SLG BIOL*1080 Handout
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The document discusses various topics related to human health and biology. It provides information on different types of medicine, defines biomarkers and their requirements, and explores the differences between anatomy and pathology. It also includes true/false questions about topics like bone density, neurotransmitters, and the impact of diet on health. Multiple choice questions cover subjects such as biological clocks, calcium homeostasis, and receptor pharmacology.
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1) The study investigated the uptake of SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide), an MRI contrast agent, by periadventitial fat in an atherosclerosis mouse model.
2) Results showed significantly greater uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of apoE k/o mice compared to control mice, as measured by iron particles and area.
3) Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of atherosclerotic rabbits and humans, suggesting macrophage-like activity in this tissue that warrants further investigation into its role in atherosclerosis and imaging.
Adventitial fat presentation
1) The study investigated the uptake of SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide), an MRI contrast agent, by periadventitial fat in an atherosclerosis mouse model.
2) Results showed significantly greater uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of apoE k/o mice compared to control mice, as measured by iron particles and area.
3) Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of atherosclerotic rabbits and humans, suggesting macrophage-like activity in this tissue that warrants further investigation into its role in atherosclerosis and potential applications for plaque imaging.
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1. The study investigated the uptake of SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide), an MRI contrast agent, by periadventitial fat in an atherosclerosis mouse model.
2. Results showed significantly greater uptake of SPIO by periadventitial fat in apoE knockout mice compared to control mice, as measured by iron particles and area.
3. Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of SPIO by periadventitial fat in hyperlipidemic rabbits and humans with coronary atherosclerosis.101 adventitial fat macrophage density
1. The study investigated the uptake of SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide), an MRI contrast agent, by periadventitial fat in an atherosclerosis mouse model.
2. Results showed significantly greater uptake of SPIO by periadventitial fat in apoE knockout mice compared to control mice, as measured by iron particles and area.
3. Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of SPIO by periadventitial fat in atherosclerotic rabbits and humans. The presence of macrophage-like cells in the fat may have implications for plaque imaging and progression.
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2) Results showed significantly greater uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of apoE k/o mice compared to control mice, as measured by iron particles and area.
3) Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of iron in the periadventitial fat of atherosclerotic rabbits and humans, suggesting macrophage-like activity in this tissue that warrants further investigation into its role in atherosclerosis and imaging.
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3. Preliminary evidence also suggests uptake of SPIO by periadventitial fat in atherosclerotic rabbits and humans. The presence of macrophage-like cells in the fat may have implications for plaque imaging and progression.
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HOMEOSTASIS.pptx
The mechanism by which the constancy of the internal environment is maintained and ensured is called Homeostasis.
The normal composition of internal environment consists of the following components
WATER –
Water is the principal and essential constituent of the body.
The total body water in a normal adult male comprises 50-70% (average 60%) of the body weight and about 10% less in a normal adult female (average 50%).
Thus, the body of a normal male weighing 65 kg contains approximately 40 litres of water.
The total body water (assuming average of 60%) is distributed into 2 main compartments of body fluids separated from each other by membranes freely permeable to water.
i) Intracellular fluid compartment This comprises about
33% of the body weight, the bulk of which is contained in the muscles.
ii) Extracellular fluid compartment This constitutes the
remaining 27% of body weight containing water. Included in this are the following 4 subdivisions of extracellular fluid (ECF):
a) Interstitial fluid including lymph fluid constitutes the major proportion of ECF (12% of body weight).
b) Intravascular fluid or blood plasma comprises about 5% of the body weight. Plasma content is about 3 litres of fluid out of 5 litres of total blood volume.
c) Mesenchymal tissues such as dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone contain body water that comprises about 9% of the body weight.
d) Transcellular fluid constitutes 1% of body weight. This is the fluid contained in the secretions of secretory cells of the body e.g. skin, salivary glands, mucous membranes of alimentary and respiratory tracts, pancreas, liver and biliary tract, kidneys, gonads, thyroid, lacrimal gland and CSF.
2. ELECTROLYTES
The concentration of cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) is different in intracellular and extracellular fluids:
. In the intracellular fluid, the main cations are potassium and magnesium and the main anions are phosphates and proteins. It has low concentration of sodium and chloride.
. In the extracellular fluid, the predominant cation is sodium and the principal anions are chloride and bicarbonate. Besides these, a small proportion of non-diffusible nutrients and metabolites such as glucose and urea are present in the ECF.
HYPONATRAEMIA
A. Gain of Relatively More Water Than Loss of Sodium
i. Excessive use of diuretics
ii. Hypotonic irrigating fluid administration
iii. Excessive IV infusion of 5% dextrose
iv. Psychogenic polydipsia
v. Large volume of beer consumption
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B. Loss of Relatively More Salt Than Water
i. Excessive use of diuretics
ii. Renal failure (ARF, CRF)
iii. Replacement of water without simultaneous salt replacement in conditions causing combined salt and water deficiency
Positive feedback:
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HOMEOSTASIS.pptx
The mechanism by which the constancy of the internal environment is maintained and ensured is called Homeostasis.
The normal composition of internal environment consists of the following components
WATER –
Water is the principal and essential constituent of the body.
The total body water in a normal adult male comprises 50-70% (average 60%) of the body weight and about 10% less in a normal adult female (average 50%).
Thus, the body of a normal male weighing 65 kg contains approximately 40 litres of water.
The total body water (assuming average of 60%) is distributed into 2 main compartments of body fluids separated from each other by membranes freely permeable to water.
i) Intracellular fluid compartment This comprises about
33% of the body weight, the bulk of which is contained in the muscles.
ii) Extracellular fluid compartment This constitutes the
remaining 27% of body weight containing water. Included in this are the following 4 subdivisions of extracellular fluid (ECF):
a) Interstitial fluid including lymph fluid constitutes the major proportion of ECF (12% of body weight).
b) Intravascular fluid or blood plasma comprises about 5% of the body weight. Plasma content is about 3 litres of fluid out of 5 litres of total blood volume.
c) Mesenchymal tissues such as dense connective tissue, cartilage and bone contain body water that comprises about 9% of the body weight.
d) Transcellular fluid constitutes 1% of body weight. This is the fluid contained in the secretions of secretory cells of the body e.g. skin, salivary glands, mucous membranes of alimentary and respiratory tracts, pancreas, liver and biliary tract, kidneys, gonads, thyroid, lacrimal gland and CSF.
2. ELECTROLYTES
The concentration of cations (positively charged) and anions (negatively charged) is different in intracellular and extracellular fluids:
. In the intracellular fluid, the main cations are potassium and magnesium and the main anions are phosphates and proteins. It has low concentration of sodium and chloride.
. In the extracellular fluid, the predominant cation is sodium and the principal anions are chloride and bicarbonate. Besides these, a small proportion of non-diffusible nutrients and metabolites such as glucose and urea are present in the ECF.
HYPONATRAEMIA
A. Gain of Relatively More Water Than Loss of Sodium
i. Excessive use of diuretics
ii. Hypotonic irrigating fluid administration
iii. Excessive IV infusion of 5% dextrose
iv. Psychogenic polydipsia
v. Large volume of beer consumption
vi. Addison’s disease
B. Loss of Relatively More Salt Than Water
i. Excessive use of diuretics
ii. Renal failure (ARF, CRF)
iii. Replacement of water without simultaneous salt replacement in conditions causing combined salt and water deficiency
Positive feedback:
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
e.g. in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
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I bought this file from (FB name: Dee Dee). The files are extremely helpful, visit his Facebook account or Facebook page.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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SLG BIOL*1080 Handout
- 1. Laura’s session: *Reminder: Monday & Wednesday ~ First lab this week! 12:30pm – 2:00pm LIB 200B
- 2. What are the two different types of medicine? Which type is preferred? Define “biomarkers”. *What are the requirements of a biomarker? What is the difference between anatomy and pathology?
- 3. True or False? • Our change in diet from early hunter-gatherer to present has had no effect on our health. • Intestinal parasites are unhealthy and it is good that we have eliminated most of them. • Human and animal and mental health are inextricably linked • Healthspan is another word for lifespan • The regular measurement of height over time is a biomarker of many diseases such as spinal osteoporosis • Paracrines are not very close to one another—they signal from a distance • The synapse is a SHORT distance
- 4. True or False? • On average, 90% maximal bone density is achieved by age 12 • Bone is the only site in the body that stores calcium • Participating in weight-bearing exercises can hinder maximum bone density • Smoking, caffeine and alcohol can hinder maximal bone density. • Hydrophobic messengers are the same as lipophilic • Hydrophilic is the same as lipophilic • Norepinephrine is parasympathetic • Acetylcholine is sympathetic
- 5. Multiple Choice 1. Chronobiology, the study of timescales and cycles, is an important aspect of biology. Which of the following statements is correct? (a) Appetite is an example of an ultradian rhythm (b) The menstrual cycle follows a circadian rhythm (c) An infradian rhythm is present in our sleep cycle 2. Although there are many different biological „clocks‟ in the body, there is one that is known as the CENTRAL clock. This is known as the.. (a) Brain (b) Circadian nucleus (c) Suprachiasmatic nucleus (d) The above terms are all acceptable Bonus: How does this central clock keep time?
- 6. Multiple Choice 3. Change in height has significant limitations as a biomarker of osteoporosis. This is because… (a) It needs to be measured over time. (b) It doesn‟t change drastically during the disease process. (c) It varies during the day and so timing of measurements must be standardized. (d) All of the above 4. Maximizing bone density can be accomplished by… (a) Consuming sufficient calcium, participating in weekly aquatic exercises and getting plenty of sleep (b) Getting adequate vitamin D through diet and sun exposure, consuming sufficient calcium, and participating in weight bearing physical activity (c) Drinking caffeine, consuming sufficient calcium, and getting plenty of sleep
- 7. Multiple Choice 5. Agonists and antagonists can affect receptor response. Which of the following is an accurate description? (a) Agonists can bind to receptor, but evoke either no response, or a blunted response (b) Antagonists bind to receptors and produce a biological response (c) Agonists do nothing and let biological responses proceed normally (d) Antagonists can bind to receptor, but evoke either no response, or a blunted response 6. The magnitude of target response in receptor occupancy depends on… (a) Messenger concentration (b) Number of receptors present (c) Affinity of receptors for messenger (d) a &b only (e) All of the above
- 8. Blood calcium levels must be maintained over a very narrow concentration zone to permit normal body functions. This is why it is homeostatically controlled by the CCN. Label the diagram below with the organs/systems involved in this homeostatic control. Absorption Plasma [Ca] Functional Store Excretion
- 9. The previous diagram depicted the “normal” state of calcium movement. Draw this same diagram, but make alterations to incorporate a pregnant state. Do the same for lactation. *Note that after these special circumstances, the system returns to normal.
- 10. Name the mechanism of intercellular communication and label the following diagrams appropriately. (a) (b) (c) *
- 11. (d) (e) (f)