1. The document discusses the genetic affiliation and closest linguistic relatives of Slavic languages. It argues that Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian, are the closest relatives to Slavic based on lexical, morphological, syntactic, and prosodic similarities.
2. Old Church Slavonic is examined as the first literary Slavic language, originating from the work of Constantine and Methodius among South Slavic peoples. Church Slavonic then developed into the liturgical language of Eastern Orthodoxy.
3. Features of the Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian languages are outlined, including their origins in the Štokavian, Kajkavian, and Čakavian dialects and more recent standardization history.
RasSiya (Russia/KoloVenia) - The most ancien civilization and the Serbian mir...bozzidar
RasSiya (Russia/KoloVenia) - The most ancien civilization and the Serbian miracle workers
Autor: Bozzidar Mitrovic,
Belgrade , 2006.
book format: 72 mm x 72 mm
This presentation discusses about the influence of Sanskrit over English - linguistic similarities between English, Greek and Latin. A lecture delivered at Academic Staff College 2015
The first question is about the language or languages spoken in Anatolia before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans who will only come and mostly go through two or three millennia later when Çatalhöyük will no longer be an active center. Agriculture and herding are very important if not dominant in this period when the population stops roaming around and when it establishes sedentary dense agglomerate cities. All the more so with the spiritual center of Gobekli Tepe which is about one millennium older. What came first? Spirituality and spiritual centers, or sedentarism and agriculture? But this sedentarism and agriculture developed in Anatolia long before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans. We need to see that the 8 or 10 millennia of the peak of the Ice Age were a long period when Homo Sapiens had to learn how to exploit nature intensively to survive the harsh conditions of that time. The second problem is the status of women in a society where the birth of 10 to 12 or even 13 children per woman is essential for the community, hence the species, to survive and survival was a central instinct in Paleolithic and Neolithic Hominin communities deeply impressed by the death rate of children from birth to six years of age. How was this possible and how these children were taken care of during the 18 months of breastfeeding and the subsequent 3-4 years of dependency? And that brought up an average of three children per woman able to live a full 29-year-long procreative life. What was the training and education the 6-13-year-old young pre-puberty children received and from whom? Can we seriously consider that a community then was a simple collection if not a juxtaposition of autonomous households? Who and what regulated the distribution of fields, the management of herds, the management of resources, the production of tools, weapons, cloth, and clothing, the construction of houses, and the providing of fuel, not to mention the management of hunting that can only be collective?
Keywords: linguistic phylogeny; demographic development; agriculture; herding; history; social rights; spirituality.
Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect)SubmissionResearchpa
The article about the national corpus and Baysun vernacular of the local population expressed opinions about specific issues units computerize by Xolova Muyassar Abdulhakimovna 2020. Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect) . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 3 (Mar. 2020), 110-113. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i3.124 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124/121 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124
How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! ESL Buzz. FREE 9 College Essay Examples in PDF Examples - How to write english .... English essay. Writing an english essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Studocu - Example of English Essay for English Writing Skills .... 1 Essay english writing. Homework Help Sites.. English essay help gcse - Get Help From Custom College Essay Writing .... Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Quick Way To Write Essay - Anna Blog. IELTS Essay Planning: 4 Step Approach - IELTS Charlie. English Essay SPM. English Essay Assignment One. Essay writing in english - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. English essays samples. Essay Writing In English With Sample - 1. IELTS BASICS. How To Write an Essay - How to Write an Essay English is a global .... What Are The Different Types Of Essay Writing Telegraph. Essay in english - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Writing essay english language. Writing english essays 31 topics. english essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. 005 Creative Essay Example Narrative Personal Examples Best Ideas .... English Essay English Advanced - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. 007 English Essay Example Download Lovely Reflective Online Com .... English essay samples. English Essays. 2022-11-18. english essay 1.pdf. How To Writing Essay In English Custom Writing Service. Definition of essay writing pdf. Essay Writing in English English Grammar Online Classes Swiflearn .... School essay: Essay in english. Essays in english - The Writing Center. Essay In English Essay In English
Afroasiatic, Dené-Sino-Caucasic, Eurasiatic, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan compared according to the qualities of the protolanguages and the living languages of their descendants.
An introduction to the linguistic landscape, prepared for the non-linguist.
interested in the history and the mystery of our sound & meaning
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
RasSiya (Russia/KoloVenia) - The most ancien civilization and the Serbian mir...bozzidar
RasSiya (Russia/KoloVenia) - The most ancien civilization and the Serbian miracle workers
Autor: Bozzidar Mitrovic,
Belgrade , 2006.
book format: 72 mm x 72 mm
This presentation discusses about the influence of Sanskrit over English - linguistic similarities between English, Greek and Latin. A lecture delivered at Academic Staff College 2015
The first question is about the language or languages spoken in Anatolia before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans who will only come and mostly go through two or three millennia later when Çatalhöyük will no longer be an active center. Agriculture and herding are very important if not dominant in this period when the population stops roaming around and when it establishes sedentary dense agglomerate cities. All the more so with the spiritual center of Gobekli Tepe which is about one millennium older. What came first? Spirituality and spiritual centers, or sedentarism and agriculture? But this sedentarism and agriculture developed in Anatolia long before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans. We need to see that the 8 or 10 millennia of the peak of the Ice Age were a long period when Homo Sapiens had to learn how to exploit nature intensively to survive the harsh conditions of that time. The second problem is the status of women in a society where the birth of 10 to 12 or even 13 children per woman is essential for the community, hence the species, to survive and survival was a central instinct in Paleolithic and Neolithic Hominin communities deeply impressed by the death rate of children from birth to six years of age. How was this possible and how these children were taken care of during the 18 months of breastfeeding and the subsequent 3-4 years of dependency? And that brought up an average of three children per woman able to live a full 29-year-long procreative life. What was the training and education the 6-13-year-old young pre-puberty children received and from whom? Can we seriously consider that a community then was a simple collection if not a juxtaposition of autonomous households? Who and what regulated the distribution of fields, the management of herds, the management of resources, the production of tools, weapons, cloth, and clothing, the construction of houses, and the providing of fuel, not to mention the management of hunting that can only be collective?
Keywords: linguistic phylogeny; demographic development; agriculture; herding; history; social rights; spirituality.
Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect)SubmissionResearchpa
The article about the national corpus and Baysun vernacular of the local population expressed opinions about specific issues units computerize by Xolova Muyassar Abdulhakimovna 2020. Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect) . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 3 (Mar. 2020), 110-113. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i3.124 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124/121 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124
How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! ESL Buzz. FREE 9 College Essay Examples in PDF Examples - How to write english .... English essay. Writing an english essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Studocu - Example of English Essay for English Writing Skills .... 1 Essay english writing. Homework Help Sites.. English essay help gcse - Get Help From Custom College Essay Writing .... Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Quick Way To Write Essay - Anna Blog. IELTS Essay Planning: 4 Step Approach - IELTS Charlie. English Essay SPM. English Essay Assignment One. Essay writing in english - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. English essays samples. Essay Writing In English With Sample - 1. IELTS BASICS. How To Write an Essay - How to Write an Essay English is a global .... What Are The Different Types Of Essay Writing Telegraph. Essay in english - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Writing essay english language. Writing english essays 31 topics. english essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. 005 Creative Essay Example Narrative Personal Examples Best Ideas .... English Essay English Advanced - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. 007 English Essay Example Download Lovely Reflective Online Com .... English essay samples. English Essays. 2022-11-18. english essay 1.pdf. How To Writing Essay In English Custom Writing Service. Definition of essay writing pdf. Essay Writing in English English Grammar Online Classes Swiflearn .... School essay: Essay in english. Essays in english - The Writing Center. Essay In English Essay In English
Afroasiatic, Dené-Sino-Caucasic, Eurasiatic, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan compared according to the qualities of the protolanguages and the living languages of their descendants.
An introduction to the linguistic landscape, prepared for the non-linguist.
interested in the history and the mystery of our sound & meaning
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
MASS MEDIA STUDIES-835-CLASS XI Resource Material.pdf
Slav 20100 lecture_slides_week_02
1. 10/11/2012
SLAV 20100/30100 genetic affiliation of Slavic
Intro to Slavic Linguistics higher-order protolanguages:
Autumn 2012 1. Swedish + Danish + Norwegian ?
Yaroslav Gorbachov
English + Dutch + German ?
gorbachov@uchicago.edu 2. Scandinavian + West Germanic ?
3. Germanic + Slavic + Celtic + Greek… ?
” Indo-European!
other branches of Indo-European?
č ę
genetic affiliation of Slavic genetic affiliation of Slavic
source: http://www.verbix.com/documents/pie/
1
2. 10/11/2012
genetic affiliation of Slavic closest relative: Baltic
maximum spread of Baltic hydronyms
how close are the IE languages?
E. sister OCS sestrá
E. brother Cz. bratr, OCS brátrŭ
E. widow OCS vĭdová
E. two OCS dŭvá
E. three OCS trĭje
E. sit OCS sěd-
E. nose OCS nosŭ
E. (eye)brow OCS brŭv- source: Marija Gimbutas, The Balts, London, 1963
closest relative: Baltic closest relative: Baltic
1. lexical similarities (both pan-IE and, more OCS glavá Lith. galvá ‘head’
importantly, exclusively BSl.) OCS rǫká Lith. rankà ‘hand’
2. morphology (structure of roots and affixes) OR pĭrstŭ Lith. pir͂štas ‘finger’
OCS lédŭ Lith. lẽdas ‘ice’
3. syntax (rules for constructing phrases and
OCS želězo Lith. geležìs ‘iron’
sentences)
R. bába Lith. bóba ‘old woman’
4. prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation 150+ BSl. words not found in any other IE
patterns) language, mostly referring to nature (flora,
fauna, landscape, weather, etc.)
2
3. 10/11/2012
the nature of B.-Slavic affinity Indo-European 'family tree'
Source: Van Wijk, Die baltischen und slavischen Akzent- und Intonations-
systeme (1923)
conservatism of Baltic
OCS synъ = synŭ 'son'
< PSl. *synŭ < Early PSl. *sūnus
Lith. sūnùs
survey of the literary/standard
gen.sg.?
OCS synu 'of (a/the) son,' 'son's' Slavic languages
< PSl. *synu < Early PSl. *sūnåus
Lith. sūnaũs
voc.sg.: OCS synu 'son!' = Lith. sūnaũ 'son!'
3
4. 10/11/2012
Old Church Slavonic Constantine (Cyril) & Methodius
the first literary (liturgical and ecclesiastic)
language of the Slavs; which branch of Slavic?
Moravians (WS)
Bulgarians, Serbs (SS)
Russians (ES)
genetic affiliation of the lang. of most mss.:
South East Slavic (recall *tj > št, *dj > žd)
i.e., the Bulgarian-Macedonian subgroup
time frame: 9-11th c. monument to SS Cyril & Methodius in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
credit: Vitaly Moskalyuk
Church Slavonic
cover term for the local varieties (recensions) of
OCS (Bulg., Serb., Russ., Rum., etc.)
the supranational literary language of Slavia
Orthodoxa
was in use long after the 11th c.
used for both ecclesiastic and non-ecclesiastic
aspects of literary production
has left an indelible mark on the Russian literary
language (lexicon, бегущий vs. бегучий, etc.)
4
5. 10/11/2012
the scripts: Glagolitic
Codex Zographensis, 10-11th c.; fnd.: Bulgarian Zograf Monastery, Mount Athos
source: А. М. Селищев, Старославянский язык, ч. 2, Москва 1952, стр. 8
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet
the scripts: 'Cyrillic'
Ostromirovo Evangelie, Russia, 1056-1057
source: http://www.nlr.ru/exib/Gospel/ostr/index.html
5
6. 10/11/2012
Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian
formerly known as Serbo-Croatian
speakers: ca. 15 million
four main dialects:
Štokavian (štokavski) – što, šta
Kajkavian (kajkavski) – kaj
Čakavian (čakavski) – ča original distribution of BCS dialects
before the 16th c. migrations
Torlak (torlački)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tokavian_dialect
Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian
Štokavian is further subdivided into: prior to early 19th c.:
Ekavian (ekavski) – PSl. *ě > e Serbia: Serb. recension of Church Slavonic
(I)jekavian ((i)jekavski) – PSl. *ě > (i)je Dalmatia: old Glagolitic tradition
since 15th c. – a Čakavian-based
Ikavian (ikavski) – PSl. *ě > i
written language
cf. reka, les, mera vs. rijeka, lijes, mjera
1818: Serbian folklorist Vuk Karadžić reforms
NB: modern BCS is a pluricentric language (it the Cyrillic alphabet and adopts the principle
has several written standards) of phonetic spelling ('piši kao što govoriš')
all are based on the Neoštokavian dialect 1868: 'vukovica' is officially adopted in Serbia
6
7. 10/11/2012
Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian
1836: Ljudevit Gaj, Đuro Daničić, and a few some exx. of lexical differences btw. S and C:
other Croatian writers abandon the local
jul vs. srpanj (← srp)
Čakavian-based norm and adopt Štokavian as
the new standard oktobar vs. listopad (← list, padati)
1850: Serbian and Croatian linguists sign the fabrika vs. tvornica (← tvoriti)
Vienna Literary Agreement settling on Štok. as muzika vs. glazba (← glas)
the base for a common SC literary language
advokat vs. odvjetnik (← odvjet?)
both Roman 'gajevica' & Cyrillic 'vukovica', the
fudbal vs. nogomet (← noga, metati)
ekavian & ijekavian pronunciation norms, and
lexical differences are recognized as admissible
Glagoljica in Croatia Glagoljica in Croatia
Hrvoje’s Missal (1404) & Prince Novak’s
the Baška Tablet (Bašćanska ploča), ca. 1100; found: Baška, Krk island, Missal (1368) sources:
Croatia source: http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/baska.html http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/et03.html
http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lika.html#novak
7
8. 10/11/2012
the first printed Glagolitic the Zagreb Cathedral
book (Missal), 1483, Croatia
source:
http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/
et03.html source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet
phonology
multiple palatal/palatalized consonants ("soft")
consonants:
some salient characteristics P. koń, BCS konj (коњ), R. конь (vs. R. кон)
of Slavic languages minimal pair! /n/ and /nj/ are contrastive!)
postalveolar sibilants: š [ʃ], ž [ʒ]
(a sketch of Slavic typology) Cz. šiška, žába; R. шишка, жаба
+ multiple affricates: ʒ' [dzj], c' [tsj], č [tʃ]
Cz. čas, celý; R. час, целый; OCS ʒělo
8
9. 10/11/2012
phonology phonology
some "funny" vowels: late Proto-Slavic and early historical Slavic (OCS,
ě (yat') ― [æ], [ie] (depending on the lg.) Old Russ., etc.) were characterized by
y [ɨ] 1. law of open syllables (syllables should be open)
+ nasal vowels (OCS + P.): OCS mǫžь, P. mąż Old Russ. ратьникъ [ra.tĭ.nji.kŭ]
> R. ратник [rat.njik]
multiple morphophonemic alternations
k:č, k:c, g:ž, x:š, s:š, o:a:
2. syllabic synharmony (syllables should be
synharmonic: i.e., every sound within a syllable
R. просить : спрашивать should have the same 'tonality' – high or low)
U. рука : в руцi P. ręka : w ręce Old Russ. поѥши [pɔ.jɛ.ʃi]
OCS rek-ǫ, reč-eši, rě-xъ, rьc-i, rok-ъ > R. поёшь [pǝ.jɔʃ ]
prosody morphology
rich inflectional morphology (many morphological
free and mobile stress (minus West Slavic + M.):
contrasts expressed by suffixes + endings):
cf. R. головá : гóлову : голóв;
robust case systems (NSl., SWSl.)
ношý : нóсишь two adjective forms (short + long)
pitch accent (Proto-Slavic + BCS): two-three numbers, three genders…
acute, circumflex ― inherited from BSl., many tenses (SESl.)
three moods
cf. Lithuanian!
verb aspects (perfective + imperfective)
vowel quantity/length (BCS + Cz.); uni-/multidirectional (aka determinate/indeterm.)
lost or transformed to vowel height
verbs: R. нести : носить; лететь : летать,
elsewhere (e.g., P. ó, P. dial. å, ė, R. dial ô)
Cz. nést : nosit, letět : létat; P. lecieć : latać)
9
10. 10/11/2012
morphology syntax
"free" word order (the word order is determined
multiple noun + verb classes:
by pragmatic factors such as topic and focus)
P. gen. brat-a vs. siostr-y
"scrambling" (in the sense discontinuity of
P. inst. brat-em vs. siostr-ą
constituents resulting in a crossing of lines in the
R. 2.sg. pres. нес-ёшь vs. нос-ишь tree structure!)
"fusional" (endings may carry multiple functions):
R. в (его) дом-ах 'in (his) houses'
vs. Tatar торак-лар-(ын)-да 'idem'
or Georg. sakhl-eb-ši 'in houses' новую книгу читаю новую читаю книгу
syntax syntax
but not so free within constituents (e.g., within examples of clitics (Bg.):
NPs):
Вчера Петко ми го даде.
R. человек слова (noun + adnominal genitive) yesterday Petko me.DAT it gave
R. честный человек (modifier + head noun)
Ти си му ги показвал.
not so free in general in Bg. and M.! you have him.DAT them shown
outright restricted so far as clitics are concerned Си му гиi дал ли паритеi?
have.2.SG. him.DAT them given Q money.THE
complex systems of (verb-adjacent) pronominal +
verbal auxiliary clitics in WSl.+SSl. (obj. doubling!)
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syntax
extensive agreement system
subject/verb AGR: дети читают
noun/modifier AGR: новую книгу
genitive of negation: R. они не едят мяса
finite subordinated (embedded) clauses
introduced by a clause-initial conjunctions
participles may be used for relative clauses
WSl. + SSl. are largely null subject languages (but
again, ESl. which happen to lack overt present
tense copula are not)
writing Slavic down
what are the difficulties?
more sounds than there are Rom. characters
problematic areas:
Slavic alphabets
marking "soft" (palatalized/palatal cons.)
"(ortho)graphic" strategies rendering postalveolars: š [ʃ], ž [ʒ]
rendering affricates: ʒ' [dzj], c' [tsj], č [tʃ ]…
some vowels: jers, jat', /ɨ/, nasal vowels
+ prosodic features (length, pitch, etc.)
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writing Slavic down writing Slavic down
Freising Fragments, Old Slovene (late 10th c. AD) Freising Fragments, Old Slovene (late 10th c. AD)
Eccę bi detd nas ne zegresil te u veku Ešče bi děd(ъ) naš ne sъgrěšil(ъ) tъ vъ věku
gemu be siti starosti ne prigemlióki jemu by žiti starosti ne prijьml'ǫči
writing Slavic down
Freising Fragments, Old Slovene (late 10th c. AD)
'If our forefather had not sinned, he would have
lived forever without growing old'
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writing Slavic down writing Slavic down
Glagolitic: Cyrillic: Glagolitic: Cyrillic:
¶ = ž [ʒ] ¶ ¶ = ž [ʒ] ¶
È = š [ʃ] È È = š [ʃ] È °=Α
Ç = č [tʃ] Y Ç = č [tʃ] Y ²=Β
Î = c [ts] Æ Î = c [ts] Æ ³=Γ
@ = ě [æ] or [ie] @ the rest are Greek @ = ě [æ] or [ie] @ ´=Δ
’ = ę [ɛ̃] ’ = ę [ɛ̃] ¸=Η
™ = ǫ [ɔ̃] ™ ™ = ǫ [ɔ̃] ™ ¿=Π
Ê = ъ [ʊ̆ ] Ê Ê = ъ [ʊ̆ ] Ê Ä=Φ
Ì = ь [ɪ ̆] Ì Ì = ь [ɪ ̆] Ì Å=Χ etc.
Ë (ъ + i) = y [ɨ] or [ɯ] Ë (ъ + i) Ë (ъ + i) = y [ɨ] or [ɯ] Ë (ъ + i)
marking post-alveolar cons. marking "softness"
the post-alveolar affricates and sibilants Czech:
inherited from Proto-Slavic: *š *ž *č *šč t' d' Ť Ď ň Ň d'ábel, kůň, daň, daňový ráj [ɲɔ]
Russian: ш ж ч [tɕ] щ [ɕtɕ] > [ɕ:] but necitlivý vs. něco [ɲɛ]; dým vs. dimenze [ɟi]
Bulgarian: ш ж ч щ [ɕtɕ] > [ɕt] > [ʃt] Polish (+ Sorbian/Lusatian):
BCS Cyrillic: ш ж ч [tʃ] шт + ћ [tɕ] ђ [dʑ] џ nie wiem [ɲɛ vjɛm]; konia [kɔɲɑ]
BCS Roman: š ž č št + ć đ dž koń [kɔɲ]; coś [tsɔsj] > [tsɔɕ] (laminal palatalized)
Czech: š ž č št' Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian:
Polish: sz [ʂ] ż/rz [ʐ] cz [tʂ] szcz [ʂtʂ] + dż [dʐ] konj, коњ (н + ь) [ɲ]; zemlja, земља (л + ь) [ʎ]
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marking "softness" marking prosodic features
Russian лог [lɔk] лёг [ljɔk] stress, pitch, and vowel quantity (length):
лук [luk] люк [ljuk] Czech á é í ú ů: pták chléb úraz kůň můj vozů
сэр [sɛr] сер [sjɛr] Polish ó + dial. å ė: mój ptåk chlėb
Slovak Í ŕ (long syllabic liquids): stÍp, vŕba
мат [mɑt] мят [mjɑt]
BCS stress + quantity + pitch
are C and C' distinct sounds or positional variants ȁ ȍ … = short falling grȁd mȍra pȁs lȕk
(allophones) of the same phoneme? ȃ ȏ … = long falling grȃd mȏra pȃs lȗk
/ __ С,# кон [kɔn] конь [kɔnj] коньки à ò … = short rising kòsa mòra
дан дань á ó … = long rising Kósa móra
why not mark palatalization on consonants?!! ā ō … = long unstressed (flat intonation)
writing the 'funny' vowels two transliterations systems
*y [ɨ]:
merged with i everywhere (except P., R., B.)
the "linguistic" system vs. the LOC system
nasal vowels:
OCS ѧ ѫ: пѧть дѫбъ Cyrillic ш ж ч ц х я ю е э й ъ ь
Pol. (i)ę (i)ą: pięć dąb
but Cz. pět dub, BCS pȇt dȗb, R. пять дуб 'linguistic' š ž č c x ja ju e è j " '
*ě [æ]/[ie]:
LOC sh zh ch ts kh ia iu e ė ĭ " '
merged w. 'a, e, i (miasto město mȅsto mȉsto)
distinct in R. dial ê, U. i, Jek. BCS (i)je (mjȅsto)
*ь *ъ:
'fell' everywhere (vocalized or dropped)
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