The document discusses socio-emotional development in children based on related theories. It summarizes Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson's stage theories of socio-emotional development. Freud's stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. Erikson expanded on this with 8 stages from infancy to adulthood. The document then discusses the roles of teachers in helping children's socio-emotional development through creating an equal classroom environment, helping children identify and express emotions, providing help and support, and serving as good role models. It also identifies teaching methods like role-playing, storytelling competitions, and outdoor classes that can help develop children's socio-emotional skills.

1. TASK 1
Explain the concept, stages of development and the characteristics of the children‟s
socio emotional development based on related theories.
ESSAY
Socio- emotional is a combination word of the social and the emotional. It
refers to the process of organizing human energies and activities at the higher levels
to get better results that relates specifically to the interaction with the people,
meanwhile emotional refers to the development of a full range of emotions such as
sad, happy, angry as well as other feelings and learn how to overcome or deal with
that emotions properly. Therefore, according to www.ehow.com, Virginia A. Lutz
stated that socio-emotional development can be define as a mixture of learning skill
and truthfulness to cooperate and interrelate with the persons or group in a manner
that contributes positively to members of the public. As for early childhood, social
and emotional development refers to the development of social, emotional and
behaviour skills through early school age between 5 to 8 years old as they able to
form secure relationship, express emotions and regulate behaviour impact of their
ability to explore their environments, learn and communicate.
Theory is a brilliant thought that was made by researchers, many new
discoveries have been made recently therefore many new theories also have been
created by those brilliant researchers. Regarding on this task I am required to study
about socio- emotional development, this subject has been researched for a long
time ago and there are few theories that have been made regarding this subject. The
first person that has created theories about socio- emotional development was a
psychologist from Czechoslovakia named Sigmund Freud. In his theory he said that
human socio- emotional developments have a close relationship to their physical
developments. Sigmund has divided human individual emotional developments into
five stages according to their physical and social development and also increase of
age of the person.

2. The first stage of physical- emotional development of human is oral, this stage
can be seen when the children is in 0 to 1/1/2 years old. At this stage the child will
only knows how to bite and chew. The second stage is at the children‟s anal, at this
stage the children will to use his anal parts he or she will prefer to excrete faeces.
Stage number three is at the children‟s phallic, he or she will gain satisfaction from
their sexual organ, male children will be more attracted be close with his mother and
the female children will be more attracted to be close with her mother. Next, this
stage is called the latency stage that is stage number four, at this stage all sexual
feeling are suppressed to the unconscious level, children will start to focus on their
schooling and their other activities matter. The last stage of Sigmund Freud‟s theory
is genital stage that is stage number five, this stage occurs after puberty until
adolescence, at this stage there will be sexual interest exist. Teenager will try to fulfil
whatever he missed during his or her childhood such as sexual satisfaction at mouth,
anal and phallic.
However Sigmund Freud‟s theory is not considered as complete, many years
after Sigmund‟s theory is been used appear another theory that has been made by a
scientist from Germany named Erik Erikson. The theory that has been made by
Erikson completes Sigmund‟s theory of physical- emotional development. Erikson
added three more theory in Sigmund‟s theory making it become eight theories all
together. Erikson explains to people about human physical-emotional development
from infants to adults. According to Erikson in each stage there must be a time
where problems of behaviour among human emerges and this problem will lead to
another problem that is psychological adjustments problems.
As has been said just now Erikson‟s theory of emotional development
consists of eight stages. I will only state four stages because those four stages cover
the field of my studies. The first stage is trust versus distrust, this stage happens
when a human is still a baby. In this stage the feeling of trust will develop at the first
year after the baby was born, his or her feeling of trustiness will develop stage by
stage. The baby will develop a feeling of distrust if his need cannot be fulfilled, this
feeling will form a negative behaviour within the baby. Stage number two is the
development of shy and doubt feeling, this stage occur in the early stage of
childhood. In this stage the child will eager to have authority and power, they always
wanted to do things or task by his own effort, they also will feel shy if they are not

3. given a chance to lead or become a leader. Although in this stage they always
wanted power and authority yet they still feel shy in front of other people or audience,
they are shy because they are afraid that they will commit mistake. In my opinion
children at this stage wants perfection because they don‟t want other people to see
them as weak person, that is why the feeling of doubt are develop in this stage. The
child will think first before they do something because they want to avoid mistake.
The next stage that is the third stage is the stage where children will develop the
sense of initiative and the feeling of awry within their self, this stage happens at the
early stage of childhood at pre-school. The children will tend to learn and move
around rapidly, they also will become more sensitive to something that is true or
false, the children also will feel awry if his friend make fun of the mistake that has
been done by him. When his friend laughed at him he will develop another feeling
within himself that is the negative feeling, the example of this feeling is the feeling to
take revenge when this happens many other negative matter will happen such as
children quarrel among them.
Lastly stage four, in this stage the children will tend to become hard working
and they will develop an inferiority complexion, this stage happens when the children
has fully become a children that is on the 6th to 11th year old age. In this stage the
children will show their desire to dominate something for example they wanted to
master anything that have they learn at school and another one they wanted to be
the number student in class. As has been said in the example they wanted to be the
number one this means in this stage they have develop the desire to succeed in
anything that they participate. At this stage also the children will develop the basic of
physical and social skills for example, talent in playing football and talent in
performing public speaking. Children needs full attention from teachers at this stage,
teachers need to encourage children to perform well and teachers also need to
praise their student for their success. Whenever the children are praised their morale
will increase and they will do even better in the upcoming examinations or
competitions, as well as getting a morale boost when they are being praised the
children‟s morale also will experience a declination of morale if they are being
criticised. At this stage children still cannot accept critic, all we must do is just
encourage them to move forward by praising them for what have they done.

4. TASK 2
Describe the roles of teachers in helping the socio- emotional development of
students in schools.
ESSAY
Teachers plays an important role in shaping students way of life, obviously a
good teacher will produce a good student whereas a bad teacher will produce a bad
student. This is why to become a teacher you must be well prepared or else you will
just end up destroying our country‟s most valuable asset that is the next generation.
Your preparation must not be just from the academic side but also from the spiritual
side, this is because being good in academic alone will never guarantee that you will
be a good person and being good in spiritual aspect alone also will never guarantee
you to have a bright future thus both of this aspect must be balanced then only you
can produce many brilliant student.
Teaching children is not an easy job, to teach them you must be able to
control your tamper, anger and ego this is because children are fast learner they will
follow and copy anything that you show them no matter it is good or bad. To avoid
this thing from happening, we as teachers must be a good role model to them so that
they can only follow the good side of their teacher, this matter are very important in
order to help children to be a good person while they are in the phase of socio-
emotional development. Many things can be done by a teacher to help their student
to complete their socio-emotional development positively.
The first thing a teacher should do to help their students is create an
environment of equality in the classroom. Element of equality is very important if we
are dealing with children especially with small children from standard one until three,
this is because these group of student are very sensitive they are in the stage of
developing their socio- emotion they can easily demoralised if we treat them
unequally in classroom. Therefore if we want to share something interesting, we
have to share it with all of our students not just with students that we like. Next, we

5. must not make comparison between our students. For example if we have 30
students five of them are cute and the other 25 are not, we should not make
comparison between all of them. It is not their fault that they are born with average
looking face all of it was decided by our most merciful god, if we still raise this issue
in class there are possibilities that we will ignite the flame of hatred and jealousy
among our students. This will lead to social tension in class, when this happens our
students will never be able to study comfortably. Then if we look it on the academic
side, every time our student receive their examination result we must approach them
and give them some encouragement so that they can improve more next time, we
should not compare their results with their friends who are better than them because
this will trigger inner tension to the weak student and it may lead to something worse
like the student don‟t have the spirit to study anymore or even worse he quit
studying.
Second teachers should help students to recognize and express their
feelings. To recognize and express our own feeling is not an easy job, feeling is
something abstract that only happens at a particular time. We don‟t feel happy every
time and we don‟t feel sad every day, these feelings only appear when our brain
sends electric impulse that indicates our state at that time and then only our internal
and external organ would react. To help our student, first we need to introduce a
vocabulary of emotions and then we must discuss those emotional phrases from
stories, in other words we must first introduce a list of human emotion to them for
example sad, happy and angry. Then we read any story that are related to any of the
emotions for example if we read a happy story to them at last we must ask our
student to identify whether the story is about sadness or happiness and then we
must ask them what they feel after hearing the story then we should ask them to
express what they feel about the story. We also should encourage each of our
students to have their personal diary so that they could express whatever they feel
without feeling shy, having a diary also can help the student to release their tension
they can critic whoever they like or dislike because nobody knows about their
writings as long as their diary is kept safe in their hands.
The third thing a teacher can do is constantly help their students in every
field, the teacher must be well aware of what problem that their students are facing
whether it is problem with studies or personal problem. By this way the student will

6. feel that they have a place to grab, a place where they can rely on if they ever face
any problem that is severely complicated. When children feels this way they will start
to be close with their teacher and as the first point the children will tend to copy their
teachers behaviour. Looking at their teachers who always help people in trouble they
also will do the same thing because they want to feel what it is like when they
manage to help somebody. Whenever this thing happens our world will become a
better place to live because everybody watches on each other backs and nobody will
be the victim of suppression.
Lastly, it is important that a teacher to have a good behaviour and attitude
because this asset can be the most valuable one in front of students. This is
because they will be the role model of the children besides the parents. Teacher
must be patience and tolerant every time they deal with their students. For example,
a teacher cannot simply become angry and yell to a student when the student
commit mistake, no matter their mistake are big or small the teacher must remain
calm and ready to guide the student to the right path. If the teacher yells and punish
the student this will cause the student to feel shame of their peers and at the same
time will eventually hurt their feelings a lot. If a teacher have to encounter with a
student that can easily become heartbroken what should they do is try to win the
child‟s heart, this can be done by giving the student a hand in answering any
question that they don‟t know, then the teacher should praise the student for their
bravery to try, the teacher also must encourage the student to try harder next time.
Good behaviour and attitude show by the teachers would allow the children
contribute to their studies. As a reward to their teacher‟s hard work for sure the
students would study harder and achieve the best and the highest goals in their
academic life which at the same time would help them to build their self-confidence
to a higher level, when all of these are achieved for sure it will help the students to
have a better life in the future as to have a good socio-emotional development in
themselves.

7. TASK 3
Identify and elaborate suitable teaching and learning methodologies in developing
students‟ socio- emotion.
ESSAY
Developing socio- emotion in students is not an easy job therefore, various
activities must be implemented in education field in order to help students develop
this crucial skills. A student should master all the skills that are needed to help them
to undergo their journey of life in this modern world. As has been said just now socio-
emotional skills are crucial, these skills need to be conquered by children because it
helps children to improve their interaction with others, their own feelings or emotion,
and as well as their academic development. As teachers we should be creative
enough to create our own teaching and learning method in order to aid the
development our students‟ socio-emotional skills.
“Role play” style of teaching is an effective method to develop the children‟s
socio development. To carry out this way of teaching and learning method first we
must separate our student into a few groups and then we need to ask our student
about what kind of story that they prefer next we must let our student to choose one
story from the entire story that they like. After the process of choosing finish, we
need to ask them to perform the story in a form of drama in the time given. This
activity would be very effective to help students to interact with others, it also can
help students to build their self-confidence so that they could overcome their fear to
face crowd. From this task also, the student would build the spirit of togetherness
inside them and build their significance to work in group which contributes the
progression in the task. Lastly this activity can make the student realize that they
should be responsible for their work and show their responsibility by concerning
about any work given to them and help others to fulfil the task instead of being
selfish.

8. Besides organizing a group activity Teachers also should organize a solo
competition such as story telling competition, this kind of activity requires the student
to step in front of the class alone to tell any story that they want to share. Like „role
play‟ just now this method of teaching and learning also helps in building self-
confidence but the difference is that this time the student have to face crowd alone
they are not been accompanied by their friends anymore which means this method is
even effective in terms of self-confidence building if compared to the previous one
just now. This activity also can make our classroom livelier because students love
hearing to stories especially if those stories are told by their own friends, some of
them may commit mistake while telling the stories but it is okay because they are still
in the process of learning. Once they commit mistake it will only make our class even
more cheerful because it will be filled with laughter and joy, this will lead to a more
conducive atmosphere of studying where students happy learning with their teacher.
The story teller also can learn something new that is about other people‟s emotion,
he can learn to detect whether his spectator likes his stories or not by achieving this
knowledge the story teller can improve his relationship with other people easily next
time because he already knew how to predict other people‟s emotion. Normally in
competition there would be a winner and a loser, as for this story telling competition
the rules are still the same, whoever manages to attract the most spectators
attention with their interesting story will be the winner, they would be given rewards
such as sweets as present. When we give presents to students who win the
competition they would be gladly happy and this will be a motivation for them to
move forward, as for students who didn‟t manage to win the contest we must
encourage them to try harder next time so that they wouldn‟t lose hope and excel in
the next competition.
To avoid student from getting bored because of always doing activities in
class teachers should think of another way to aid their students in their socio-
emotional development, this time a teacher can use the methods of teaching and
learning outside the classroom. This method also can be known as outdoor class, by
taking students outside of their classrooms the student will get impressed and feel
eager to study because they had never study at other places than in their classroom.
Teaching and learning outside the classroom is a unique method that enables the
students to cultivate their ability to optimize the use of sensible things like eye sight

9. and taste senses. To implement these idea teachers can take their students to some
place that has many flowers and trees, in school there is only one place that have all
of those things that is the school garden. Teacher also can organize a trip to
somewhere that have more nature features for example the waterfall and the reserve
forest. The purpose of this trip is to let students know about nature because
nowadays humans are destroying nature day by day so it is good for the students if
they get to know the nature before it extinct. Organizing a trip is not limited to places
like forest and waterfall only, teachers also can take their students visit big towns like
Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Malacca. Visiting big towns enables students who don‟t
have the opportunity visit these extraordinary places to feel what it is like when we
visit other peoples‟ places, besides that we can avoid our student from being a
human being that knows nothing about the outside world. Teachers should organize
many outdoor classes because, teaching and learning outside the classroom will be
able to give pleasure to the students. The situation outside the classroom also
provides convenience for the students to think and to give full attention in the
learning session.
Lastly, one more way to aid students in their socio- emotional development is
by having a “learn and play” session. We as teacher should be creative enough to
create various kinds of game, creating a game is not an easy task because our
game need to be understand by our student and we also need to understand how to
play the game so that we could explain it to our students. Our game also need to be
academic enough so that our student would gain benefit from it, example of the
games are word puzzle, broken radio, word building and so on. These games can
improve our students‟ vocabulary and as well as self- confidence, we also can
encourage our students to play the “rubic cube”, this game really requires a non-stop
thinking brain because each time we twist the cube we must think about how to
combine the cube colours, it is amazing if our student can complete the cube without
using others help. Playing games while learning don‟t just make our learning session
enjoyable but it also can train our students to think faster, for example if we play
mathematical games for sure our students will calculate faster because they want to
win the game. As teachers we should be creative to attract our students attention so
that they would feel happy to study for the sake of their future.

10. CONCLUSION
Education is a system that constantly undergoes changes, these changes
occurs due to exchange of ideas between our academician as a result we have to
face these exchanges every day. Nowadays everything is considered as important,
from the students‟ manner until the students‟ emotional development is crucial. Now
academic and social-emotional learning has become a new standard for what is
considered the basics that a child should acquire during their schooling. Therefore,
as teacher we must be well prepared to aid our students to develop their socio-
emotional skill so that they wouldn‟t face any problems regarding socio-emotions
throughout their journey in this transient nature.

11. REFLECTION
Alhamdulillah, firstly I would like to thank Allah SWT because preserving
my health so that I can complete my child development assignment that was given
to me by my beloved lecturer.
Then, I would like to thank to my lecturer, Tuan Haji Zubir b. Ismail, who
helped me and my friends a lot while doing this assignments . He gave plenty of
notes and ideas to complete this task. Moreover, he also shares with us a lot of
information in each of his classes.
I would also would like to thank my beloved parents who sacrifices a
lot for me and guided me until now. Since small, they tried their very best to
give me proper education and their blessings are very important me in my
life. At last, I would like to thank my fellow friends who are very helpful in
sharing ideas and information with me along the my way in completing this
assignment.
I gain a lot of benefits by doing this assignment this is because I have
understood what have I learned in class before. Now I am able to explain the
theories of socio-emotional development in children. Before receiving this
assignment I know nothing about socio- emotional development, I am just a quiet
boy in the class who knows nothing about child development but now I already have
confidence in myself because I already know what I am studying. I am very grateful
to have this assignment as my task, although I face many major and minor difficulties

12. in the process of completing this assignment I am pleased because at last I manage
to complete it and at the same time understands what I am studying at class.
As I said just now I face many difficulties while finishing this short coursework,
some of the difficulties are I couldn‟t understand what the question demands, this
problem blocks me from doing the assignment thank god one day Tuan Haji Zubir
explains what must be done to complete the assignment. Next, the second problem
is that I become lazy after reading the long sentenced question, this problem was
solved when my friend invite me to discuss about the assignments with him my spirit
to complete the assignment rose high because of his invitation. Lastly, I couldn‟t get
any idea of how to start the assignment, this problem was settled after my friend
showed me his essay introduction to be make as role model.
Now I have finished this assignment and I understand what have been taught
by my lecturer in class in the past classes, I hope this knowledge will last forever so
that I can benefit it in my future life.