The document discusses how teachers can assist students in their socio-emotional development. It explains that teachers must create a trusting classroom environment and treat all students fairly. They should help students identify and discuss their feelings by introducing emotional vocabulary and having students write about their own emotions in journals. Teachers also need to model healthy strategies for dealing with emotions and help students recognize emotions in others through games, role-playing, and multimedia materials. The goal is to support students' socio-emotional growth and ability to understand both their own and others' feelings.

1. TASK
Assignment Topic
“Socio – emotional development of students needs to be fostered and developed by
teachers. This matter has to be addressed as it influences the motivation and
learning of students in school”.
Task 1
Elaborate the concept, stages and characteristics of children‟s socio – emotional
development based on the relevant theories.
Introduction
Emotion, referring to Cambridge Advance Learner‟s Dictionary, is referred as
a strong feeling such as anger, love or strong feelings in general. Emotion also
defined as the complex psychophysiological experience of an individual‟s state of
mind as interacting with biochemical or the internal and environmental or the external
influences. In humans, emotion process involves “physiological arousal, expressive
behaviours, and conscious experience.” Emotion also relate with mood,
temperament, personality, disposition and motivation. Meanwhile socio – is a prefix
that related to society. Society is defined in Cambridge Advance Learner‟s Dictionary
as a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decision
about how to do things and sharing the work that need to be done. According to
Santrock, 2007, socio - emotional is a process that is consists of variations that
occur in an individual‟s personality, emotions, and relationship with others during one
lifetime.
Meanwhile, socio – emotional development is the development that includes
the ability to initiate and maintain secure relationship. Children who go through this
development will learn the way to approach the other children around them. The
children will also learn a lesson how to negotiate an issue with the other children.
They also learn the methods in how to take turns and how to communicate
effectively with the surroundings.

2. Essay
There are a few theories that are defined the concept of socio – emotional
development. The first one is the theory of psychosocial development by Erik
Erikson. In his theory, Erik Erikson stressed on the importance of social relationships
with individuals in the children surrounding. He also added his stand on his
psychosocial theory by stated that the theory is majorly about the emergence of self,
the search of identity, the individual‟s relationships with others, and the role of culture
throughout an individual life. Erikson has introduced eight stages of psychological
development in his theory. All of the stages in this theory are interdependent. There
are goals, concern, accomplishments, and risk in each of the stages according to
Erikson. He also said that each of the individual will confront a development crisis
throughout each stage. Each crisis will needs the individual to solve the crisis in
particular method and Erikson stated that the method or way the individual used to
resolve their crisis will later affect the individual‟s self image and their views of the
society.
Among the eight stages in Erik Erikson psychological theory, we will see more
on the stage third and fourth as both of these stages are much related to children
socio – emotional development. Stage three in Erikson theory is initiative versus guilt.
This stage occurs within the children age of four to five years old. During this stage,
the children will bring their self independence to the test. The children will confront
themselves with new challenges that will spark the curiosity inside them and they
would want to explore more and investigate the challenge they facing. We can see
their curiosity when they started to ask a lot of questions about their surrounding and
also ask for clarification for the new situation. The adults especially their parents and
teachers need to give the children the support and opportunities they need so that
this will encourage initiative inside the children‟s. Parents and teachers also need to
inspiring children to appreciate the other children works. We should not restrict
children from do the works that develops themselves because if they are restricted to
do the activities on their own, a sense of guilt will develop in their own self which can
brings bad result to their mentally and physically growth. The children will believe
that what they want to do is always „wrong‟.

3. Meanwhile, in stage four which apply within the children age from six to
eleven years old, industry versus inferiority process takes place. According to
Erikson, this fourth stage of eight characteristic is all majorly about the development
of children sense of competence or industrious. The word „industry‟ brings the
meaning of success and recognition that the children have when they try new things
or skills. The academic works that is relate to reading, writing, and mathematical
skills are the skill that the children need to have, gain and produce during this forth
stage. Normally, the children in this range of age will learn and master these three
skills in their school. During the process of mastering those three skills, the children
will face some failure. If the children are not assists by the teachers to overcome the
failure and the feeling of the failure, it will lead the children to have the feelings of
inferiority and awkwardness not only to their own academic accomplishments but
also to their social interactions with the other children and also other people around
them. These are what the both stages of Erik Erikson psychosocial theory stated that
are related to children socio – emotional development.
Other then Erik Erikson psychological theory, there is another theory that is
related with the socio – emotional development of children. Sigmund Freud has
proposed his psychoanalytic theory of personality. He believes that the personality of
a person is affected by their psychosexual development. He had stated five stages in
the psychosexual development. There are two stages that are related to childhood
development especially socio – emotional development. Both of the stages are
phallic stage and latency stage. Phallic stage occurs when the children was three to
six years old. During this stage, the source of libido satisfaction began to move to the
children sexual organ. This act caused the children to become alerts of their feminity
and masculinity. Freud added that the male children will experience the Oedipus
complex, where he will focuses his love toward his mother and will compete with his
own father for her loves and attention. Meanwhile, girls will go through the Electra
complex, which is contras to what the boys are undergo. Female will try to win their
father loves and attention from their mother. The next stage is latency stage, which
occurs in the ages of six until the children reach their puberty. According to Freud,
children at this stage, their sexual feeling are suppressed to the unconscious level.
The children will start to focus their mind on school and other activities. During this
stage also children will realize the roles of different gender and the only prefer to play

4. and have activities with their peers that have the same gender as him or her. This
both stage show how Sigmund Freud thinks of children psychosexual development
which relate to children socio – emotional development.

5. Task 2
Explain how teachers in school can assist students in their socio – emotional
development.
Essay
To help the students to develop their socio – emotional stage, teachers in
school must play a major roles assists them. Teachers must try to create a
classroom that is filling with the climate of trust inside it. Teacher must treat all of his
or her students fairly. Teachers cannot treat the students differently according to
their family background or status. Whether the students come from a rich family or
the poor, they must be treated fairly and no discrimination. Teachers must not
compare the student with the others but try to focus on their individual
accomplishments in class. Moreover, teachers needs to help their students to
identify their feelings and shows what they feel. Teachers can start with an
introduction a vocabulary of emotions and discuss emotional phrases from stories. In
class, teachers can read their students one particular story than ask them to identify
the element of emotions in the story then discuss with the students what the
emotions are and their understanding about the emotions. The student also must be
encouraged by their teachers to write their own diary or journal about their own
feeling and emotion. Teacher must keep the students privacy by safely keep their
journal from other people. In particular scene, teachers must be clear and descriptive
about their emotion and feeling in front of the students.
A teacher has to assist and provide their students with the methods to deal
with their emotions. In the class, try to do a discussion with the students about the
ways and strategies to coop with emotions. Discuss and give suggestions an
alternatives method to deal with emotion like seeking for help, seeking for suggestion,
asking for an answer, or trying to rationalize. After that teachers must be the role
model for their students. Teachers need to tell and show their students how they
confront and solve the emotions such as anger, disappointment or their anxiety. To
help students develop their socio – emotional development, teachers in school also
need to assists students to identify their peers emotion. In some situation, teacher
can carry out games in class where the purpose of the games to help students
identify or guess their friend‟s emotion. Ask the students to pair up then, one of them

6. make a random face impressions and the other one try to guess what his or her
friend feels at that particular time. Other than by playing emotion games, teachers
can used different learning aid materials such as reading materials such as books
and novels, visual materials like films and dramas, or role-play to help students to
recognize the emotions of people around them. Other than that, teachers need to
assist their students to detect the emotional expression within each culture in their
places. During the lesson, gives the students to write or talk about how they express
their emotions for each and every situation within their family institution. Then
teachers must show the students the right ways to realize and identify the emotions
of others because different person might have different emotion to express for the
identical situation.
Erik Erikson also lists his suggestions for teacher to help their students to
develop their socio – emotional aspects. He lists his way for every stage in his theory.
For school children, he has stated the ways to assists them in stage three and four of
the theory. For stage three which is for children four to five years old, he has stated a
few ways for teachers in school to assists their students to develop their socio -
emotional development. First, teachers must praise and rewarding the students who
has the initiative to try a new skills. Just say praising word like “good job”, “way to go”
and others can boost the students moral and self – confidence. They will become
excited for the next lesson in class. Teachers can make use of a developmentally
appropriate curriculum in classes to develop the student‟s skills. They also must give
their students a chance to try new skills by preparing some skills – building games in
class. As teacher, we must attract students to ask a question regarding the
knowledge and skills that they have learnt throughout the class. Plus, teachers must
give them a simple and easy answer so the students can understand well. Other
than that, teachers must let and give each of the students the chance to experience
success and victory in education. The purpose of this ways is to boost their morals
and give them spirit to learn more in class and also to develop their socio –
emotional aspect. Next, teacher also must bear and tolerant of the students failure
and accidents in their works, especially their own works. So, by doing this, the
children will never be demoralise and lose interest in study.
For children in range of age of six to eleven years old, teacher must
prepare an academic exercise that is challenge their knowledge yet is suitable to

7. their mind ability. This will develop their socio – emotional aspect within themselves.
After they have finished the exercise, if they achieve even a small one, teachers
need to congratulate and recognize them. Teachers can either gives verbal or written
form of positive feedbacks to the students. Moreover, students should been given a
chance for them to share their skills that they has master with their peers. Teachers
can ask them to do a presentation in front of the class about their skill and effort to
produce new things. Students also need to get the encouragement from parents and
teachers to set their own goal in life. A good teacher also can assist students in their
development by recognize their talents. Howard Gardner stated that, the talents or
gifts in one self not only focusing on academic subjects, the talents can be on the
other areas such as music, kinaesthetic, sport, interpersonal and intrapersonal. All of
these are the ways that Erik Erikson hope can help teachers to assists their student
in their socio – emotional development in school.

8. Task 3
Suggest and elaborate at least four teaching and learning methods which you can
practice in classrooms in developing positive socio – emotional development among
the students.
Essay
As a graduate teacher, I also need to know how I can assist my students to
develop their socio – emotional development. So, I need to know and master
suitable teaching and learning methods to be used in class. There are four teaching
and learning methods which I hope it can help me in school. The first method is “role
play”. This method is very useful and can be helpful for me to help children in school
to develop the positive socio – emotional development inside them. To carry out this
method, firstly, I need to divide the students into a small group that consist of two to
four students. The number of students in each group is depending on the number of
students in one particular class, so, if there are many students in a class, I will put
four students in a group and vice versa. There should not be over than four students
in a group because if there‟s more than that, the students tend to talk more than
work done. After all of the students have been divided into their group, I will give a
task for them to perform a drama based on the fairy tales that they have learnt and
read in literature subject in class. They can choose one story on their own and then I
will ask them to perform the fairy tales in form of drama in the time given. From this
activity, the students can learn how to act within the social community and can help
them to develop their emotions. The method of “role play” also can build the spirit of
teamwork among the students in the class. Plus, this method of teaching ad learning
can contribute to the student socio – emotional development by improve their
communication skills with their peers in school. The students will become a
responsible person rather than being selfish toward others. Moreover, this “role play”
method can help the students to gain and boost their self - confidence and make
them into a student who is brave enough to speak in front of other people, in school
or outside of the school. I can assist my students to develop their socio – emotion by
using this “role play” method in class.
Other than “role play” method, I also can use the method like “project work” in
classroom to help my student to develop their socio – emotional development. Like

9. “role play” method, I will divide my student in to small group. Then, I will appoint
them tasks, for example like ask them to choose one animal then they need to
present to the class what are the characteristic of the animal they have chosen on
mahjong paper using their own creativity. In such way, this “project work” method
can assist students to learn and master the skills of exchanging ideas between them
and their peers in class. They also will learn how to give an opinion and appreciate
their friend‟s efforts. This method also can help my students in their socio –
emotional development.
Another method is “enforcement”. It is one on the effective yet suitable
teaching and learning method to be use in classroom. This method also likes the
other, help to develop my student‟s socio – emotional development. This
“enforcement” method can help students in class to develop their skills to do two
different tasks and activities that I‟ve provide to them in class. According to this
method, students are being encouraged to finish the first task or activity before they
can move on the other task. So, if the students want to do the next activity, they
need to finish up their first task before they can proceed. This method can develop
the interest of the students to learn more and archive success in their study. To
enhance my students thinking skills and emotional skills, I will provide them a
challenging tasks yet suitable for their level of thinking. I will make sure that the
second task is more interesting that the first one so that it will boost my student‟s
spirit and morals to finish the first task so they can proceed to the second task which
is more interesting. In addition, whoever students finish can the first task, I will
reward them with chocolates or sweets and also I‟ll give them supportive words such
as “fantastic”, “good job” and so on. This will boost their interest to study more and
increase their commitment in doing the task that I give to them. “Enforcement”
method also assists my students to develop their socio – emotion development. The
students will become responsible toward the task that being given to them and they
will try to complete in given time.
The fourth method is “play and learn”. It is a creative method that I can use in
classroom and definitely the students will loves it. Students in primary school love to
play games. So, by using this method I can attract my students to learn more and to
help them develops their socio – emotional skills. Student especially primary school
students can easily get bored in classroom during the lesson session. This is

10. because they can‟t coop with the method of teaching by some teacher which is
unsuitable and boring. The children lose the focus thus; they will not have enough
moral to continue their studies in class. To avoid this from happen, I‟ll use this
creative and interesting method during the lesson session. Fun and interesting
learning about the topic can be applied to attract students to involve in class
activities and they would gain the knowledge in a fun way. This kind of teaching and
learning method can be conduct in classroom because I can use some games which
is related to the subject. It‟s also will gives my student a very relax learning process
and assist them to digest the knowledge they‟ve gain easily without any stressful
feeling. Examples of games that can be play in classroom are, scrabble, puzzle,
congkak and word building. These activities can enhance the students thinking skills
and communicative skills. It‟s also help to develop their interaction and strengthen
the bonds between my students. All of these four methods of teaching and learning
can help me during my time at school after this. It does also can help me to assist
my students in developing their socio – emotional development.

11. Conclusion
In conclusion, it is essential for teachers in school to assist their students at
school to develop their socio – emotional development within themselves. The
combination of academic and socio – emotional learning is the most promising way
to accomplish the student‟s physical and mental developments. The task to assists
them is not an easy. An educator must be ready in mentally and physically aspect. If
not, the students would have the difficulty to develop their skills. Other than their
parents, they also need teachers to help them to develop. Teachers has big
responsibility toward their students development so, it needs our great effort to help
our students.