SLG BIOL*1080 Handout W12
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Laura's session was scheduled for Mondays and Wednesdays from 11:30am to 1:00pm in room LIB 120A. The document contained true and false statements about various biology topics as well as multiple choice questions. Some key points included that high intensity exercise burns less fat than low intensity exercise, homeostasis involves maintaining endpoints within a range, and multiple simultaneous stresses have an additive effect in disrupting homeostasis.
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SLG BIOL*1080 Handout W12
Laura's session is scheduled for Mondays and Wednesdays from 11:30am to 1:00pm in room LIB 120A. The document discusses various topics related to homeostasis including: the factors that affect core body temperature; how stresses can both raise and lower body temperature; the precursors used in gluconeogenesis; and the components of metabolic syndrome. It also contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics like gluconeogenesis, metabolic syndrome, homeostatic control, and the effects of stress.
Organic Compounds Notes Part 2 - Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Proteins are made of chains of amino acids that fold into complex 3D shapes. A protein's amino acid sequence and structure determine its function. DNA contains the code for the amino acid sequence of proteins. Changes in this genetic code can lead to disease. Proteins are essential macromolecules that perform many critical roles in the body, such as repairing tissue, building muscle, acting as enzymes, carrying molecules, marking cells, and transporting materials into and out of cells.
Cell adaptations dec 2019 lect 2
Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another adult cell type. It is typically irreversible (c) and describes the underlying pathology of Barrett's oesophagus (d), where the normal squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium resembling intestinal epithelium. Metaplasia is not an increase in cell number or size (e) and does not preserve mucus secretion or be caused by B12 deficiency (a,b).
Muscular hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size through growth of muscle cells. There are two types: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy which increases fluid volume but not strength, and myofibrillar hypertrophy which increases contractile proteins and adds strength. Factors that cause hypertrophy include microtrauma, muscle recruitment, nutrition, mitochondria, myoglobin, growth hormones, gender, and genetic responses. Older age decreases healing and immunization while greater microtrauma and recruitment lead to more growth. Increased protein intake and mitochondria provide more energy for growth. Males tend to have more due to hormones like testosterone. Contraction of contractile proteins may also promote hypertrophy but the mechanisms are still
SLG BIOL*1080 Handout
The document discusses various topics related to human health and biology. It provides information on different types of medicine, defines biomarkers and their requirements, and explores the differences between anatomy and pathology. It also includes true/false questions about topics like bone density, neurotransmitters, and the impact of diet on health. Multiple choice questions cover subjects such as biological clocks, calcium homeostasis, and receptor pharmacology.
Deadlines
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SLG BIOL*1080 Handout W12
Laura's session is scheduled for Mondays and Wednesdays from 11:30am to 1:00pm in room LIB 120A. The document discusses various topics related to homeostasis including: the factors that affect core body temperature; how stresses can both raise and lower body temperature; the precursors used in gluconeogenesis; and the components of metabolic syndrome. It also contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics like gluconeogenesis, metabolic syndrome, homeostatic control, and the effects of stress.
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Proteins are made of chains of amino acids that fold into complex 3D shapes. A protein's amino acid sequence and structure determine its function. DNA contains the code for the amino acid sequence of proteins. Changes in this genetic code can lead to disease. Proteins are essential macromolecules that perform many critical roles in the body, such as repairing tissue, building muscle, acting as enzymes, carrying molecules, marking cells, and transporting materials into and out of cells.
Cell adaptations dec 2019 lect 2
Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another adult cell type. It is typically irreversible (c) and describes the underlying pathology of Barrett's oesophagus (d), where the normal squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium resembling intestinal epithelium. Metaplasia is not an increase in cell number or size (e) and does not preserve mucus secretion or be caused by B12 deficiency (a,b).
Muscular hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size through growth of muscle cells. There are two types: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy which increases fluid volume but not strength, and myofibrillar hypertrophy which increases contractile proteins and adds strength. Factors that cause hypertrophy include microtrauma, muscle recruitment, nutrition, mitochondria, myoglobin, growth hormones, gender, and genetic responses. Older age decreases healing and immunization while greater microtrauma and recruitment lead to more growth. Increased protein intake and mitochondria provide more energy for growth. Males tend to have more due to hormones like testosterone. Contraction of contractile proteins may also promote hypertrophy but the mechanisms are still
SLG BIOL*1080 Handout
The document discusses various topics related to human health and biology. It provides information on different types of medicine, defines biomarkers and their requirements, and explores the differences between anatomy and pathology. It also includes true/false questions about topics like bone density, neurotransmitters, and the impact of diet on health. Multiple choice questions cover subjects such as biological clocks, calcium homeostasis, and receptor pharmacology.
Deadlines
Meeting deadlines is essential for success in BTEC programs and beyond. There is little time in the academic year to fully cover all assignments, so sticking to deadlines set by teachers is important. Missing deadlines will result in a maximum grade of only a PASS, regardless of the quality of work. Submitting assignments by the deadline allows opportunities for upgrades within the term if the initial grade is not high enough. Late submissions require approval from teachers and will only be accepted for genuine documented reasons.
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evaluation
The document discusses the media group 2GMEDIA2's evaluation of their horror trailer and ancillary materials. They used captions in the trailer to convey the storyline without a narrative voice. Dark settings and a range of creepy soundtracks helped set the atmosphere. Feedback from audiences suggested rearranging scenes from day to night for better flow, adding fades between scenes, and fixing shots that were too close or had parts cut out of frame. Ancillary materials like posters and magazines maintained the group's color scheme and featured their supernatural figure to keep their brand consistent.
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Deadlines
Meeting deadlines is essential for success in BTEC programs and beyond. There is little time in the academic year to cover all assignments in detail, so sticking to deadlines set by teachers is important. Missing deadlines will result in a maximum grade of only a PASS, even if the quality of work is higher. Submitting assignments by the deadline allows opportunities for upgrades within the term. Late submissions require approval from teachers and will only be accepted for genuine documented reasons.
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In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
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- 1. Laura’s session: Monday & Wednesday 11:30am– 1:00pm LIB 120A
- 3. • Higher intensity exercise burns less fat than low intensity exercise. T • Within 15 minutes of high intensity exercise, you will deplete your carbohydrate stores/reserves. T • The rapid uptake of water is decreased by the addition of glucose and salt due to dehydration. F! It is improved! • Ingestion of glucose before exercise is only beneficial if you are going to be exercising for more than an hour (2-3 hours). F –beneficial for the first hour • Metabolic syndrome is just an accumulation of visceral fat; it does not include compromised structure and function of the CCN. F –it does! • Firmicutes are gut bacteria found in lean mice. F (OBESE)
- 4. • Homeostasis is defined as a specific point in time. F • Body temperature remains the same at all times. F • Thermoregulation involves a positive feedback mechanism. F (NEGATIVE!—define?—product of system turns system off) • The heating and cooling system in the human body are two INDEPENDENT systems. T • Homeostasis is about keeping the endpoint within a range. T • The diurnal variation would look very similar in nocturnal animals. F! Looks different! • In the morning, body temperature increases. At night, body temperature decreases. T • Perception of body temperature is a good indicator of what it actually is. F—can feel warm when you’re actually cold!
- 5. • Stress has the ability to affect core body temperature. T • There is a complex recovery period following the disruption of homeostasis by a stressor. T • C. elegans are used to study longevity. T • Drosophilia are used to study neurodevelopment. F (Non- human primates) • Bacteria from an obese mouse placed in a lean mouse will spontaneously convert to lean mouse bacteria to match its host’s current metabolic state. F (Will cause lean mouse to become obese!) • Life events will leave a record in the CCN. T • Stresses can both RAISE and LOWER body temperature. T
- 6. (1) Gluconeogenesis is the creation of glucose from non-glucose precursors. Which of the following are used as precursors in gluconeogenesis? (a) Lactate (b) Pyruvate (c) Alanine (d) Glycerol (e) All of the above (f) None of the above
- 7. (2) Which of the following is NOT involved in the metabolic syndrome? (a) Increased central adiposity T (b) Decreased serum triglycerides F ** (c) Low HDL cholesterol T (d) Increased diastolic blood pressure T
- 8. (3) Which of the following are involved in the metabolic syndrome? (a) Altered hormonal (b) Altered immune function (c) Inflammation (d) Increased function of the CCN (e) 2 of the above (f) 3 of the above (g) A only
- 9. (4) What types of bacteria promote the breakdown and absorption of fatty acids and polysaccharides? – Bacterioetes, Firmicutes (5) How can you increase homeostatic control? increase pulse frequency, decrease amplitude (6) Almost all of our homeostatic end points are controlled by the…. ___________________ (Hypothalamus—coordinating centers)
- 10. (7) Describe how sedatives cause you to fall asleep. – Sedatives cause a decrease in body temperature and encourage you to fall asleep in this way. (8) Body temperature ____________ (increases or decreases?) as you age. (9) Define STRESS. a challenge to homeostasis
- 11. (10) What happens if 2 stresses occur together? (Multiple simultaneous stresses) The two events are added—increase the movement outside of homeostasis—leads to variable additivity of the individual effects
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