Microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are known largely for their versatility in terms of feasible geometries, making them applicable in many distinct circumstances. In this paper, a graphene-based tuneable single/array rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) utilizing an inset feed technique designed to function in multiple frequency bands are used in a fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications system. The tuneable antenna is used to eliminate the difficulties caused by the narrow bandwidths typically associated with MPAs. The graphene material has a reconfigurable surface conductivity that can be adjusted to function at the required value, thus allowing the required resonance frequency to be selected. The simulated tuneable antenna comprises a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips used for tuning purposes and is designed to cover a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna can be tuned directly by applying a direct current (DC) voltage to the graphene strips, resulting in a variation in the surface impedance of the graphene strips and leading to shifts in the resonance frequency.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
Simulation and optimization of a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenn...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a tuneable rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is simulated and optimized to operate in four frequency bands of the next generation of wireless communication systems. The proposed design incorporates a copper radiating patch with four implanted graphene strips for tuning purposes. The reconfigurable surface impedance of graphene can easily be altered by applying a DC voltage bias directly to the graphene strips, allowing the operating frequency of the antenna to be tuned as desired. The capability of the applied voltage to tune the operating frequency band of the proposed antenna is studied via computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS). Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are introduced in order to improve the radiation parameters of the antenna. The operating frequency band of the tuneable rectangular MPA increases directly as the applied DC voltage bias is increased. Based on the simulation results, a tuneable rectangular MPA placed between two FSSs is proposed for fifth-generation applications.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-arrayjournalBEEI
Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
Antenna array design with rectangular ring slot for 5G technologyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A patch antenna with rectangular-shaped ring slot that fed by a coaxial probe is proposed in this
article as the single element for planar patch array antenna design to meet the requirement of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) in fifth generation (5G) technology. Initially, the single antenna element is
designed at three different center frequencies of 0.85, 1.9 and 2.6 GHz to cover the mobile operating
frequency of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6 GHz, which considering the proposed 5G spectrum below than
6 GHz. The rectangular-shaped ring slot is introduced to the patch antenna with the partial ground plane to
widen the bandwidth performance. The designed single element is then arranged to design planar arrays
of 2x2. Each of elements in the planar array is fed by a coaxial probe. The designs are utilizing a
high-performance substrate, Rogers 6010LM.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Review paper on comparative analysis of microstripline and coaxial feeding te...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays’assisted Internet of Things (IoT) systems provide facility in order to overcome the large scale fading between source and sink. The full-duplex scheme enables wireless network to provide higher spectrum efficient technology. This paper analyses performance of two users which are served by new emerging non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Exact outage probability of such two users are derived and checked via Monte-Carlo simulation. These analytical results provide guideline to design UAV in real application. This paper provides a comprehensive study to examine impact of interference, fixed power allocation factors to system performance.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
Wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna design with double H s...journalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna with double H slots. The design is based on the idea of composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) technique. Bandwidth enhancement was achieved by utilizing series left-handed capacitor CL transmission line parameter. The design has several outstanding advantages which include efficient bandwidth to cover many lower Application bands with multi frequency operation characteristics. A comprehensive analysis and simulation were done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software to determine the performance and efficiency of the proposed antenna. From the result obtained, the antenna aquired bandwidth range which covered (2.3-5.2) GHz which is equivalent to 77% fractional bandwidth. The wideband antenna was reconfigured by using frequency reconfiguration technique. From the reconfiguration results, the antenna can be switch from wideband to two single bands which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz and to dual band which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz. The realized peak gain at 2.4 GHz is 2.28 dBi and 2.58 dBi for E and H field respectively. The maximum efficiency of 96% was obtained. The antenna can be use for WLAN, proposed lower 5G band and cognitive radio system for frequency sencing.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Magnetic resonance coupling for 5G WPT applicationsjournalBEEI
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) is the most popular and common technology for the resonance coupling power transfer. However, in 2007 it has experimentally demonstrated by a research group from Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) that WPT can be improved by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) in terms of the coupling distance and efficiency. Furthermore, by exploiting the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band which are ranging from 3~300 GHz frequency band, the next 5G generations of wireless networks will be able to support a higher number of devices with the increasing data rate, higher energy efficiency and also compatible with the previous technology. In this work, a square planar inductor with the dimension of 6.1 x 6.1 mm is designed, and the resonators have the same self-resonance frequency at 14 GHz. The coil resonators have been laid on Silicon and Oxide substrate to reduce the loss in the design. From the CST software simulation and the analytical model in MATLAB software, it has been shown that the MRC WPT design has improved the performance of IWPT design by 40% power transfer efficiency. MRC WPT design also has larger H-Field value which is 705.5 A/m, as compared to the IWPT design which has only 285.6 A/m when both Transmitter(Tx) and Reciever(RX) is at 0.3 mm coupling distance.
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Review paper on comparative analysis of microstripline and coaxial feeding te...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays’assisted Internet of Things (IoT) systems provide facility in order to overcome the large scale fading between source and sink. The full-duplex scheme enables wireless network to provide higher spectrum efficient technology. This paper analyses performance of two users which are served by new emerging non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Exact outage probability of such two users are derived and checked via Monte-Carlo simulation. These analytical results provide guideline to design UAV in real application. This paper provides a comprehensive study to examine impact of interference, fixed power allocation factors to system performance.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
Wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna design with double H s...journalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna with double H slots. The design is based on the idea of composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) technique. Bandwidth enhancement was achieved by utilizing series left-handed capacitor CL transmission line parameter. The design has several outstanding advantages which include efficient bandwidth to cover many lower Application bands with multi frequency operation characteristics. A comprehensive analysis and simulation were done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software to determine the performance and efficiency of the proposed antenna. From the result obtained, the antenna aquired bandwidth range which covered (2.3-5.2) GHz which is equivalent to 77% fractional bandwidth. The wideband antenna was reconfigured by using frequency reconfiguration technique. From the reconfiguration results, the antenna can be switch from wideband to two single bands which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz and to dual band which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz. The realized peak gain at 2.4 GHz is 2.28 dBi and 2.58 dBi for E and H field respectively. The maximum efficiency of 96% was obtained. The antenna can be use for WLAN, proposed lower 5G band and cognitive radio system for frequency sencing.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Magnetic resonance coupling for 5G WPT applicationsjournalBEEI
Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (IWPT) is the most popular and common technology for the resonance coupling power transfer. However, in 2007 it has experimentally demonstrated by a research group from Massachusets Institute of Technology (MIT) that WPT can be improved by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) in terms of the coupling distance and efficiency. Furthermore, by exploiting the unused, high-frequency mm-wave band which are ranging from 3~300 GHz frequency band, the next 5G generations of wireless networks will be able to support a higher number of devices with the increasing data rate, higher energy efficiency and also compatible with the previous technology. In this work, a square planar inductor with the dimension of 6.1 x 6.1 mm is designed, and the resonators have the same self-resonance frequency at 14 GHz. The coil resonators have been laid on Silicon and Oxide substrate to reduce the loss in the design. From the CST software simulation and the analytical model in MATLAB software, it has been shown that the MRC WPT design has improved the performance of IWPT design by 40% power transfer efficiency. MRC WPT design also has larger H-Field value which is 705.5 A/m, as compared to the IWPT design which has only 285.6 A/m when both Transmitter(Tx) and Reciever(RX) is at 0.3 mm coupling distance.
A rectangular tuneable ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip patch (MP) antenna based on a single sheet of graphene (SSG) is designed in this study. The antenna band can be tuned by applying a DC voltage bias perpendicular to the SSG at various values via adjusting the input impedance. The antenna has been analyzed by computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio (MWS) software using an FR4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm with a dielectric permittivity 휀푟= 4.4 and loss tangent tan = 0.02 fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line frequency. The design is compact since the antenna consists mostly of copper and the SSG. Graphene’s low weight, high flexibility, and strength make it more attractive than other semiconductor materials. Then, the study investigates the effects of applying the electrical characteristics of graphene to the antenna’s length, which varies with the ON and OFF states. This UWB MP antenna is also designed with notch characteristics so that it can reject undesired interference signals. Subsequently, this compact UWB MP antenna with tuneable resonance frequency is suitable for most wireless communication applications. The simulation results work in the 3.1 to 10 GHz range, as required for UWB technology.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
Design and Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication SystemsIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MIMO PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSIJCNCJournal
In this work, the circular array microstrip patch antenna (MPA) design is proposed for the 5G wireless
communication and the millimeter- wave frequency being utilized for this communication system to
enhance the coverage area. Here, the Multi Input Multi Output feeding technique is utilized to improve the
performance of the proposed design at a resonant frequency of 35 GHz with RT-Duroid 5880 material as
substrate. It has 2.2 dielectric constant value and the thickness is 0.5mm.The simulation analysis has
obtained the gain as 8.8dB and return loss as -41.9dB. Also, two MPA designs such as single element MPA
and 2x2 rectangular array MPA are designed to validate the proposed antenna design. A comparative
analysis has proved that the circular array MPA is preferable for the 5G wireless communication system
compared to the other two designs such as single element MPA and 2x2 rectangular array MPA.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
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Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Design compact microstrap patch antenna with T-shaped 5G applicationjournalBEEI
This paper is presents a microstrap patch with a T-shaped rectangular antenna workings; the T-shaped patch operating at 3.6 GHz resonating frequency range for 5G application (from 2.9 to 4.4 GHz) repectively. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 22×24×0.25 mm3; the feeding technique using a 50 Ω feed line to the antenna. The proposed antenna is printed on compact Rogers RT 588 lz substrate having permittivity (ɛr) 2.00, loss tangent (tan δ) 0.0021, with thikness 0.2 mm. The proposed antenna introducesmany advantages like small size, low profile, and simpler structure. The characteristics such as radiation pattern, reflection coefficient, gain, current distribution, and radiation efficiency are respectively presented and discussed, using CST microwave study in simulating and analysing. Introducing a slot with a rectangular T-shaped patch antenna achieved lower frequency with 98.474% radiation efficiency and peak gain of the proposed antenna at 2.52 dB. The fractional bandwidth is 42.81% (2.90 GHz to 4.48 GHz) with a resonant frequency of 3.6 GHz and return loss at 28.76 dB. This frequency band attributessuited 5 G mobile application.
A novel multi-resonant and wideband fractal antenna for telecommunication ap...IJECEIAES
This letter presents the design, simulation, and measurement of a novel multiband fractal circular antenna for wireless applications. In the antenna design, we used a circular antenna where we took a ring. Then, in the first iteration, we added a new ring divided into two of the same size. For the second iteration, we added a ring of the same size after dividing it into two halves. In the third iteration, we added the third ring of the same size after dividing it into four. Due to the resonator defection, we were able to reduce the size of the starting antenna from 60×70×2 mm3 to 50×50×1.6 mm3 , to get the frequency of 2.48 GHz, and we generated new bandwidths with a high gain that reaches 5.02 dB. The proposed antenna radiation characteristics, such as the impedance matching, the gain, the radiation pattern, and the surface current distribution are presented and discussed. We find that the simulated and measured results are in acceptable agreement and affirm the good performance of the proposed antenna. The results obtained affirm that the proposed fractal antenna is a better candidate for integration into wireless communication circuits.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A low cost miniaturized UWB microstrip antenna with dual notched band for X band and aeronautical radio navigation (ARN) is presented in this article. The antenna (19 16×"> 25 mm2) is composed of a half-circular ring as a radiation patch with an incomplete ground plane. The measured results indicate a fractional bandwidth of 112% for 16S11≤-"> 10 dB between 3 to 10.6 GHz. The dual notched band has been achieved by incorporating window shaped microstrip closed ring resonators at the rear surface of the designed structure. The first notch band is centered at 7.5 GHz (7 8.1 GHz) to reject interference with X-band downlink (7.25 to 7.74 GHz) and second band centered at 9.1 GHz (8.6 9.4 GHz) to reject interference with aeronautical radio navigation (ARN) (8.7 to 9.2 GHz). The simulated and measured return loss, radiation pattern, and gain shows good agreement which confirms the applicability of the designed antenna for the intended UWB applications.
Frequency Reconfiguration Mechanism of a PIN Diode on a Reconfigurable Antenn...IJECEIAES
Microstrip patch antennas are increasingly gaining popularity for usage in portable wireless system applications due to their light weight, low profile structure, low cost of production and robust nature. The patch is generally made of a conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shapes, but rectangular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. Microstrip patch antenna radiates due to the fringing fields between the patch edge and ground plane. In this work, a frequency reconfigurable antenna with a BAR63-02V Positive-IntrinsicNegative (PIN) diode is designed, simulated and fabricated. The antenna operates at 2.686GHz for Long-Term Evolution (LTE2500) and 5.164GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the OFF state, the antenna operates at 5.302GHz, which is also suitable for WLAN application. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a FR-4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant, ε r of 4.5, thickness, h of 1.6mm and loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019. The fabrication process is carried out at the Advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design Laboratory in UTHM.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
The outgrowth of transportable wireless communication devices has pushed designers to design miniature size antennas. The most prized among miniature antenna selections is that the microstrip patch antenna. In this paper, A wideband M-shaped microstrip patch antenna has been designed for wireless communications such as Radar, Satellite and Microwave communications etc. A substrate of low dielectric constant named Rogers RT5880 is selected to obtain a compact radiating structure that meets the demanding bandwidth specification. The designed antenna has a dimension of 28.9mm by 24.20mm. The reflection coefficient at the input of the optimized M-shaped microstrip patch antenna is below −10 dB. The measurement results are in excellent agreement with the Sonnet Suite simulation results to analyze the performance. Simulation results show that the impedance bandwidth is 48.78% of the center frequency. This Method of Moment based simulation software provides the results in terms of S11 parameter, Return Loss, VSWR, etc. which is quite useful to analyze the antenna performance. The proposed microstrip patch antenna is suitable for C-band communication. The Bandwidth obtained for C-band communications is greater than other existing M-shape microstrip patch antennas.
Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub antenna for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ultra wide band (UWB) antennas play a vital role in supporting different wireless standards and are suitable for wide variety of applications. This paper is aimed to present a novel UWB dual notch microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. The antenna is designed to operate in UWB ranging from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with multi band operation. This will help in operating the antenna for different operations independently. The proposed structure will operate in two notch bands 3.3-4 GHz (Wi-MAX), 5.05-5.9 GHz (WLAN) and the structure is suitable for long distance communications because of its increased directivity. The structure can also be used for X-Band applications for various applications of traffic control, weather forecasting and vehicle speed detection systems. It is observed that, the proposed structure is offering a gain of 5.2 dBi with improved directivity with a beam width of 42.230. This makes the antenna structure suitable for long distance satellite communications. The antenna is supporting the circular polarization at higher the frequencies and can be useful for the upcoming 5G mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed structure offers the less interference at the receiver. The structure is found to be smaller in dimensions, easily fabricated at low costs and can be integrated into any compact wireless devices. The structure is simulated using a commercially available software Ansys-HFSS and is analyzed.
Similar to Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna for fifth-generation applications based on graphene (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna ... (Hamzah M. Marhoon)
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Hence, wireless communications at 60 GHz have attracted growing interest for short-range, high-data-rate
applications recently. It is an alternative range, and many applications operate within this range, such as
wireless uncompressed HD streaming, Wi-Fi, fast transfers of huge files, high-resolution radars, and personal
networks [5, 6].
The tuneable antenna is designed in such a way that resonant frequency, operational bandwidth,
radiation pattern and/or polarization can be changed manually or automatically (via software) to adapt to
different services, system requirements and the environment. These procedures are generally performed using
micro or nano electromechanical systems, microcontrollers, electrical Radio Frequency (RF) switches such as
metal semiconductor field effect transistors, diode-based technologies such as P-type N-type insulator diodes,
varactors or tuneable materials [7]. Alternatively, graphene's tuneable surface impedance can also be put to
use in reconfigurable antennas. Graphene, a combined carbon sheet arranged in a hexagonal lattice in two
dimensionals (2Ds), allows multifunctionality in terms of signal emission, transmission, modulation,
and detection, and features broadband, high speed, compact size, and particularly low loss [8, 9].
Graphene material can be used in a tuneable antenna in such a manner that the conductivity of
the surface is changed by applying an external electrical field to the graphene sheet. The graphene admittance
is adjusted by applying a Direct Current (DC) voltage bias between the graphene sheet and the ground in
such a way that the ON and OFF states become high and low impedance, respectively, as illustrated in
Figure 1. This effect is used to vary the electrical dimension of the antennas and thus change the resonant
frequency as desired. However, graphene is not limited to being an alternative to a conventional RF switch;
it can also be used to make the radiating antenna itself. Graphene tuneable antennas have been mostly studied
in the infrared and terahertz frequencies, as graphene can significantly reduce the size of the antenna and
provide high antenna reconfigurability [10, 11].
Figure 1. Graphene-based tuneable antenna
In this work, the proposed design of the tuneable single rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
(MPA) and tuneable rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna (MPAA) provides a sufficient
reconfigurability range to compensate for the narrow bandwidth of Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs).
Since mm-wave antennas made entirely of graphene are expected to have low antenna efficiencies and small
reconfigurability ranges, the proposed design of the tuneable single rectangular MPA and rectangular MPAA
here uses a hybrid of copper and graphene to achieve reasonable antenna efficiency and antenna gain and an
acceptable tuneable frequency range. The organization of the paper can be summarized as follows: Section 2
provides a brief description of the rectangular MPA structure. Section 3 illustrates the simulation of
the antenna by using the MATLAB software to obtain antenna dimensions and the Computer Simulation
Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) to simulate a single rectangular MPA. Section 4 illustrates
the simulation and modeling procedure of the proposed design of graphene-based tuneable single rectangular
MPA. Section 5 illustrates the simulation procedure of the proposed design of graphene-based tuneable
rectangular MPAA. Section 6 illustrates the discussion of the obtained results from the time domain solver of
the CST-MWS after the completion of the design of the tuneable single rectangular MPA and the tuneable
rectangular MPAA. Finally, Section 7 illustrates concludes of this paper.
2. RECTANGULAR MPA
The basic construction of the single rectangular MPA is illustrated in Figure 2. The rectangular
MPA consists of a radiating patch with length (𝐿), width (𝑊), transmission line, and ground plane where are
typically made from copper. The radiating patch and the transmission line sit on top of a substrate with
thickness (ℎ) and permittivity (𝜀 𝑟) [12].
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Figure 2. Dimensions of the single rectangular MPA and feed line
3. ANTENNA DESIGN AND MODELING
In this paper, a tuneable single rectangular MPA and rectangular MPAA based on hybrid of copper
and graphene material are simulated and optimized for 5G applications. Table 1 sets the essential parameters
for designing a single rectangular MPA. In this work, the inset feeding technique is used to obtain the best
impedance between the antenna and the source of the electrical wave, where the input impedance of
the rectangular MPA inset-feed depends on the feed inset (𝑓𝑖) and, to some extent, the gap feed line spacing
(𝐺 𝑝𝑓). The resonant frequency shifts with the variation in 𝐺 𝑝𝑓, and the return loss of the antenna changes with
the variation in 𝑓𝑖 [13]. The ground plane, substrate, patch, and feed line dimensions of the simulated antenna
are summarized in Table 2, which has been produced with the help of MATLAB software and the following
equations [14, 15].
Table 1. Essential antenna parameters
Parameter Value
Operating frequency (𝑓𝑟) 60 GHz
Substrate dielectric constant (𝜀 𝑟) 2.1
Substrate height (h) 0.1 mm
Input impedance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 50 Ω
𝑊 =
𝑐
2𝑓𝑟√
(𝜀 𝑟+1)
2
(1)
𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝜀 𝑟+1
2
+
𝜀 𝑟−1
2
[1 + 12
ℎ
𝑊
]
−1
2
(2)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ
(𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓+0.3)[
𝑊
ℎ
+0.264]
(𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓−0.258)[
𝑊
ℎ
+0.8]
(3)
𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓=
𝑐
2𝑓𝑟√ 𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
(4)
𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 (5)
𝑓𝑖 =
cos−1(√
𝑍 𝑜
𝑅 𝑖𝑛
)
𝜋
𝐿
(6)
𝐵 =
377𝜋
2𝑍0√ 𝜀 𝑟
(7)
𝑊𝑓 =
2ℎ
𝜋
{𝐵 − 1 − ln(2𝐵 − 1) +
𝜀 𝑟−1
2𝜀 𝑟
[ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − (
0.61
𝜀 𝑟
)]} (8)
𝐿𝑓 = 3.96 × 𝑊𝑓 (9)
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna ... (Hamzah M. Marhoon)
5549
𝐺 𝑝𝑓 =
𝑐×4.65×10−9
𝑓𝑟√2𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
(10)
𝑊𝑠 = 2 × 𝑊 (11)
𝐿 𝑠 = 2 × 𝐿, (12)
Where 𝜀 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective dielectric constant, 𝜀 𝑟 is the dielectric constant of the substrate, ℎ is
the height of the dielectric substrate, 𝑊 is the width of the patch, 𝐿 𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective length, 𝐿 is the actual
patch length, ∆𝐿 is the length’s extension, 𝑍 𝑜 is equivalent to the feed line impedance, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 is the resonant
input resistance when the patch is fed at the radiating edge, 𝑊𝑓 is the feed line width, 𝐿 𝑓 is the feed line
length, 𝑊𝑠 is the width of the substrate, and 𝐿 𝑠 is the length of the substrate.
Table 2. Calculated antenna parameters
Parameter Value (mm)
Patch width (W) 2.008
Patch length (L) 1.6681
Substrate width (𝑊𝑆) 4.016
Substrate length (𝐿 𝑆) 3.3362
Feed line inset (𝑓𝑖) 0.58217
Feed line width (𝑊𝑓) 0.308
Feed line length (𝐿 𝑓) 1.21968
Patch feed line spacing (𝐺 𝑝𝑓) 0.0179
Once the parameter calculations are completed via the previous equations, the antenna simulation
process is started via the CST-MWS. Figure 3 illustrates the single rectangular MPA inside the CST-MWS.
In this work, the main aims of the optimization process are to enhance the overall antenna performance and
facilitates the antenna manufacturing process (the laser machine accuracy in manufacturing antennas is
0.08 mm [16]). Therefore, the optimization procedures for the antenna involve maximizing some parameters
and minimize some others by trial and error until the best results are reached. Table 3 summarizes
the optimized parameters for a single rectangular MPA.
Figure 3. Simulated single rectangular MPA inside the CST-MWS
Table 3. Parameter values achieved through the optimization process
Parameter Optimized Value (mm)
Patch width (W) 2
Patch length (L) 1.615
Substrate width (𝑊𝑆) 4
Substrate length (𝐿 𝑆) 3.23
Feed line inset (𝑓𝑖) 0.5
Feed line width (𝑊𝑓) 0.09
Feed line length (𝐿 𝑓) 1.8
Patch feed line spacing (𝐺 𝑝𝑓) 0.09
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4. GRAPHENE-BASED TUNEABLE SINGLE RECTANGULAR MPA
In order to demonstrate the use of graphene in a frequency reconfigurable antenna, the main design
studied is a rectangular hybrid MPA with a copper radiating patch with four graphene strips inserted inside it.
The first step of the design process is to choose the graphene strips’ locations within the antenna’s radiating
patch by monitoring the surface current distribution and select the locations of the reasonable current density.
The current density at the resonant frequency shows a greater amount of accumulated current on the radiating
patch, as illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The surface current of the antenna at the resonance frequency
The graphene strips act as a control switch to divert the current flow along with the radiating patch
of the antenna so that the effective length is larger or shorter than the physical length in the OFF or ON state,
respectively. The ON state signifies low graphene impedance (i.e. allows the current to flow through
the strip), and the OFF state signifies high graphene impedance (i.e. prevents the flow of the current through
the strip). The DC bias voltage (𝑉𝐵) can be applied directly through the feed port if the same value of 𝑉𝐵 is
desired for all graphene strips, allowing them all to be activated/deactivated at the same time. Alternatively,
a thin gap can be inserted between the radiating patch and the graphene strips to avoid a common DC bias
voltage across the antenna and allows each graphene strip to be activated and deactivated individually.
As a result, different DC bias voltages (i.e. 𝑉𝐵1 and 𝑉𝐵2) can be applied to each of the graphene strips using
individual DC bias lines [17]. In this work, the graphene strips are surrounded by copper. Hence,
that separate coaxial ports are required to apply a different value of 𝑉𝐵 to each graphene strip. Here, the first
approach in the antenna design is to use same 𝑉𝐵 for all graphene strips. In order to achieve practical values
for the ON and OFF surface impedances (𝑍𝑠 𝑂𝑁
and 𝑍𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
), the following equations are used [18-20].
𝑛 =
𝜀 𝑜 𝜀 𝑟 𝑉 𝑏
𝑑𝑞
(13)
𝜇 𝑐 = ℏ𝑣𝑓√ 𝑛𝜋 (14)
𝜏 𝑠 =
4ℏ2 𝜌 𝑚 𝑣 𝑝ℎ
2 𝑣 𝑓
√𝑛𝜋𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 𝐷2 (15)
𝜏𝑙 =
𝜇 𝑙 ℏ√𝑛𝜋
𝑞 𝑣 𝑓
(16)
𝑍𝑠 =
𝑗𝜋ℏ2(2𝜋𝑓𝑟(𝜏 𝑙 𝜏 𝑠)−𝑗(𝜏 𝑙+𝜏 𝑠))
𝑞2(𝜏 𝑙 𝜏 𝑠)[𝜇 𝑐+2𝑘 𝐵 𝑇𝑙𝑛(𝑒
−
𝜇 𝑐
𝑘 𝐵 𝑇+1)]
, (17)
Where 𝜏𝑙 is the scattering effect, 𝜏 𝑠 is the relaxation time, 𝜇𝑙 represents the electron mobility
(𝑚2
/𝑉𝑠), 𝜌 𝑚 = 7.6 × 10−7
is the 2D mass density of graphene in (𝐾𝑔/𝑚2
), 𝑣 𝑝ℎ = 2.1 × 104
is the sound
velocity of longitudinal acoustic phonons in graphene (𝑚/𝑠), 𝑇 is the temperature in degrees Kelvin, ℏ is
the reduced Planck’s constant, 𝑘 𝐵 is the Boltzmann constant, 𝑞 is the electron charge (C), 𝜇 𝑐 is the graphene
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Simulation and optimization of tuneable microstrip patch antenna ... (Hamzah M. Marhoon)
5551
chemical potential (Ev), 𝑣𝑓 = 1 × 106
is the Fermi velocity (𝑚/𝑠), 𝑛 is the carrier density (m-2
), 𝑑 is
the graphene thickness (m), and 𝐷 is the deformation potential (𝑒𝑉). Based on the previous studies, a 𝐷 of
around ~18 𝑒𝑉 appears to be a prevalent and recognized value for graphene over a substrate [17]. The value
of the 𝑍𝑠 𝑂𝑁
/𝑍𝑠 𝑂𝐹𝐹
are determined by increasing/decreasing the density of the charge carriers in (16). Table 4
summarizes the selected parameter values of the graphene surface impedance in both ON and OFF states.
In this work, different values of the applied 𝑉𝐵 are investigated to study the effects of
increasing/decreasing the 𝑉𝐵 on the tuning of the resonance operating frequency band. While the resulting 𝑉𝐵
values may be too large to be implemented in low-power applications, such as mobile phones, future values
can be decreased by using a thin dielectric with greater 𝜀 𝑟, depending on the required application and
operating frequency band. Graphene strips are simulated via CST-MWS as ohmic sheet surface impedances.
Figure 5 illustrates the simulated antenna inside the CST-MWS, and Table 5 summarizes the graphene
strip dimensions.
Table 4. Selected parameter values for the graphene surface impedance
Parameter Value
State ON OFF
𝜇𝑙(m2
/Vs). 2.7 2.7
D (eV) 4 4
T (K) 295 295
𝑉𝐵 (V) 1 5 20 30 40 0.5
n (m-2
) 1.16×1016
5.8×1016
2.32×1017
3.48×1017
4.64×1017
6×1014
𝑍𝑆(Ω/ ) 200+25.5i 27.72 + 9.256i 11.41 + 5.7i 8+ 4.65i 6.43 + 4i 2569.6+74.7i
Figure 5. Simulated hybrid graphene and copper tuneable single rectangular MPA
Table 5. Graphene strip dimensions
Strip Dimensions Strip Dimensions
𝑆1 0.24×0.3 mm 𝑆2 0.5×0.09 mm
𝑆3 0.5×0.09 mm 𝑆4 0.25×0.3 mm
𝐷1 0.26 mm 𝐷2 0.76 mm
𝐷3 0.26 mm 𝐷4 0.20 mm
𝐷5 0.65 mm 𝐷6 0.61 mm
𝐷7 0.61 mm 𝐷8 0.60 mm
5. GRAPHENE-BASED TUNEABLE RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ARRAY
ANTENNA
Rectangular MPAs can be used in the form of a single antenna configuration or in a configuration of
array elements. By using antenna arrays in communication systems, the antenna performance will be
enhanced in terms of, for instance, gain, directivity and other functions that are difficult to achieve with
a single rectangular MPA [21, 22]. The simulated array is fed via a corporate feed to obtain the best
performance, as illustrated in Figure 6. This technique exerts more control over the feed for each element and
is perfect for scanning phased and multiband arrays. Therefore, it improves directivity as well as radiation
efficiency and reduces beam variations over the frequency band compared to the series feed array. In this
work, a 4×1 array antenna is used to enhance the tuneable antenna gain, directivity, efficiency and other
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parameters. The antenna element spacing plays a key role in the design process. Too large a spacing results in
the presence of grating lobes that are, in most cases, undesirable. In contrast, too small a spacing leads to
a wider beam width, which may not be acceptable. Smaller spacing also reduces the amount of space on
the feed network. The space between the elements should, therefore, be adjusted correctly, i.e. the element
spacing should be set to 0.5 λ in order to eliminate the impact of adjacent components [23]. Table 6
summarizes the corporate feed parameters before and after the optimization process. After the completion of
the corporate feed design, the previous design of the tuneable single rectangular MPA is directly coupled
with the corporate feed configuration to construct the tuneable rectangular MPAA, as illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 6. Corporate feed for a 4×1 rectangular MPAA
Table 6. Corporate feed parameters before and after the optimization process
Parameter Calculated Optimized
Patch feed line width 0.1 mm 0.1 mm
Patch feed line length 1.84 mm 1.72 mm
Matching line left-1 width 0.17 mm 0.16mm
Matching line left-1 length 0.93 mm 0.91mm
Matching line left-2 width 0.19 mm 0.18 mm
Matching line left-2 length 0.94 mm 0.92 mm
Matching line right-1 width 0.17 mm 0.16mm
Matching line right-1 length 0.93 mm 0.91mm
Matching line right-2 width 0.19 mm 0.18 mm
Matching line right-2 length 0.94 mm 0.92 mm
Feed line width 0.1 mm 0.1 mm
Feed line length 8.19 mm 8.18 mm
Figure 7. 4×1 tuneable rectangular MPAA inside the CST-MWS
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this part, the results obtained after the antenna simulation is completed within the CST-MWS
simulation software will be illustrated. The simulated return loss (𝑆11) of the single rectangular MPA in
the ON/OFF states from the time domain solver of the CST-MWS is illustrated in Figure 8. Generally,
the MPAs have poor gain due to the antenna gain being affected by the substrate thickness and relative
dielectric constant. The antenna gain is inversely proportional to 𝜀 𝑟 and directly proportional to substrate
thickness [24]. Figure 9 shows the Three-Dimensional (3D) results of the far field of the proposed tuneable
single rectangular MPA at the operating frequencies 𝑓𝑟= 56.329, 56.724, 59.043, 59.743, 59.901 and 60 GHz.
The proposed antenna has a reasonable gain in the frequency range 56.3295-60 GHz.
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The radiation pattern of the single rectangular MPA is characterized by a single main lobe of
moderate beam width. Often, the beam width in the azimuth and elevation planes are similar, resulting in
a fairly circular beam, although this is by no means universal [25]. The beam widths can be manipulated to
produce an antenna with higher or lower gain, depending on the required application. The 3 dB beam widths
of the proposed antenna at different previous resonance frequencies are illustrated in Figure 10.
Figure 8. Return loss vs frequency of the tuneable single rectangular MPA for different values of 𝑉𝐵
(a) (b)
(c) d)
(e) (f)
Figure 9. Gain of the tuneable single rectangular MPA, (a) 𝑓𝑟 56.329 GHz, (b) 𝑓𝑟 56.724 GHz,
(c) 𝑓𝑟 59.043 GHz, (d) 𝑓𝑟 59.743 GHz, (e) 𝑓𝑟 59.901 GHz, (f) 𝑓𝑟 60 GHz
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 10. Radiation pattern of the tuneable single rectangular MPA, (c) 𝑓𝑟 59.043 GHz, (d) 𝑓𝑟 59.743
GHz, (e) 𝑓𝑟 59.901 GHz, (f) 𝑓𝑟 60 GHz
The bandwidth of the antenna can be calculated from the return loss plot, the simulation results for
the proposed tuneable single rectangular MPA bandwidth at 𝑆11-10 dB are summarized in Table 7.
The simulated return losses of the tuneable rectangular MPAA for the ON/OFF states as obtained from
the time-domain solver of the CST-MWS are illustrated in Figure 11. The surface current distribution of
the rectangular MPAA design differs from the surface current distribution of the single rectangular MPA
design, so the position of the operating frequency is shifted slightly toward the lower 𝑓𝑟. The 3D results of
the gain of the 4×1 tuneable rectangular MPAA at the operating frequencies 𝑓𝑟= 55.94, 56.43, 58.917,
59.647, 59.8295 and 59.9515 GHz are illustrated in Figure 12. In order to provide a comparison of
the tuneable single rectangular MPA and the tuneable rectangular MPAA, the gain have been enhanced.
Table 7. Bandwidth results for the tuneable single rectangular MPA
Operating Frequency
(GHz)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
56.329 1.2373
56.724 2.1185
59.043 2.6414
59.743 2.6262
59.901 2.5029
60 2.4051
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Generally, antennas with wide beam widths have a low gain, while antennas with narrow beam
widths lead to higher gain; therefore, an antenna that directs most of its energy into a narrow beam will have
a higher gain. When using the 4×1 tuneable rectangular MPAA, the 3 dB beam width is narrower,
as illustrated in Figure 13. It is observed from Figure 9 and Figure 12; that the gain of the previous designs is
enhanced. Table 8 summarizes the results of the comparison of the tuneable single rectangular MPA and
the tuneable rectangular MPAA.
Figure 11. Return loss vs frequency of the tuneable rectangular MPAA for different values of 𝑉𝐵
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 12. Gain of the tuneable rectangular MPAA, (a) 𝑓𝑟 = 55.94 GHz, (b) 𝑓𝑟 = 56.43 GHz,
(c) 𝑓𝑟 = 58.917 GHz, (d) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.647GHz, (e) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.8295 GHz, (f) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.9515 GHz
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 13. Radiation patterns for the 4×1 tuneable rectangular MPAA, (a) 𝑓𝑟 =55.94 GHz,
(b) 𝑓𝑟 = 56.43 GHz, (c) 𝑓𝑟 = 58.917 GHz, (d) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.647GHz, (e) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.8295 GHz, (f) 𝑓𝑟 = 59.9515 GHz
Table 8. Comparison results of the previous designs
Applied (𝑉𝐵)
Tuneable Single Rectangular MPA Tuneable Rectangular MPAA
𝑓𝑟
(GHz)
Gain
(dBi)
Return Loss
(dB)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
𝑓𝑟
(GHz)
Gain
(dBi)
Return
Loss (dB)
Bandwidth
(GHz)
0.5 (OFF) 56.329 6.71 -16.4 1.2373 55.92 11.5 -18.69 1.3487
1 56.724 3.79 -18.6 2.1185 56.43 9.16 -15.8 1.9614
5 59.043 3.81 -16.5 2.6414 58.917 9.06 -15.84 2.705
20 59.743 5.17 -29.6 2.6262 59.647 10.2 -25 2.7766
30 59.901 5.65 -37.5 2.5029 59.829 10.6 -34.8 2.707
40 60 5.95 -27.8 2.4051 59.951 10.9 -41.5 2.6096
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper, reconfigurable hybrid metal-graphene single/array rectangular MPAs have been
simulated and optimized for 5G applications via the CST-MWS package. The approach used in this work
involves using planted graphene strips inside a copper radiating patch to obtain a tuneable antenna with
a reasonable performance. The designed antenna has a good gain and many frequencies in range of 55.75 to
61.26 GHz in the tuneable single rectangular MPA and the same results were obtained in the array
configuration but with some shifting toward the lower 𝑓𝑟 due to the surface current distribution of
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the rectangular MPAA design differs from the surface current distribution of the single rectangular MPA
design. This depends on the voltage applied to the graphene strips. From this work, it can be concluded that
increasing the applied voltage on the graphene strips leads to reducing their surface impedances, resulting
a shift in the resonance frequency towards the upper frequency. Finally, the MPA bandwidth is expanded.
As noted from the above-mentioned comparison results involving the tuneable single/array rectangular MPA
designs, the gain has improved significantly.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hamzah M. Marhoon received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering (Rank 2) from
College of Engineering Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq in 2016. He obtained his
M.Sc. degree in Communications Engineering in 2020 from Al-Ahliyya Amman University,
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. He works as a teaching assistant at Al-Esraa University
College, Baghdad, Iraq. His research interests include Antennas, Tuneable Antennas, IoT,
Energy Harvesting Antennas, and Embedded Systems.
Email: hamzaalazawy33@yahoo.com
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-6685
Nidal Qasem received his B.Sc. degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering
(Honours) from AL-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan, in 2004. He obtained his
M.Sc. degree in Digital Communication Systems for Networks & Mobile Applications
(DSC) from Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom, in 2006. He then
pursued a PhD degree in wireless and digital communication systems at Loughborough
University. He is currently working as an associate professor in the department of
Electronics and Communications Engineering at Al-Ahliyya Amman University. His
research interests include propagation control in buildings, specifically improving the
received power, FSS measurements and designs, antennas, ultra-wide band, orbital angular
momentum, and wireless system performance analyses. He is a senior member of the IEEE.