- Sleep is vital for maintenance of balanced cognitive and physical health, promoting learning, brain development, and recovery of bodily systems. - College students are at high risk of developing poor sleeping habits due to increased stress, social demands, and university schedules that can disrupt natural sleep patterns. - Thoughtful course scheduling, education on the importance of sleep, and initiatives to promote healthy sleep habits could help mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation among university students.

1. Rosemary Hilliard
Professor Quannah Parker-McGowan
EDU6250 90415
5 August 2014

2. “Sleep is a required activity, not an option.” (National Institutes of Health, 2003)

3. • Promotes energy
conservation, nervous
system recuperation,
& emotional regulation
(Siegel, 2005)
• 20% adults habitual
poor sleepers (Editor, 2000)
• 60% college students
poor sleepers (Lund, Reider,
Whiting, and Prichard, 2010)

4. “Sleep plays a significant role in brain development.” (BBC, n.d.)

5. • Restoration &
recovery of bodily
systems (Harvard Medical
School, 2007)
• Energy conservation
• Memory
consolidation
• Protection from
predation
• Brain development
• Discharge of emotions
• (National Institutes of Health, 2003)

6. • Period of restfulness
in which the body may
repair itself. (National Institutes
of Health, 2012)
• Brain development &
plasticity. (Harvard Medical School,
2007)
• Maintenance of the
immune system. (Egydio,
Pieres, Tufik, and Andersen, 2012)

7. • Procedural memory
formation(Gals, Plihal, Wagner, and
Born, 2000)
• Learning new tasks.
(Stickgold, James, and Hobson, 2000)
• “Deep sleep…primes our
brains to function at a
higher level…” (Randall, 2012)

8. Sleep deprivation is associated with “reduced levels of performance, daytime
sleepiness, and [other] adverse health effects.” (Cheatham, n.d.)

9. • Problems with learning, focusing, reaction, making
decisions, solving problems, memory, controlling
emotions, and coping with change. (National Institutes of Health, 2012)
• Decreased concentration & attention span. (BBC, n.d.)
• Death/maiming due to automobile & industrial accidents.
(BBC, n.d.)
• Development of neurodegenerative disease. (Konnikova, 2014)

10. • Hallucinations
• Thought disorder
• Psychosis
• Other negative
symptoms
• (Petrovsky, Ettinger, Hill, Frenzel, Meyhofer,
and Wagner, Backhaus, and Kumari, 2014)
Suffers may not realize they are
sleep deprived & experiencing
negative symptoms. (National Institutes of
Health, 2012)

11. “Sleep deficiency can cause problems with learning…” (National Institutes of Health,
2012)

12. • Increased stress, pressure to succeed, & social demands
contribute to disordered sleeping habits amongst college
students. (Cheatham, n.d.)
• Sleep deprivation in college may lead to stress, academic
issues, & chemical dependence to regular sleep/wake
cycle. (Miller, Shattuck, Matsangas, and Dyche, 2008; Lund et al, 2010)

13. • Generally require
greater than 8 hours
of sleep per day. (Miller, et
al, 2008)
• Increased variability in
sleeping schedule
(bedtime each night shifts)
(Miller et al, 2008)
• Students may be
classified as “morning”
people or “night” people.
(Azevado, Sousa, Paul, MacLeish, Mondejar,
Sarabia, Rol, and Madrid, 2008)

14. “…young adults show a delay in sleep schedules, irregular sleep
patterns, and sleep loss associated with school and university
schedules.” (Azevado, et al, 2008)

15. • Morning / Evening
course blocks that
allow students to
attend based on
biological preferences.
• Duplicate sections
that include early and
late start times.

16. • Scheduling that allows
for daytime rest/nap
breaks.
• May help alleviate
daytime sleepiness.
• Sleeping for as little
as 24 min. at a time
increases cognitive
performance. (Randall, 2012)

17. • Educate students on
importance of sleep
as a study aid.
• Seminars, workshops,
printed materials.
• Involve professors as
“frontline” defense
against sleep
deprivation.

18. • Sleep is vital for maintenance of balanced cognitive &
physical health.
• Sleep has a large impact on learning & brain
development.
• College students are a risk of developing poor sleeping
habits based on university environment.
• Sensitivity to unique characteristics of college sleepers,
thoughtful course scheduling, & proactive outreach may
help to mitigate effects of sleep deprivation amongst
university students.

20. • Azevado, C.V.M.; Sousa, I.; Paul, K.; MacLeish, M.Y.; Mondejar, T.; Sarabia, J.A.; Rol, M.A.; Madrid, J.A. (2008). Teaching
chronobiology and sleep habits in school and university. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2(1), p. 34-47.
• BBC. (n.d.) The science of sleep. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sleep/articles/whatissleep.shtml
• Cheatham, S. (n.d.) The relationship between quality of sleep and stress in college students. Baylor University. Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu/5131613/The_Relationship_Between_Quality_of_Sleep_and_Stress_in_College_Students
• Editor. (2000). Why do we sleep? Nature Neuroscience, 3, p. 1225.
• Egydio, F.; Pieres, G.N.; Tufik, S.; Andersen, M.L. (2012). Wound-healing and benzodiazepines: Does sleep play a role in this
relationship? Clinics, 67(7), p. 827-830.
• Gals, S.; Plihal, W.; Wagner, U.; Born, J. (2000). Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills. Nature Neuroscience,
3, p. 1335-1339.
• Harvard Medical School. (2007). Why do we sleep, anyway? Retrieved from
http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/why-do-we-sleep
• Konnikova, M. (2014). Goodnight. Sleep clean. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/opinions/sunday/goodnight-sleep-clean.html
• National Institutes of Health. (2003). Information about sleep. Retrieved from http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/
nih3/sleep/guide/info-sleep.htm
• Lund, H.G.; Reider, B.D.; Whiting, AB.; Prichard, J.R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of
college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(2), p. 124-132.
• Miller, N.L.; Shattuck, L.G.; Matsangas, P.; Dyche, J. (2008). Sleep and academic performance in U.S. military training and education
programs. Mind, Brain, and Education, 2(1), p. 29-33.
• National Institutes of Health. (2012). Why is sleep so important?
Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/
topics/sdd/why.html
• Petrovsky, N.; Ettinger, U.; Hill, A.; Frenzel, L.; Meyhofer, I.; Wagner, M. Backhaus, J.; Kumari, V. (2014). Sleep deprivation disrupts
prepulse inhibition and induces psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(27), p. 9134-9140.
• Randall, D.K. (2012). Rethinking sleep. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/opinion/sunday/rethinking-sleep.html?smid=pl.share
• Siegel, J.M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature, 437, p.1264-1271.
• Stickgold, R.; James, L.; Hobson, A. (2000). Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nature Neuroscience, 3, p. 1237-
1238.