per capita income and infant mortality rate have a negative effect on poverty incidence, while literacy rate has a positive effect. The analyses show that MDG indicators have a significant effect on poverty in Nigeria. It is recommended that each dimension of poverty in Nigeria be addressed to allow for overall growth and development.
Vital statistics and it's sources , Demographic IndicatorsJasleenrait
Demographic Indicators , Vital statistics and their sources of data are given in these slides . It also covers the demographic aspects given in the syllabus of Social and preventive medicine and Community Health Nursing
Monetary Policy Shocks and Agricultural Output Growth in Nigeriaiosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the transmission of monetary policy shocks to agricultural output growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2012. The study used a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the data. The results showed that:
1) Both monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rates and increases in production costs from inflation have significant impacts on agricultural output growth in Nigeria.
2) Monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rate channels were found to be more effective at influencing agricultural output than other transmission mechanisms.
3) The study recommends Nigerian monetary policy focus more on using differential interest rates and other tools to revitalize the agricultural sector.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Unemployment has a statistically significant negative impact on Ethiopia's economic growth. The study used annual time series data from 1974-2014 and empirical analysis methods like Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction to examine the relationship. The results indicate that a 1% increase in unemployment leads to about a 0.82% decline in real GDP growth. To reduce this impact, the study recommends adopting more employment generation policies, improving labor productivity and agricultural productivity, and increasing linkages between sectors.
The document discusses demographic transition and demographic dividend. It begins by explaining demographic transition as the stages a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. It then defines demographic dividend as the economic growth resulting from changes in a country's population age structure, mainly when the working age population is larger than the non-working populations. The document provides details on India's current demographic dividend, including that India has one of the youngest populations globally and its working age population recently grew larger than the dependent population. Finally, it discusses the challenges of an aging global population, including rising healthcare costs and fewer working age people to support more retired individuals.
Impact of National Fadama Development Project III in Alleviating Poverty amon...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examined the impact of National Fadama Development Project III on their socioeconomic status, poverty issues and equally assesses the extent to which participation in the programme has reduce poverty among participants. The study relied primary data collected using structured questionnaire and personal interview. The analytical tools used include descriptive statistics and Foster Greer Thorbecke poverty index. The result of the analysis revealed that the per capita expenditure for participants N750,167.64 per annum. While that of non participants was N605833.57 per annum. The poverty line for the participants and non participants were N500,111.36 and N403,889.05 the poverty head count were 18.20% and 41.30%, the gap index was 10.20% and 25.90%, poverty severity index was 3.30% and 6.90% respectively. All the poverty indices showed that non participants were poorer than the participant’s household in the study area. The poverty line and core poverty for participants were found to be higher than that of the non participants, indicating that the participants had better standard of living when compare with non participants, meaning the programme have positive impact on their consumption expenditure through increased in income accrued. Hence, more participants were non poor than the non participants. Therefore, federal government should as a matter of deliberate policy initiated moves towards forcing state and local government through direct deduction from statutory allocation to pay counterparts fund for sustenance of the project.
This document provides a summary of the theoretical literature on macroeconomic policy, economic growth, and poverty reduction in Kenya. It discusses several theories on the causes of poverty in developing countries, including poverty as a cultural characteristic, as a label, and as a restriction of opportunities due to lack of capacities and voice. The document also summarizes theories of economic growth and theories of poverty, including viewing poverty as an individual versus structural phenomenon.
Will Bangladesh seize or squander economic opportunity offered by demographic...BRACSocialInnovationLab
This document discusses how Bangladesh can capitalize on its demographic dividend through economic growth. It examines Bangladesh's declining fertility and mortality rates, which have led to a shift in its age structure with more people in working ages. This creates a window of opportunity similar to those seen in East Asian countries. However, Bangladesh must implement policies to properly utilize this opportunity through increasing savings, investment, education and female labor participation as East Asian nations did to experience substantial economic growth during their demographic transitions. The document analyzes lessons Bangladesh can learn from East Asia's experiences in capitalizing on their own demographic dividends.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria's GDP per capita grew by nearly 70% from 1992-2009, the poverty rate only declined by 6% over this period. Several factors are hypothesized to influence this relationship, including high income inequality, Nigeria's reliance on the oil sector for growth, high unemployment, corruption, and poor education and health outcomes. The growth elasticity of poverty in Nigeria is found to vary widely depending on the time period studied, suggesting economic growth has not consistently led to reductions in poverty.
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
A Robust Model for Thegrowth of the Nigerian Populationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
DOES GENDER MAKES ANY DIFFERENCE IN LIVELIHOODS LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATIONHudu Zakaria
This document analyzes gender differences in livelihood diversification in Northern Ghana based on a population survey. The analysis found that livelihood diversification is common for both men and women, but men engage in a greater number of livelihood activities on average compared to women. Specifically, significantly more men than women reported paid wage labor activities in the past 12 months, while women dominated non-farm self-employed enterprises. The document recommends measures to economically empower women, such as training and financing, in order to help women improve their non-farm livelihood opportunities.
Chay Stockdale & Kevin Rodrigues_Determinants and Distribution of the South A...Chay Stockdale
This document summarizes a study that investigates the determinants and distribution of labour market income in South Africa using data from the National Income Dynamics Study. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the effect of 16 independent variables on individual labor market income. Education level was found to have the largest individual impact on income. Other significant determinants included age, tenure, occupation, sector, province, area, race, gender, union membership, average hours worked, health status, marital status, and English ability. The study recommends policy interventions focused on improving education levels and other factors that can increase individual incomes in South Africa.
The document provides statistics on various socioeconomic indicators in Pakistan such as labor force, employment, poverty, health, education, and environment from 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The key points are:
- The labor force of Pakistan increased from 50.33 million to 51.78 million from 2006-2007 to 2007-2008. Employment increased from 47.65 million to 49.09 million over the same period.
- Agriculture accounts for around 44% of employment while industry and services each account for around 20-21% and 35% respectively in 2007-2008.
- Poverty declined slightly according to some measures but inflation disproportionately impacted the poorest segments of the population.
- Liter
Improving poverty alleviation programmes in nigeria through small and medium ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses poverty in Nigeria and proposes improving poverty alleviation programs through small and medium scale agricultural development projects. Some key points:
- Nigeria has high unemployment and poverty rates, with over 70% of the population living below the poverty line. The government has implemented various poverty programs but they have had little success in reducing unemployment or poverty.
- The paper argues that agricultural development projects could help generate more employment and reduce poverty. Nigeria has abundant natural resources and arable land but much of its agricultural potential remains untapped.
- Small and medium agricultural projects could help address issues like low productivity, limited access to inputs and credit for farmers, and inadequate infrastructure and extension services currently hampering
National level survey relevant to health seminar (2)vishal soyam
This document provides an overview of important national level health surveys conducted in India, including their objectives, methodology, and key findings. It discusses the Census, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household Survey (DLHS), Sample Registration System (SRS), and Annual Health Survey (AHS). The Census is conducted every 10 years and provides demographic and socioeconomic data. NFHS, DLHS, and SRS provide regular health indicator estimates. NFHS covers fertility, family planning, and child health. DLHS assesses health service coverage at district level. SRS monitors birth and death rates. AHS yields annual health indicators for high-focus states. The surveys use random sampling and standardized questionnaires to collect reliable
The study examines the factors underlying the jobless and wageless recovery in the Nigerian
economy. The study administered questionnaire to elicit information in randomly selected states in the six geopolitical
zones namely: Abuja, Bauchi,
This document discusses trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It notes that poverty levels have risen sharply from 28.1% of the population living below the poverty line in 1980 to over 70% in 2002. While some expected democracy to reduce poverty, four years after civilian rule began in 1999 poverty continues to increase. The document examines factors slowing democratic consolidation and options for pro-poor policies and development in Nigeria.
Needs, poverty and democracy in nigeria – an assessmentKayode Fayemi
This document analyzes trends in poverty and inequality in Nigeria over the past 20 years. It finds that poverty has significantly increased, with over 70% of Nigerians now living below the poverty line. Poverty is most prevalent in rural areas and northern regions but has also grown substantially in urban areas. Women and girls experience higher rates of poverty than men due to social and economic inequalities. While Nigeria has significant oil wealth, the Niger Delta region remains deeply impoverished due to underdevelopment and political repression over many years of military rule. Inadequate infrastructure, education, healthcare and opportunities continue to plague Nigeria and exacerbate poverty conditions.
Millennium development goals and poverty in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty in Nigeria using various statistical analyses. Correlation analysis shows that literacy rate has a positive association with poverty index and per capita income, but a negative association with infant mortality rate. Infant mortality rate has a strong negative association with per capita income and trade openness. Regression analysis indicates that per capita income and infant mortality rate have a negative effect on poverty incidence, while literacy rate has a positive effect. The analyses show that MDG indicators have a significant effect on poverty in Nigeria. It is recommended that each dimension of poverty in Nigeria be addressed to allow for overall growth and development.
Vital statistics and it's sources , Demographic IndicatorsJasleenrait
Demographic Indicators , Vital statistics and their sources of data are given in these slides . It also covers the demographic aspects given in the syllabus of Social and preventive medicine and Community Health Nursing
Monetary Policy Shocks and Agricultural Output Growth in Nigeriaiosrjce
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the transmission of monetary policy shocks to agricultural output growth in Nigeria from 1970 to 2012. The study used a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the data. The results showed that:
1) Both monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rates and increases in production costs from inflation have significant impacts on agricultural output growth in Nigeria.
2) Monetary policy shocks transmitted through interest rate channels were found to be more effective at influencing agricultural output than other transmission mechanisms.
3) The study recommends Nigerian monetary policy focus more on using differential interest rates and other tools to revitalize the agricultural sector.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Unemployment has a statistically significant negative impact on Ethiopia's economic growth. The study used annual time series data from 1974-2014 and empirical analysis methods like Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction to examine the relationship. The results indicate that a 1% increase in unemployment leads to about a 0.82% decline in real GDP growth. To reduce this impact, the study recommends adopting more employment generation policies, improving labor productivity and agricultural productivity, and increasing linkages between sectors.
The document discusses demographic transition and demographic dividend. It begins by explaining demographic transition as the stages a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. It then defines demographic dividend as the economic growth resulting from changes in a country's population age structure, mainly when the working age population is larger than the non-working populations. The document provides details on India's current demographic dividend, including that India has one of the youngest populations globally and its working age population recently grew larger than the dependent population. Finally, it discusses the challenges of an aging global population, including rising healthcare costs and fewer working age people to support more retired individuals.
Impact of National Fadama Development Project III in Alleviating Poverty amon...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examined the impact of National Fadama Development Project III on their socioeconomic status, poverty issues and equally assesses the extent to which participation in the programme has reduce poverty among participants. The study relied primary data collected using structured questionnaire and personal interview. The analytical tools used include descriptive statistics and Foster Greer Thorbecke poverty index. The result of the analysis revealed that the per capita expenditure for participants N750,167.64 per annum. While that of non participants was N605833.57 per annum. The poverty line for the participants and non participants were N500,111.36 and N403,889.05 the poverty head count were 18.20% and 41.30%, the gap index was 10.20% and 25.90%, poverty severity index was 3.30% and 6.90% respectively. All the poverty indices showed that non participants were poorer than the participant’s household in the study area. The poverty line and core poverty for participants were found to be higher than that of the non participants, indicating that the participants had better standard of living when compare with non participants, meaning the programme have positive impact on their consumption expenditure through increased in income accrued. Hence, more participants were non poor than the non participants. Therefore, federal government should as a matter of deliberate policy initiated moves towards forcing state and local government through direct deduction from statutory allocation to pay counterparts fund for sustenance of the project.
This document provides a summary of the theoretical literature on macroeconomic policy, economic growth, and poverty reduction in Kenya. It discusses several theories on the causes of poverty in developing countries, including poverty as a cultural characteristic, as a label, and as a restriction of opportunities due to lack of capacities and voice. The document also summarizes theories of economic growth and theories of poverty, including viewing poverty as an individual versus structural phenomenon.
Will Bangladesh seize or squander economic opportunity offered by demographic...BRACSocialInnovationLab
This document discusses how Bangladesh can capitalize on its demographic dividend through economic growth. It examines Bangladesh's declining fertility and mortality rates, which have led to a shift in its age structure with more people in working ages. This creates a window of opportunity similar to those seen in East Asian countries. However, Bangladesh must implement policies to properly utilize this opportunity through increasing savings, investment, education and female labor participation as East Asian nations did to experience substantial economic growth during their demographic transitions. The document analyzes lessons Bangladesh can learn from East Asia's experiences in capitalizing on their own demographic dividends.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria's GDP per capita grew by nearly 70% from 1992-2009, the poverty rate only declined by 6% over this period. Several factors are hypothesized to influence this relationship, including high income inequality, Nigeria's reliance on the oil sector for growth, high unemployment, corruption, and poor education and health outcomes. The growth elasticity of poverty in Nigeria is found to vary widely depending on the time period studied, suggesting economic growth has not consistently led to reductions in poverty.
Analysis of Relationshipbetween Socio-Economic Factors and the Level of Pover...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research was conducted at Makasar with the research region was Indonesia which
consisted of 34 provinces by using secondary data from 2017 to 2022. The research aim was to study the
influence of on education, economic growth, wage, unemploymentand the number of MSMEs on poverty
Inequality in Indonesia.
The result of analysis show that the education and number of MSMEs on a significant negative influence on
poverty both the depth and severity of poverty. Whereas wages and unemployment have a positive
influence on the severity of poverty, but economic growth, education and MSMEs do not affect it in Indonesia.It
wasshown that economic growth did not influence significantly on the two kind of poverty significantly.
Keywords: Economic growth, unemployment, poverty, wages, education and micro, small and medium
enterprises
Analysis of Regional Economic Development Planning Based On Local Economic Po...inventionjournals
The background of this research has not been a lot of attention to economic potential aspects in coordination among relevant agencies in development planning process by taking research location in Blitar. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the local economic potential as the basis for economic development plan in Blitar and to analyze the economic development plans based on local economic potential and competitive potential in Blitar by using interactive approach to planning. In this study used two types of approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative research using location quotient and shift share (LQSS) and interactive planning. The results of this study, it can be seen that the sector be featured are agriculture and services, while the sector is competitive agricultural sector, trade, hotels and restaurants as well as the processing industry. Development planning process by using interactive approach to planning, judging from the principles of participation, SKPD very enthusiastic in the planning process but a high motivation is not supported by the available resources, both human and financial resources. Related understanding of the planning process development, knowledge on education is still limited so plan regardless of the strategic plan. The thoughts that are needed for development planning in Blitar is the notion that innovative thoughts and override the sectoral-ego. The principle of sustainability in Blitar regency, Bappeda include monitoring or monitoring of the development planning process, especially economic development in Blitar in particular have not done any sub-sector, but do macro entire sector on a quarterly basis by the Planning Agency. The absence of strict sanctions, explicit noncompliance of the planning documents result in monitoring or evaluation by a formality that seems done partially, a mere formality, and less integrated. Holistic principle in Blitar leads to development planning mechanism that is monopolized by the Planning Agency. So that the activities of planning in Blitar still seem to be a formality, not to focus on the essence of regional development. Integration, synchronization and synergy in the planning process is very important because it can encourage the development process fast and efficient
EDUCATION AS A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN NIGERIApaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic development. The basic objective of this paper investigates the authenticity of education being the pathway to sustainable economic development in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2014. The paper employs OLS methodology using Cobb Douglas production with white heteroskedasticity testing, wald test analysis and breusch pagan godfrey autocorrelation test. The results shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 118% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 114% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 22% increase in total recurrent expenditure on education (TREXPEDU) and 0.00095% increase in (TLBF), total labour force. R2 shows that 98% systematic variation in Real GDP is caused by variation in the explanatory variables. This indicates that there is, indeed a short and long-run relationship between education, and economic development. The findings have a strong implication on educational policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational investment with a focus on human capital development in order to ensure and accelerate inclusive growth that would engender economic development.
Analysis of the Effect of Regional Original Income, Regional Minimum Wage, Un...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Poverty is a condition in which a person is below the minimum standard value line, especially
in terms of income and consumption. The phenomenon of poverty is one of the macroeconomic diseases, as a
developing country poverty is a low standard of living. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the
variables of local original income, regional minimum wage, movement, and education simultaneously and
partially on poverty in the Regency/City of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period, and also to analyze the
variables with the dominant contribution in influencing poverty. in the Regency/City of the Province of Bali in
the 2015-2020 period. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency
as many as 54 data. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear analysis technique. The
results of the analysis show that local revenue, regional minimum wages, and education simultaneously have a
significant effect on poverty in the districts/cities of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period. Regional original
income, regional minimum wage and education partially have a negative and significant effect on poverty. the
variable partially has no effect on poverty. The education variable is the variable that has the most dominant
influence on poverty in the districts/cities of Bali Province in the 2015-2020 period compared to local revenue,
regional minimum wages, and movement.
KEYWORDS: Education, Local Original Income, Poverty, Regional Minimum Wage, Unemployment
The document outlines Indonesia's agenda to address the risks of falling into the middle-income trap. It discusses Indonesia's economic growth and development goals, including becoming a high-income country by 2025. Two key masterplans are highlighted: MP3EI focuses on accelerating economic growth through infrastructure development and other strategies. MP3KI aims to accelerate poverty alleviation through expanding social programs, improving livelihoods, and ensuring inclusive growth. Macroeconomic stability through managing inflation and exchange rates is also emphasized as important for sustaining growth.
The public sector efficiency in the education departmentAlexander Decker
1. The document analyzes the efficiency of public sector educational expenditures in Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan using data envelopment analysis (DEA).
2. DEA was used to calculate efficiency scores and rankings for each district based on educational expenditures as inputs and total student enrollments as outputs.
3. Preliminary results found variation in efficiency scores across districts, with some districts performing better than others in converting educational funds into student enrollments.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
Estimating the magnitude and correlates of poverty using consumption approach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that estimates the magnitude and correlates of poverty in Khyber Agency, FATA, Pakistan using a consumption-based approach. The study finds that 48.1% of households are above the poverty line while 51.9% are below it. Depth and severity of poverty are estimated at 10.52% and 3.7% respectively. Factors found to positively correlate with poverty include dependency ratio, household size, age of head, and residence in kacha (temporary) housing. Negatively correlating factors include landholding, assets, and number of earning household members. A logistic model also finds illiteracy of the head, farming occupation, and lack of education/abroad income to
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
The economic development process that occurs in the Subosukawonosraten area causes disparities in
economic growth, poverty, and education levels between districts/cities. These disparities result in inequality in
the human development index (HDI). The aim of this study is to examine the impact of economic growth, poverty,
and education on the H
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGS TARGET AND...Hermanto .
This study analyzes the contribution of the agricultural sector on the reduction of poverty by using a model IndoTerm (Indonesia The Enormous Regional Model). It is Regional Computable General Equilibrium model in particularly for provinces in Indonesia
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Growth Redistribution and Inequality Effects on Poverty in NigeriaUNDP Policy Centre
Jude Chukwu (Department of Economics, University of Nigeria and Visiting Research Fellow, IPC-IG) introduced his research, presenting its empirical findings during a presentation on the IPC-IG’s Seminar Series. He delved into the patterns of growth and inequality in Nigeria, as well as on the extent of pro-poorness and inclusiveness of growth in the country.
1. The document discusses poverty measurement in India, including definitions of poverty and key indicators used to measure poverty such as head count ratio, poverty gap index, and squared poverty index. It also discusses income and non-income indicators of poverty like the Human Development Index.
2. The Indian economy has undergone structural changes with a shift to a more market-oriented development strategy in the 1990s. This has led to a decline in the share of the primary sector (agriculture) and rising shares of the secondary (industry) and tertiary (services) sectors. Services have become the major driver of growth in India's economy.
3. Factors like the growth of IT and knowledge industries, and rising demand
The document analyzes poverty trends in Pakistan between 1993 and 1999. It finds that poverty increased significantly during this period, with over 12 million more people falling into poverty. Rural areas saw sharper rises in poverty compared to urban areas. The rise in poverty was attributed to poor governance and slow economic growth during the 1990s. The government has since adopted a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy, and ADB's operational strategy will complement these government efforts.
The Role In Making A Fiscal Decentralization Inclusive To The Development In ...inventionjournals
Fiscal decentralization is expected to trigger a positive impact on the quality of public services as well as realizing inclusive economic development in North Sulawesi. This study aims to determine how the role of fiscal decentralization on inclusive economic development in North Sulawesi, namely in encouraging quality economic growth, reduce poverty, reduce inequality in household incomes and improve employment in North Sulawesi. The estimation results by using path analysis confirmed that, 1). Fiscal decentralization directly contribution to increased economic growth, people's income inequality and employment, but it does not have a direct impact on reducing poverty in North Sulawesi. 2) Indirectly through fiscal decentralization of economic growth contributes to poverty and employment, but does not impact on the people's income inequality in North Sulawesi. This finding suggests that the role of fiscal decentralization has not been fully optimized to realize inclusive development in northern Sulawesi, because it is still accompanied by various assumptions and conditions. Fiscal decentralization rated will be able to contribute to achieve inclusive development when the application of fiscal decentralization is better targeted.
This document analyzes the impact of labor absorption, poverty, and education levels on regional minimum wage implementation in Riau Province, Indonesia from 2007-2017. The results show that labor absorption, poverty, and education levels had a combined effect of 56.87% on minimum wages. Specifically, labor absorption had a negative effect (-0.334), while poverty (0.44) and education level (0.105) had positive effects. The document also discusses how minimum wages can affect labor absorption, poverty levels, and education levels in the region. A high minimum wage that does not consider all factors may lead to decreased labor absorption and increased poverty.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
1. Atik Mar’atis Suhartini
(Statistics Institute-Statistics of Indonesia)
Nunung Nuryartono, Ph. D.
(Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Bogor
Agricultural University)
Lukytawati Anggraeni, Ph. D.
(Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Bogor
Agricultural University)
3rd
IRSA Institute, Padang, July, 20-21, 2011
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVELPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL
IN INDONESIAIN INDONESIA
2. DiscussionDiscussion
pointpoint
1. Introduction
2. Literature Study
3. Research Method
4. Result and Discussion
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
3. 1.1.
IntroductionIntroduction
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Backgrounds
- Main problem in MTD 2005-2009: poverty and inequality.
- Poverty (P0) decreased (18.2%/2002 became 14.15%/2009), but
the targets of MTD: 8.2% and MDGs: ± 7%. Gini index tends to
increase. Grafik P0 dan Gini.ppt
- Pro poor growth: the growth strategy that drives the income
increase of the poor, improve welfare and more equal income
distribution (equity aspects); accordingly, these aspects strengthen
the growth impact to poverty reduction (Grimm, et al., 2007;
Kakwani and Pernia, 2000).
- Poverty phenomenon at regional level (province): increasing trend
in North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Papua, and West Papua; though,
nationally, the trend in 2009 decreased compared to that of
2008.
PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
Research Purposes
To analyze the dynamics of economic
growth, income distribution, and
poverty at province level in Indonesia.
To analyze the growth and
distribution effects to poverty changes
at province level in Indonesia.
To analyze pro poor growth degree at
province level in Indonesia
To analyze the factors that influence
pro poor growth at province level in
Indonesia
5. Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
PRO POOR GROWTHPRO POOR GROWTH TINGKAT PROVINSI DI INDONESIATINGKAT PROVINSI DI INDONESIA
Theoretical Review
2. Literature Study2. Literature Study
Various references explain that economic growth is necessary
condition for poverty alleviation (Tambunan, 2009; Todaro and
Smith, 2006; Siregar and Wahyuniarti, 2007).
Pro poor growth is a reciprocal relationship between growth, poverty
and inequality . Pro poor growth charts according to Bourguignon
(2004) as follows:
6. Poor People
3. Increasing income percapita, more equal
income distribution
Picture 2. Poverty Changes due to growth effects and
distribution effects
7. Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
PRO POOR GROWTHPRO POOR GROWTH TINGKAT PROVINSI DI INDONESIATINGKAT PROVINSI DI INDONESIA
2. Literature Study2. Literature Study
Empirical Review
1. Kakwani, Khandker, dan Son (2003) : economic growth in Korea is
more pro poor growth rather than in Thailand.
2. Nunez dan Espinosa (2005): measuring pro poor growth degree
by PEGR in Colombia at 1996-2004. only growth in 2001 and
2003 are pro poor growth, while in other periodes are anti pro
poor growth.
3. Siregar dan Wahyuniarti (2007): prove that economic growth
affects the decrease in number of poor people in Indonesia by
panel data regression.
8. Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
2. Literature Study2. Literature Study
Research FrameworkResearch Framework
Picture 1. Research FrameworkPicture 1. Research Framework
Problems:
1. Poverty rate is below the targets of MTDP 2005-2009 and MDGs. 2. Gini index
tends to increase. 3. Poverty rate varies at province level
Description of poverty at
province level
Poverty Equivalent
Growth Rate (PEGR)
Pro Poor Growth
indicators
Shapley
Decomposition of
Poverty
Growth effects Distribution
effects
Factors that influence pro poor growth
Panel Data Regression
Pro Poor Growth analysis at province level in Indonesia
Policy implication
PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
9. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
3. Research Method3. Research Method
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Types and Source of Data
- Time period: 2005-2009 in 33 provinces.
- Data: annual consumption module of national socio-
economic survey 2005-2009; and secondary data
originated from Statistics of Indonesia and the Ministry of
the Finance of the Republic if Indonesia used in this study.
10. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
3. Research3. Research
MethodMethodAnalysis Methods
1. Descriptive analysis is used to analyze the dynamics of economic
growth, income distribution and poverty
to describe the dynamics of economic growth, income distribution,
and poverty during research time period at province level.
2. Shapley Decomposition of Poverty: growth and distribution effects
-1- -2-
-1- = growth effect
-2- = distribution effect
= poverty change
= normalization form of if there is a change in mean income
from year t towards year s, for t≠s and t,s = 1,2
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
−+−+
−+−=∆ )),(),(()),(),((
2
1
)),(),(()),(),((
2
1
1
2
121
1
2
2
1
2
121
2
1
2 α
µ
µ
ααα
µ
µ
α
µ
µ
ααα
µ
µ z
PzPzP
z
P
z
PzPzP
z
PP
P∆
),( α
µ
µ
s
t
i
z
P
11. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
3. Research3. Research
MethodMethod3. Measurements of pro poor growth degree with PEGR
PEGR is one of the methods used to measure the economic growth
benefit degree for the poor.
: total elasticity to poverty
: economic growth elasticity to poverty
: actual economic growth
PEGR classifications:
--- neutral growth
--- pro poor growth
--- Not pro poor growth
--- anti pro poor growth
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
γηδγ ˆ)ˆ/ˆ(ˆ*
==PEGR
δˆ
γˆ
ηˆ
γγ ˆ*ˆ =
γγ ˆ*ˆ >
γγ ˆ*ˆ0 <<
0*ˆ <γ
12. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
3. Research Method3. Research Method
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
4. Factors that influence pro poor growth using data panel
regression analysis
MISKINit = Poor people in province i year t.
TANIit = Agricultural productivity in province i year t.
INV_PEMit = Government investment spending in province i year t.
RLSit = Mean of school in province i year t.
RLSPit = Mean of school for girls in province i year t.
RLSLit = mean of school for boys in province i year t.
GINIit = Gini index in province i year t.
PDDKit = Population in province i year t.
βj = Estimated parameter, j = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
αi = Individual effect province i
µt = Time effect year t
uit = Error component.
itititititittiit uKPDDLnGiniLnRLSPEMLnINVLnTANILnMISKIN ++++++++= 543210 _)( βββββµαβ
itititititittiit uKPDDLnGiniLnRLSPPEMLnINVLnTANILnMISKIN ++++++++= 543210 _)( βββββµαβ
itititititittiit uKPDDLnGiniLnRLSLPEMLnINVLnTANILnMISKIN ++++++++= 543210 _)( βββββµαβ
13. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Result and4. Result and
DiscussionDiscussion
1. The Dynamics of Economic Growth, Income
Distribution and Poverty
- Mean of economic growth at province level year 2005-
2009 tends to decrease with increasing standard deviation.
Grafik Growth.ppt
- Mean of income inequality at province level year 2005-
2009 tends to increase with decreasing standard deviation.
Grafik Gini.ppt
- Both mean and standard deviation of poor people and
poverty rate at province level tend to decrease. Tabel Miskin.pptx
- High economic growth accompanied by equal distribution
recovery are able to reduce poverty to below mean in
Jambi, Bangka Belitung and Kalimantan Selatan. Bagi
provinsi.ppt
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
14. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Result and4. Result and
DiscussionDiscussion
2. Poverty Decomposition and PEGR
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Picture 2. PEGR Graph Picture 3. Shapley Decomposition of Poverty Graph
Anti
PPG
Not
PPG PPG
PPG
15. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Result and4. Result and
DiscussionDiscussion
Table 1. Poverty Decomposition at Province Level
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Shapley
Decomposition of
Poverty
2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Negative growth and
distribution effects
1 province (Kepri) 5 provinces (Kepri,
Sulut, Sulteng,
Gorontalo, Maluku)
9 provinces (Sumbar,
Riau, Sumsel, Jateng,
Banten, NTT, Sulsel,
Gorontalo, Malut)
17 other provinces
Negative growth
effects, positive
distribution effects
3 provinces (Kaltim,
Maluku, Malut)
19 provinces (15
provinces have
negative net effect)
15 provinces (all have
negative net effect)
3 provinces (Sulut,
Sultra, Pabar have
negative net effect)
Positive growth
effects, negative
distribution effects
11 provinces
(Sumbar, Jambi,
Bengkulu, Lampung,
Banten, Kalbar,
Kalteng, Kalsel,
Sulut, Sultra, Papua)
5 provinces (Jambi,
DIY, NTB, Kaltim,
Malut)
9 provinces (Lampung,
Kepri, Bali, Kalsel,
Sulut, Sultra, Maluku,
Pabar, Papua)
13 provinces (all
have negative net
effect including
Kepri and
Gorontalo)
Positive growth and
distribution effects
15 other provinces - -
16. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Result and4. Result and
DiscussionDiscussion
Table 2. PEGR at Province Level
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Pro Poor Growth
Classification
2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Pro Poor Growth
(PEGR>Growth)
2 provinces (Kepri,
Kaltim)
5 provinces (Kepri,
NTB, Sulut, Sulteng,
Maluku)
15 provinces 30 other provinces
Not Pro Poor
Growth
(0<PEGR<Growth)
- 15 other provinces 16 provinces 3 provinces (Sulut,
Sultra, Pabar)
Anti Pro Poor
Growth (PEGR<0)
28 Provinces (all
provinces except for
Kepri and Kaltim)
10 Provinces
(Sumbar, Riau,
Jambi, Jabar,
Jateng, DIY, Kalbar,
Kaltim, Malut,
Papua)
2 provinces (Kepri,
Pabar)
-
17. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Result and4. Result and
DiscussionDiscussion
Factors that influence pro poor growth (poverty reduction) Tabel
Persentase Rumah Tangga Miskin.pptx
Table 3. Factors that Influence Pro Poor Growth by Data Panel Regression Analysis
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
Variables
Equation One (RLS) Equation Two (RLSP)
Equation Three
(RLSL)
Coefficient P-value Coefficient P-value Coefficient
P-
value
C 9,8840 0,000 8,3170 0,000 8,4871 0,000
LnTANI -0,2652 0,000 -0,3096 0,000 -0,2637 0,000
LnINV_PEM -0,0405 0,269 -0,0503 0,205 -0,0509 0,208
LnRLS -2,2716 0,000 - - - -
LnRLSP - - -1,1129 0,020 - -
LnRLSL - - - - -1,5828 0,006
GINI 0,2326 0,224 0,2093 0,444 0,1171 0,592
LnPDDK 0,8786 0,000 0,8828 0,000 0,8991 0,000
F-Test 331,7900 0,000 182,2900 0,000 143,5700 0,000
R-Square 0,9892 0,9881 0,9886
Hausman Test
7,93 0,1600 10,00 0,0753 10,66 0,0586
Breusch and Pagan LM Test
212,52 0,0000 210,48 0,0000 205,78 0,0000
18. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Conclusion and4. Conclusion and
RecommendationRecommendation
Conclusion
1. During MTD in 2005-2009, growth tends to decrease,
income inequality has increasing trend, and poverty
decreases, but they are still far from MTDP target and the
millennium goals. Poverty at province level varies and
not all provinces experience poverty reduction.
2. At the beginning period (2005-2006), both growth and
distribution raised poverty, but by the end period of
2008-2009 both reduce poverty. All provinces have net
effect in reducing poverty at the end period.
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
19. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Conclusion and4. Conclusion and
RecommendationRecommendation
Conclusion
3. At the end period of MTDP of 2005-2009, growth is of pro
poor growth characteristic compared to the beginning
period of anti pro poor growth characteristic. Almost all
provinces experience the same condition, with the
exception of several provinces experiencing the contrary.
It is assumed that the different initial condition and
characteristics between provinces, for example
archipelago, also influence the variety of development
result at province level.
4. Agriculture sector’s productivity and education level have
an impact in reducing the number of the poor and
therefore affect the pro poor growth. On the contrary,
the number of population has positive influence in
increasing the number of the poor.
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
20. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Conclusion and4. Conclusion and
RecommendationRecommendation
Recommendation
1. Government, particularly regional, should not only pursue
high growth but also pay attention to income distribution to
reduce poverty. High growth with income distribution
recovery will reduce poverty in greater amount.
2. The development program to achieve poverty alleviation
should not only integrate between sectors and cross-
ministries/institutions but also observe the characteristics
between provinces that are different from one another; as
stated in the MTDPN of 2010-2014 that begins to insert
archipelago characteristic in development.
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
21. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Conclusion and4. Conclusion and
RecommendationRecommendation
Recommendation
3. Government needs to tighten unfoldment requirement,
especially in creating new province, because of the
complexity of poverty issue in development. New provinces
as the result of unfoldment need extra attention in handling
poverty issue.
4. The government program to improve productivity in
agriculture sector needs intensifying; for examples, research
and development in agriculture sector through agriculture
revitalization.
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
22. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
4. Conclusion and4. Conclusion and
RecommendationRecommendation
Recommendation
5.Compulsory study program should be enhanced not for
nine years only but up to SLTA level, because empirical
evidence shows the longer average school time (for both
male and female), the less the number of the poor. Besides
that, in the poverty alleviation program for education, the
government should not only increase the APBN (National
Expenditure and Revenue Budget) but also conduct a firm
surveillance in the implementation and clearer procedure.
6. The government program in controlling population
growth rate should be re-enforced, considering its positive
impact to the number of the poor.
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia
23. PRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIAPRO POOR GROWTH AT PROVINCE LEVEL IN INDONESIA
Thank You
Pro Poor Growth at Province Level in Indonesia