The skull is formed from two sets of bones - the cranium and facial bones. The cranium contains and protects the brain, while the facial bones provide the framework of the face. There are 22 skull bones total, including 8 cranial bones that form the cranium and 14 facial bones. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that support the upper body and protect the spinal cord. Vertebrae are characterized by their bodies, vertebral foramina, and processes like the spinous and transverse processes. The skull and vertebral column are complex bony structures that protect the brain and spinal cord.
QUICK guide to Skeletal System- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
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QUICK guide to Skeletal System- Dr Gurjant Singh (PT)Dr. Gurjant Singh
So you have read well about human skeletal system and now just want to revise or go through it quickly? Here is the perfect one for you
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It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By, M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
It is skeletal system of human body in detail description. In this ppt gives axial skeleton of body cranium thoracic cage and Vertibral coloumn . i gave structure and function of the bone , parts of axial skeleton with diagram
Vertibrae By M Thiru murugan MSc Nursingthiru murugan
Vertebral Column
By, M. Thiru murugan
Vertebral column:
The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
Each vertebra is separated by a disc called intervertebral disc
The vertebrae surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into segments, each containing a pair of spinal nerves that send messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Many spinal nerves extend beyond the conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord) to form a bundle of nerves called the cauda equina.
The vertebral column is made up 26
Cervical vertebrae: These 7 bones are found in the head and neck.
Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
Lumbar vertebrae: These 5 bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum (5) and coccyx (4) are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting.
Parts of the vertebrae:
The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar.
The vertebrae of the sacrum & coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently.
2 special vertebrae are the atlas (cervical 1) and axis (cervical 2), on which the head rests.
A typical vertebra consists of 2 parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral body: Vertebral body is the thick oval segment of bone forming the front of the vertebra also called the centrum. The cavity of the vertebral body consists of cancellous bone tissue and is encircled by a protective layer of compact bone.
The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen.
The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles & a pair of laminae, and supports 7 processes (4 articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
4 articular process: 2 articular process for above vertebrae & 2 articular process for ribs.
2 transverse processes and 1spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body.
The spinous process comes out the back, The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
Above & below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible
In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
The first two cervical spine are unique in shape and function.
first vertebra (C1), also called the atlas, The atlas holds head upright.
The second vertebra (C2), also called the axis, allows the atlas to rotation of head.
Functions:
Protecting spin
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
formed by two sets of bones;
Cranium:(Larger, postero-superior part)
• contains and protects the brain,
• provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles.
Facial :(Smaller, antero-inferior part)
• Provides framework of face, sense organs and teeth
• Provides openings for the passage of air and food
• Anchor the facial muscles of expression
o Bones are joined by sutures,
o Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint,
3. SKULL BONES
• 22 BONES
I. 8 CRANIAL
II. 14 FACIAL
• ASSOCIATED BONES
4.
5. • Single bones(4): include
Frontal bone ,
Ethmoid bone ,
Sphenoid bone ,
Occipital bone.
• Paired bones (4): include
Temporal bones,
Parietal bones,
• Middle Ear Ossicles (6)
Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)
Bones of cranium / Calvaria (8)
6. Facial Bones(14)
• Single bones (2) include
I. Mandible,
II. Vomer,
• Paired bones (12): include
I. Maxilla,
II. Nasal bone,
III. lacrimal bone,
IV. palatine bone,
V. zygomatic bone,
VI. inferior nasal concha.
o Hyoid bone.
15. • Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!
• Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal
a “mind memory”and / or “Learning aid”.
18. Vertebral column
• It is supporting structure
• It transmit upper body load to lower limb
• Contain spinal cord
• Consist of 33 vertebrae
– Cervical 7
– Thoracic 12
– Lumber 5
– Sacral 5
– Coccyx 4
19.
20.
21.
22. characteristics of vertebrae
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• 7 processes
– 1 spinous process
– 2 transvers process
– 4 articular process or facets
• Two inferior
• Two superior
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. • Pedicles
• laminae
• Superior and inferior vertebra noches or facets
• Intervertebral foramina
28. Characteristics of a typical cervical vertebrae
• 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th cervical vertebre
• Foramina transversarum
• Spinous process is bifid
• Body small and broad side to side
• Vertebral foramina is triangular and large
29.
30. Atypical cervical vetbrae
• 1st cervical vertebrae no body and spinous process. Had
superior and inferior articulation surface
• 2nd cervical vertebrae had odontoid process
• 7th cervical vertebrae Had large spinous process not bifid.
Small foramina transversarum.
40. Sacrum
• Concave anteriorly
• Superiorly articulate with 5th lumber vertebrae
• Inferiorly with coccyx
• Laterally with ilium to form sacroiliac joint.
• Sacral promontary( the inwardly projecting anterior part of the body of
the first sacral vertebra)
• Sacral canal formed by sacral foramina of sacral vertebrae
• Lumbo sacral angle
• intervertebral foramina for sacral nerves.
• Sacrum is wider proportion to its length in female than male.
41.
42.
43. Coccyx
• Four in number
• Fuse each other.
• Only had bodies.
• 1st coccyx had transvers process called cornua.
