1. The document outlines the key topics and concepts covered in a 6-week data structures and algorithms course, including common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, binary trees, and graphs.
2. It provides details on different types of data structures, operations, advantages and disadvantages of each structure. Example applications are also discussed.
3. The reasons for choosing to learn data structures and algorithms are given as preparing for other programming languages and computer science topics, learning algorithm design, and gaining practical knowledge through live video lectures.
This document discusses different file organization structures including sequential, random access, indexed sequential, and partially and fully indexed files. It provides definitions of key concepts and compares the structures in terms of data entry order, duplicate records, access speed, availability of keys, storage location, and frequency of use. Logical and physical data organization and updating sequential files are also covered.
This document discusses different methods for organizing and indexing data stored on disk in a database management system (DBMS). It covers unordered or heap files, ordered or sequential files, and hash files as methods for physically arranging records on disk. It also discusses various indexing techniques like primary indexes, secondary indexes, dense vs sparse indexes, and multi-level indexes like B-trees and B+-trees that provide efficient access to records. The goal of file organization and indexing in a DBMS is to optimize performance for operations like inserting, searching, updating and deleting records from disk files.
Introductiont To Aray,Tree,Stack, QueueGhaffar Khan
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines key terminology related to data structures like entities, fields, records, files, and primary keys. It also describes common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Finally, it discusses basic concepts in algorithms like control structures, complexity analysis, and examples of searching algorithms like linear search and binary search.
A Data Warehouse is a collection of integrated, subject-oriented databases designed to support decision-making. It contains non-volatile data that is relevant to a point in time. An operational data store feeds the data warehouse with a stream of raw data. Metadata provides information about the data in the warehouse.
This document introduces data structures and their classifications. It defines data structure as a structured way of organizing data in a computer so it can be used efficiently. Data structures are classified as simple, linear, and non-linear. Linear structures like arrays, stacks, and queues store elements in a sequence while non-linear structures like trees and graphs have non-sequential relationships. The document discusses common operations on each type and provides examples of different data structures like linked lists, binary trees, and graphs. It concludes by noting data structures should be selected based on the nature of the data and requirements of operations.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as a way of organizing data so that it can be used efficiently. The document then discusses basic terminology, why data structures are important, how they are studied, and how they are classified as simple or compound, and linear or non-linear. It proceeds to describe common data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs, and how they support basic operations. The document concludes by discussing how to select an appropriate data structure based on the problem constraints and required operations.
A stack is a data structure where items can only be inserted and removed from one end. The last item inserted is the first item removed (LIFO). Common examples include stacks of books, plates, or bank transactions. Key stack operations are push to insert, pop to remove, and functions to check if the stack is empty or full. Stacks can be used to implement operations like reversing a string, converting infix to postfix notation, and evaluating arithmetic expressions.
This document discusses different file organization structures including sequential, random access, indexed sequential, and partially and fully indexed files. It provides definitions of key concepts and compares the structures in terms of data entry order, duplicate records, access speed, availability of keys, storage location, and frequency of use. Logical and physical data organization and updating sequential files are also covered.
This document discusses different methods for organizing and indexing data stored on disk in a database management system (DBMS). It covers unordered or heap files, ordered or sequential files, and hash files as methods for physically arranging records on disk. It also discusses various indexing techniques like primary indexes, secondary indexes, dense vs sparse indexes, and multi-level indexes like B-trees and B+-trees that provide efficient access to records. The goal of file organization and indexing in a DBMS is to optimize performance for operations like inserting, searching, updating and deleting records from disk files.
Introductiont To Aray,Tree,Stack, QueueGhaffar Khan
This document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It defines key terminology related to data structures like entities, fields, records, files, and primary keys. It also describes common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Finally, it discusses basic concepts in algorithms like control structures, complexity analysis, and examples of searching algorithms like linear search and binary search.
A Data Warehouse is a collection of integrated, subject-oriented databases designed to support decision-making. It contains non-volatile data that is relevant to a point in time. An operational data store feeds the data warehouse with a stream of raw data. Metadata provides information about the data in the warehouse.
This document introduces data structures and their classifications. It defines data structure as a structured way of organizing data in a computer so it can be used efficiently. Data structures are classified as simple, linear, and non-linear. Linear structures like arrays, stacks, and queues store elements in a sequence while non-linear structures like trees and graphs have non-sequential relationships. The document discusses common operations on each type and provides examples of different data structures like linked lists, binary trees, and graphs. It concludes by noting data structures should be selected based on the nature of the data and requirements of operations.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as a way of organizing data so that it can be used efficiently. The document then discusses basic terminology, why data structures are important, how they are studied, and how they are classified as simple or compound, and linear or non-linear. It proceeds to describe common data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, and graphs, and how they support basic operations. The document concludes by discussing how to select an appropriate data structure based on the problem constraints and required operations.
A stack is a data structure where items can only be inserted and removed from one end. The last item inserted is the first item removed (LIFO). Common examples include stacks of books, plates, or bank transactions. Key stack operations are push to insert, pop to remove, and functions to check if the stack is empty or full. Stacks can be used to implement operations like reversing a string, converting infix to postfix notation, and evaluating arithmetic expressions.
This document discusses stacks and queues as abstract data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) order, adding and removing elements from one end. Queues follow FIFO (first in first out) order, adding to one end (rear) and removing from the other (front). The document provides examples of stack and queue applications and implementations using arrays.
This document provides an overview of stacks as a data structure in Python. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows LIFO (last in, first out) ordering where elements can only be added or removed from one end, called the top. Examples of real-world applications of stacks are given such as undo operations, call logs, and media playlists. The basic stack operations of push, pop, isEmpty are described. Lists in Python can be used to implement a stack by using the append() and pop() methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate push and pop operations on a stack.
This document discusses stacks, which are non-linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have operations like push and pop that insert and remove elements from the top of the stack. Pushing adds an element and increments the top pointer, while popping removes an element and decrements the top pointer. Stacks have applications in expression evaluation, memory management, and recursion. The document provides algorithms and code examples for implementing push and pop operations on a stack.
This document discusses data structures and their applications. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, attribute, field, record, and file. It explains that a data structure is a logical organization of data that specifies the data elements and operations that can be performed on them. Common operations include traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting. The choice of data structure depends on how frequently certain operations will be performed. Real-life data manipulation requires storage, retrieval, and transformation of user data.
Breadth First Search & Depth First SearchKevin Jadiya
The slides attached here describes how Breadth first search and Depth First Search technique is used in Traversing a graph/tree with Algorithm and simple code snippet.
Data wrangling involves transforming raw data into a usable format through processes like merging data sources, identifying and removing gaps/errors, and structuring data. The main steps of data wrangling are discovery, structuring, cleaning, enriching, validating, and publishing. Data wrangling is important because it ensures data is reliable before analysis, improving insights and reducing risks from faulty data. It typically requires significant time and resources but yields major benefits like improved data usability, integration, and analytics. Common tools for data wrangling include Excel, OpenRefine, Tabula, Google DataPrep, and Data Wrangler.
Data Warehouse – Introduction, characteristics, architecture, scheme and modelling, Differences between operational database systems and data warehouse.
The document discusses binary trees and their representations and operations. It defines binary trees as trees where each node has at most two child nodes. It also defines complete binary trees as trees where every node has two children except leaf nodes. The document discusses array and linked representations of binary trees and various traversal operations like preorder, inorder and postorder traversals. It also provides code snippets for inserting and deleting nodes from a binary tree.
The key components of a data warehouse are the source data component, data staging component, data storage component, information delivery component, meta-data component, and management and control component. The source data component includes production data, internal data, archived data, and external data. The data staging component involves extracting, transforming through processes like handling synonyms and homonyms, and loading the data. The information delivery component provides access and reports to different user types from novice to senior executives.
File organization determines how data is arranged and addressed on storage devices to facilitate access. There are two main types - fixed and variable length records. Fixed length records store all records of the same size, making insertion and deletion simple. Variable length records have different sizes, and can be implemented via byte strings or fixed length representations using anchor and overflow blocks. Indexing uses an index table to determine record locations, improving access speed over sequential scanning. Common index types are ordered and hashed indexes.
A look back at how the practice of data science has evolved over the years, modern trends, and where it might be headed in the future. Starting from before anyone had the title "data scientist" on their resume, to the dawn of the cloud and big data, and the new tools and companies trying to push the state of the art forward. Finally, some wild speculation on where data science might be headed.
Presentation given to Seattle Data Science Meetup on Friday July 24th 2015.
The document discusses stacks, which are a fundamental data structure used in programs. It defines a stack as a linear list of items where additions and deletions are restricted to one end, called the top. Common stack operations include push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks have applications in parsing expressions, reversing strings, implementing depth-first search algorithms, and calculating arithmetic expressions in prefix and postfix notation. Stacks can be implemented using static arrays or dynamic arrays/linked lists.
This document discusses elementary data organization, including primitive and non-primitive data types, data structures, and common data structure operations. It defines data as values assigned to entities, and information as meaningful, processed data. Primitive data types directly supported by machines are listed. Non-primitive data types require additional processing. Data structures arrange data in memory and include common examples like arrays and linked lists. Operations on data structures include traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging. Data structures are classified as linear or non-linear based on how elements are arranged.
Data Mining, KDD Process, Data mining functionalities, Characterization,
Discrimination ,
Association,
Classification,
Prediction,
Clustering,
Outlier analysis, Data Cleaning as a Process
Indexing and hashing are crucial techniques for efficiently finding and accessing data in databases. There are various types of indices such as ordered, hash, dense, sparse, and multilevel indices that each have their own tradeoffs regarding speed, space usage, and ease of updates. B-tree and B+-tree data structures provide fast indexed access while also efficiently handling updates. Hashing techniques like static, dynamic, and extendable hashing map data to buckets through hash functions but require mechanisms like overflow chaining to handle collisions. The most appropriate technique depends on factors like the query types and frequencies of data access, insertion, and deletion.
The key steps in developing a data warehouse can be summarized as:
1. Project initiation and requirements analysis
2. Design of the architecture, databases, and applications
3. Construction by selecting tools, developing data feeds, and building reports
4. Deployment including release and training
5. Ongoing maintenance
This document provides a summary of questions and answers related to data structures from Anna University regulation papers from 2008 to 2013. It covers topics like linear data structures (lists, stacks, queues), non-linear data structures (trees), and abstract data types. The document is compiled by Dr. P. Subathra and contains questions from various regulation years with detailed explanations and examples for each question.
The document discusses heap trees, including their definition, representation, operations, and applications. It defines a heap tree as a complete binary tree where the value of each parent node is greater than or equal to its children (for max heaps) or less than or equal (for min heaps). Heap trees can be represented using an array. Common operations are insertion, deletion, and merging. Key applications include sorting algorithms like heapsort and implementing priority queues.
This document provides an overview of YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), the resource management system for Hadoop. It describes the key components of YARN including the Resource Manager, Node Manager, and Application Master. The Resource Manager tracks cluster resources and schedules applications, while Node Managers monitor nodes and containers. Application Masters communicate with the Resource Manager to manage applications. YARN allows Hadoop to run multiple applications like Spark and HBase, improves on MapReduce scheduling, and transforms Hadoop into a distributed operating system for big data processing.
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
This document discusses stacks and queues as abstract data structures. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) order, adding and removing elements from one end. Queues follow FIFO (first in first out) order, adding to one end (rear) and removing from the other (front). The document provides examples of stack and queue applications and implementations using arrays.
This document provides an overview of stacks as a data structure in Python. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows LIFO (last in, first out) ordering where elements can only be added or removed from one end, called the top. Examples of real-world applications of stacks are given such as undo operations, call logs, and media playlists. The basic stack operations of push, pop, isEmpty are described. Lists in Python can be used to implement a stack by using the append() and pop() methods. Examples are provided to demonstrate push and pop operations on a stack.
This document discusses stacks, which are non-linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Stacks have operations like push and pop that insert and remove elements from the top of the stack. Pushing adds an element and increments the top pointer, while popping removes an element and decrements the top pointer. Stacks have applications in expression evaluation, memory management, and recursion. The document provides algorithms and code examples for implementing push and pop operations on a stack.
This document discusses data structures and their applications. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, attribute, field, record, and file. It explains that a data structure is a logical organization of data that specifies the data elements and operations that can be performed on them. Common operations include traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting. The choice of data structure depends on how frequently certain operations will be performed. Real-life data manipulation requires storage, retrieval, and transformation of user data.
Breadth First Search & Depth First SearchKevin Jadiya
The slides attached here describes how Breadth first search and Depth First Search technique is used in Traversing a graph/tree with Algorithm and simple code snippet.
Data wrangling involves transforming raw data into a usable format through processes like merging data sources, identifying and removing gaps/errors, and structuring data. The main steps of data wrangling are discovery, structuring, cleaning, enriching, validating, and publishing. Data wrangling is important because it ensures data is reliable before analysis, improving insights and reducing risks from faulty data. It typically requires significant time and resources but yields major benefits like improved data usability, integration, and analytics. Common tools for data wrangling include Excel, OpenRefine, Tabula, Google DataPrep, and Data Wrangler.
Data Warehouse – Introduction, characteristics, architecture, scheme and modelling, Differences between operational database systems and data warehouse.
The document discusses binary trees and their representations and operations. It defines binary trees as trees where each node has at most two child nodes. It also defines complete binary trees as trees where every node has two children except leaf nodes. The document discusses array and linked representations of binary trees and various traversal operations like preorder, inorder and postorder traversals. It also provides code snippets for inserting and deleting nodes from a binary tree.
The key components of a data warehouse are the source data component, data staging component, data storage component, information delivery component, meta-data component, and management and control component. The source data component includes production data, internal data, archived data, and external data. The data staging component involves extracting, transforming through processes like handling synonyms and homonyms, and loading the data. The information delivery component provides access and reports to different user types from novice to senior executives.
File organization determines how data is arranged and addressed on storage devices to facilitate access. There are two main types - fixed and variable length records. Fixed length records store all records of the same size, making insertion and deletion simple. Variable length records have different sizes, and can be implemented via byte strings or fixed length representations using anchor and overflow blocks. Indexing uses an index table to determine record locations, improving access speed over sequential scanning. Common index types are ordered and hashed indexes.
A look back at how the practice of data science has evolved over the years, modern trends, and where it might be headed in the future. Starting from before anyone had the title "data scientist" on their resume, to the dawn of the cloud and big data, and the new tools and companies trying to push the state of the art forward. Finally, some wild speculation on where data science might be headed.
Presentation given to Seattle Data Science Meetup on Friday July 24th 2015.
The document discusses stacks, which are a fundamental data structure used in programs. It defines a stack as a linear list of items where additions and deletions are restricted to one end, called the top. Common stack operations include push, which adds an element to the top, and pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks have applications in parsing expressions, reversing strings, implementing depth-first search algorithms, and calculating arithmetic expressions in prefix and postfix notation. Stacks can be implemented using static arrays or dynamic arrays/linked lists.
This document discusses elementary data organization, including primitive and non-primitive data types, data structures, and common data structure operations. It defines data as values assigned to entities, and information as meaningful, processed data. Primitive data types directly supported by machines are listed. Non-primitive data types require additional processing. Data structures arrange data in memory and include common examples like arrays and linked lists. Operations on data structures include traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting, and merging. Data structures are classified as linear or non-linear based on how elements are arranged.
Data Mining, KDD Process, Data mining functionalities, Characterization,
Discrimination ,
Association,
Classification,
Prediction,
Clustering,
Outlier analysis, Data Cleaning as a Process
Indexing and hashing are crucial techniques for efficiently finding and accessing data in databases. There are various types of indices such as ordered, hash, dense, sparse, and multilevel indices that each have their own tradeoffs regarding speed, space usage, and ease of updates. B-tree and B+-tree data structures provide fast indexed access while also efficiently handling updates. Hashing techniques like static, dynamic, and extendable hashing map data to buckets through hash functions but require mechanisms like overflow chaining to handle collisions. The most appropriate technique depends on factors like the query types and frequencies of data access, insertion, and deletion.
The key steps in developing a data warehouse can be summarized as:
1. Project initiation and requirements analysis
2. Design of the architecture, databases, and applications
3. Construction by selecting tools, developing data feeds, and building reports
4. Deployment including release and training
5. Ongoing maintenance
This document provides a summary of questions and answers related to data structures from Anna University regulation papers from 2008 to 2013. It covers topics like linear data structures (lists, stacks, queues), non-linear data structures (trees), and abstract data types. The document is compiled by Dr. P. Subathra and contains questions from various regulation years with detailed explanations and examples for each question.
The document discusses heap trees, including their definition, representation, operations, and applications. It defines a heap tree as a complete binary tree where the value of each parent node is greater than or equal to its children (for max heaps) or less than or equal (for min heaps). Heap trees can be represented using an array. Common operations are insertion, deletion, and merging. Key applications include sorting algorithms like heapsort and implementing priority queues.
This document provides an overview of YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), the resource management system for Hadoop. It describes the key components of YARN including the Resource Manager, Node Manager, and Application Master. The Resource Manager tracks cluster resources and schedules applications, while Node Managers monitor nodes and containers. Application Masters communicate with the Resource Manager to manage applications. YARN allows Hadoop to run multiple applications like Spark and HBase, improves on MapReduce scheduling, and transforms Hadoop into a distributed operating system for big data processing.
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
Data Structures and algoithms Unit - 1.pptxmexiuro901
it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,it is about data structures and algorithms. this ppt has all data structures like linkedlist, trees, graph,
1. The document defines and provides examples of various data structures including lists, stacks, queues, trees, and their properties.
2. Key concepts covered include linear and non-linear data structures, common tree types, tree traversals, and operations on different data structures like insertion, deletion, and searching.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like binary search trees, tree representation and traversal methods.
In this you will learn about
1. Definitions
2. Introduction to Data Structures
3. Classification of Data structures
a. Primitive Data structures
i. int
ii. Float
iii. char
iv. Double
b. Non- Primitive Data structures
i. Linear Data structures
1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Stack
4. Queue
ii. Non Linear Data structures
1. Trees
2. Graphs
Which data structure is it? What are the various data structure kinds and wha...Tutort Academy
Data structures matter because they boost efficiency. Efficiency: By using the appropriate data structures, programmers can create code that runs faster and uses less memory. Reusability: By employing standard data structures, programmers can abstract the crucial operations that are carried out over numerous Data structures using libraries that are specific to Data Structures.
basics of data structure operations
Data structures are used to organize data efficiently to perform operations on large amounts of data. They include primitive structures like integers and floats, as well as linear structures like arrays, stacks, and queues and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include traversing, inserting, deleting, searching, and sorting data elements. Understanding which data structure to use for a given problem is important to write efficient programs as data volumes continue growing rapidly.
The document discusses height balanced binary trees. A height balanced binary tree is one where, for each node, the heights of the left and right subtrees differ by no more than 1. An AVL tree is a type of height balanced binary tree. The document provides an example of a height balanced tree that is not completely balanced. It also gives a formula to calculate the maximum number of nodes in a balanced binary tree of height h as 2h-1 - 1 internal nodes plus up to 2h leaf nodes.
The document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as collections of data organized in a way that allows efficient access and modification. Algorithms are sets of instructions to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Common categories of algorithms include sort, search, delete, insert, and update. Data structures can be classified as primitive, linear, or non-linear. Linear structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues while non-linear structures include trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are searching, insertion, deletion, traversing, sorting, and merging.
The document discusses linear and non-linear data structures. It defines a data structure as a way of organizing data to be used effectively. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists arrange data sequentially, allowing single traversal. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs arrange data hierarchically, requiring multiple traversals. Linear structures are easier to implement but use memory inefficiently, while non-linear structures use memory efficiently but are harder to implement. Examples and properties of various linear and non-linear data structures are provided.
The document discusses data structures and provides details about various types of data structures:
1) It describes linear and non-linear data structures, and lists arrays, stacks, queues, trees and graphs as examples.
2) It explains that primitive data structures like integers and characters are basic types directly used by machines, while non-primitive structures like arrays and lists are more sophisticated structures derived from primitive ones.
3) It provides details about common operations on data structures like creation, destruction, selection, updating, searching, sorting, splitting and merging.
This document introduces various data structures, including primitive structures like integers and characters, and non-primitive structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, graphs, and trees. It provides examples of how each structure organizes data and when each is useful, such as using linked lists when the data size is unknown and arrays are not flexible enough. The key advantages of linked lists over arrays for dynamic data are also summarized.
This document discusses data structures. It defines data as information stored in computers in various formats like numeric, non-numeric, and character. Data structures organize data in a way that allows for efficient operations. The simplest data structure is a variable, but arrays and structures allow storing multiple data. Linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists as well as non-linear ones like trees and graphs support insertion, deletion and other operations better than variables and arrays. Data structures are used in nearly all programs and software to efficiently store and manipulate customer, contact, and other user data.
This document introduces several common data structures used in computer science, including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. Arrays store a collection of elements of the same type in a linear order. Linked lists consist of nodes that contain data and links to other nodes, allowing efficient insertion and removal. Stacks and queues are linear data structures where elements can only be added or removed from one end, with stacks following last-in first-out order and queues following first-in first-out order. Trees store hierarchical relationships between elements, and graphs represent relationships between elements without a defined hierarchy.
1) Data structures provide a way to organize and store data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. They allow developers to design programs that solve complex problems and requirements.
2) There are two main types of data structures - linear and non-linear. Linear structures like arrays and linked lists store data sequentially while non-linear structures like trees and graphs connect data in other ways.
3) Common operations on data structures include adding, deleting, traversing, sorting, and searching for elements. Selecting an appropriate data structure depends on analyzing a problem's constraints and determining which operations must be supported.
This document discusses linear and non-linear data structures. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, and queues store elements sequentially. Static linear structures like arrays have fixed sizes while dynamic structures like linked lists can grow and shrink. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs store elements in a hierarchical manner. Common abstract data types (ADTs) include stacks, queues, and lists, which define operations without specifying implementation. Lists can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms.pdfAxmedcarb
Data structures provide an efficient way to store and organize data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. They allow programmers to handle data in an enhanced way, improving software performance. There are linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, and merging. Asymptotic analysis is used to define the time complexity of algorithms in the average, best, and worst cases.
This document discusses different data structures and their characteristics. It defines data structures as ways of organizing data that consider the relationships between data elements. Data structures are divided into primitive and non-primitive categories. Primitive structures like integers are directly supported by programming languages, while non-primitive structures like linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs are built from primitive types. Common operations on data structures include creation, selection, updating, searching, sorting, merging and deletion.
The document discusses key concepts related to data structures and algorithms. It defines data as values or sets of values that can be organized hierarchically into fields, records, and files. Entities have attributes that can be assigned values. Related entities form entity sets. Data structures organize data through fields, records, and files while supporting operations like searching, insertion, and deletion. Algorithms are step-by-step processes to solve problems in a finite number of steps. The efficiency of algorithms is measured by time and space complexity.
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. 1 | P a g e
Kiran Reddy Chagam
S. No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 06
2 Technology Learnt 07 - 24
3 Reason for choosing Data Structures and Algorithms 25
4 Conclusion 26
5 Bibliography 26
2. INTRODUCTION
What are Data Structures?
The data structure name indicates itself that organizing the data in memory. There are many ways of
organizing the data in the memory. A data structure is defined as a format for arranging, processing,
accessing, and storing data. Data structures are the combination of both simple and complex forms, all of
which are made to organise data for a certain use
The data structure is not any programming language like C, C++, java, etc. It is a set of
algorithms that we can use in any programming language to structure the data in the memory.
To structure the data in memory, 'n' number of algorithms were proposed, and all these algorithms are known
as Abstract data types. These abstract data types are the set of rules.
Here is the list of some of the common types of data structures in Java:
Array
Linked List
Stack
Queue
Binary Tree
Binary Search Tree
Heap
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3. Hashing
Graph
Here is the pictorial representation of types of data structures:
TECHNOLOGY LEARNT
It had 8 units which was further divided into chapters and then topics so during my whole 6-week
course I learned the following:
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4. Types of Data Structures
There are two types of data structures:
o Primitive data structure
o Non-primitive data structure
Primitive Data structure
The primitive data structures are primitive data types. The int, char, float, double, and pointer are the
primitive data structures that can hold a single value.
Non-Primitive Data structure
The non-primitive data structure is divided into two types:
o Linear data structure
o Non-linear data structure
Linear Data Structures – The elements arranged in a linear fashion are called Linear Data
Structures. Here, each element is connected to one other element only. Linear Data Structures are
as follows:
Arrays
o Single dimensional Array
o Multidimensional Array
Stack
Queue
Linked List
o Singly-linked list
o Doubly Linked list
o Circular Linked List
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5. In these data structures, one element is connected to only one another element in a linear form.
Non-Linear Data Structures – The elements arranged in a non-linear fashion are called Non-
Linear Data Structures. Here, each element is connected to n-other elements. Non-Linear Data
Structures are as follows:
Trees
o Binary Tree
o Binary Search Tree
o AVL Tree
o Red-Black Tree
Graph
Data structures can also be classified as:
o Static data structure: It is a type of data structure where the size is allocated at the
compile time. Therefore, the maximum size is fixed.
o Ex: Arrays
o Dynamic data structure: It is a type of data structure where the size is allocated at
the run time. Therefore, the maximum size is flexible.
o Ex: Binary Trees.
Major Operations
The major or the common operations that can be performed on the data structures are:
o Searching: We can search for any element in a data structure.
o Sorting: We can sort the elements of a data structure either in an ascending or
descending order.
o Insertion: We can also insert the new element in a data structure.
o Updation: We can also update the element, i.e., we can replace the element with
another element.
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6. o Deletion: We can also perform the delete operation to remove the element from the
data structure.
Array
An array is the simplest data structure where a collection of similar data elements
takes place and each data element can be accessed directly by only using its index
number. An array is a data structure for storing more than one data item that has a
similar data type. The items of an array are allocated at adjacent memory locations.
These memory locations are called elements of that array. The total number of
elements in an array is called length.
The details of an array are accessed about its position. This reference is
called index or subscript.
Array Advantages
Random access
Easy sorting and iteration
Replacement of multiple variables
Array Disadvantages
Size is fixed
Difficult to insert and delete
If capacity is more and occupancy less, most of the array gets wasted
Needs contiguous memory to get allocated
Array Applications
For storing information in a linear fashion.
Suitable for applications that require frequent searching.
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7. Linked List
Linked list data structure helps the required objects to be arranged in a linear order. It is a
collection of data elements, called nodes pointing to the next node by means of a pointer.
Linked list is used to create trees and graphs.
In linked list, each node consists of its own data and the address of the next node and forms a
chain.
Linked List Advantages
Dynamic in size
No wastage as capacity and size is always equal
Easy insertion and deletion as 1 link manipulation is required
Efficient memory allocation
Linked List Disadvantages
If head Node is lost, the linked list is lost
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8. No random access is possible
Linked List Applications
Suitable where memory is limited
Suitable for applications that require frequent insertion and deletion
Stack
A stack is a representation of nodes. There are two components to each node: data and
next (storing address of next node). Each node’s data portion contains the assigned value,
and its next pointer directs the user to the node that has the stack’s subsequent item. The
highest node in the stack is referred to as the top. A real-world stack allows operations at one
end only. For example, we can place or remove a card or plate from the top of the stack only.
Likewise, Stack ADT allows all data operations at one end only. At any given time, we can only
access the top element of a stack.
Features of Stack
Linear Data Structures using Java
Follows LIFO: Last In First Out
Only the top elements are available to be accessed
Insertion and deletion takes place from the top
E.g.: a stack of plates, chairs, etc
4 major operations:
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9. o push () – used to insert element at top
o pop () – removes the top element from stack
o isEmpty () – returns true is stack is empty
o peek () – to get the top element of the stack
All operation works in constant time i.e. O (1)
Stack Advantages
Maintains data in a LIFO manner
The last element is readily available for use
All operations are of O(1) complexity
Stack Disadvantages
Manipulation is restricted to the top of the stack
Not much flexible
Stack Applications
Recursion
Parsing
Browser
Editors
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10. Queue
What is Queue?
The queue is called an abstract data structure. Queue is an important structure for storing and
retrieving data and hence is used extensively among all the data structures. Queue, just like any
queue (queues for bus or tickets etc.) follows a FIFO mechanism for data retrieval which means
the data which gets into the queue first will be the first one to be taken out from it, the second one
would be the second to be retrieved and so on.
Features of Queue
Linear Data Structure
Follows FIFO: First In First Out
Insertion can take place from the rear end.
Deletion can take place from the front end.
E.g.: queue at ticket counters, bus station
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11. 4 major operations:
o enqueue () – used to insert element at top
o dequeue () – removes the top element from queue
o peekfirst() – to get the first element of the queue
o peeklast() – to get the last element of the queue
All operation works in constant time i.e., O (1)
Queue Advantages
Maintains data in FIFO manner
Insertion from beginning and deletion from end takes O(1) time
Queue Applications
Scheduling
Maintaining playlist
Interrupt handling
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12. Binary Trees
A binary tree is a hierarchical data structure in which each node has at
most two children generally referred as left child and right child.
Each node contains three components:
1. Pointer to left subtree
2. Pointer to right subtree
3. Data element
The topmost node in the tree is called the root. An empty tree is
represented by NULL pointer.
Binary Tree: Common Terminologies
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13. Root: Topmost node in a tree.
Parent: Every node (excluding a root) in a tree is connected by a
directed edge from exactly one other node. This node is called a
parent.
Child: A node directly connected to another node when moving
away from the root.
Leaf/External node: Node with no children.
Internal node: Node with atleast one children.
Depth of a node: Number of edges from root to the node.
Height of a node: Number of edges from the node to the deepest
leaf. Height of the tree is the height of the root.
Advantages of Trees
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14. Trees are so useful and frequently used, because they have some very
serious advantages:
Trees reflect structural relationships in the data.
Trees are used to represent hierarchies.
Trees provide an efficient insertion and searching.
Trees are very flexible data, allowing to move subtrees around with
minumum effort.
Types of Binary Trees (Based on Structure)
Rooted binary tree: It has a root node and every node has atmost
two children.
Full binary tree: It is a tree in which every node in the tree has
either 0 or 2 children.
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15. Perfect binary tree: It is a binary tree in which all interior nodes
have two children, and all leaves have the same depth or same level.
o A perfect binary tree with l leaves has n = 2l-1 nodes.
o In perfect full binary tree, l = 2h and n = 2h+1 - 1 where, n is
number of nodes, h is height of tree and l is number of leaf
nodes
Complete binary tree: It is a binary tree in which every level, except
possibly the last, is completely filled, and all nodes are as far left as
possible.
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16. o The number of internal nodes in a complete binary tree of n
nodes is floor(n/2).
Balanced binary tree: A binary tree is height balanced if it satisfies
the following constraints:
o The left and right subtrees' heights differ by at most one, AND
o The left subtree is balanced, AND
o The right subtree is balanced
An empty tree is height balanced.
o The height of a balanced binary tree is O(Log n) where n is
number of nodes.
Degenarate tree: It is a tree is where each parent node has only one
child node. It behaves like a linked list.
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17. Binary Search Tree
What is a Binary Search Tree?
The binary search tree is an advanced algorithm which is used to analyse the nodes,
branches and many more. The BST was developed using the architecture of a
fundamental binary search algorithm, allowing for quicker node lookups, insertions, and
removals.
Features of Binary Search Tree
A binary tree with the additional restriction
Restriction:
o The left child must always be less than the root node
o The right child must always be greater than the root node
Insertion, Deletion, Search is much more efficient than a binary tree
Binary Search Tree Advantages
Maintains order in elements
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18. Can easily find the min and max Nodes in the tree
In order, traversal gives sorted elements
Binary Search Tree Disadvantages
Random access is not possible
Ordering adds complexity
Binary Search Tree Applications
Suitable for sorted hierarchical data.
A binary search tree is a variation of normal binary trees. In this tutorial, we learned how to perform
insert and delete elements in a binary search tree. We also learned how to search for an element and
how to traverse the entire tree using the breadth-first and depth-first approaches. I hope you found this
tutorial helpful and learned something new.
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19. Graph
Graphs in data structures are non-linear data structures made up of a finite number of nodes or
vertices and the edges that connect them. Graphs in data structures are used to address real-world
problems in which it represents the problem area as a network like telephone networks, circuit
networks, and social networks. For example, it can represent a single user as nodes or vertices in a
telephone network, while the link between them via telephone represents edges.
Basically, it is a group of edges and vertices
Graph representation
o G (V, E); where V(G) represents a set of vertices and E(G)
represents a set of edges
The graph can be directed or undirected
The graph can be connected or disjoint
Graph Advantages
finding connectivity
Shortest path
min cost to reach from 1 pt to other
Min spanning tree
Graph Disadvantages
Storing graph (Adjacency list and Adjacency matrix) can lead to complexities
Graph Applications
Suitable for a circuit network
Suitable for applications like Facebook, LinkedIn, etc
Medical science
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21. REASON FOR CHOOSING Data Structures and Algorithms
All the above was part of my training during my summer break I specially choose the DSA
by Techvanto Academy for reasons stated below:
• Techvanto Academy is a good precursor to learning other programming languages
and Computer Science related Services
• One need to learn how to make algorithm of a real-life problem he/she is facing.
• It Live video lectures of all the topics from which one can easily learn. I prefer
learning Live rather than books and notes.
• It was a great opportunity for me to invest my time in learning instead of wasting it.
• It contained a lot of knowledge for such a reasonable price.
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22. CONCLUSION
Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in our books. For
this, we perform experiments and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in
every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that field so that he may solve
them and become a successful person.
After achieving the proper goal in life, an engineer has to enter in professional life.
According to this life, he has to serve an industry, may be public or private sector or self-own.
For the efficient work in the field, he must be well aware of the practical knowledge as well as
theoretical knowledge.
Due to all above reasons and to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our
Engineering curriculum provides a practical training of 45 days. During this period a
student work in the industry and get well all type of experience and knowledge
about the working of companies and hardware and software tools.
I have undergone my 45 days summer training in 5th
Sem at Techvanto Academy. This report is
based on the knowledge, which I acquired during my 45 days of summer training.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Techvanto Website https://techvantoacademy.com/
•Techvanto Academy DSA Course
https://techvantoacademy.com/#/courses/622f172253eb9fa232f68f1f
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