Simulasi reservoir digunakan untuk merencanakan pengembangan lapangan baru atau lanjutan, mengestimasi cadangan dan produksi, serta manajemen reservoir. Metode ini memodelkan mekanisme reservoir, seperti tekanan dan aliran fluida, untuk memprediksi kinerja produksi. Analisis kurva penurunan produksi dan keseimbangan bahan digunakan untuk memperkirakan produksi tanpa simulasi reservoir. Kedua metode ini membantu pengambilan keputusan pengemb
Teks tersebut membahas tentang reservoir minyak dan gas bumi. Ia menjelaskan bahwa reservoir terdiri dari batuan berpori yang mengandung dan menampung minyak dan gas, serta dilindungi oleh lapisan penutup impermeabel. Teks tersebut juga menjelaskan karakteristik penting reservoir seperti porositas, permeabilitas, tekanan, dan suhu reservoir beserta hubungannya dengan kedalaman, serta karakteristik fluida hidrokarbon seperti faktor
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dasar Workover dan Wellservices serta peralatan yang digunakan oleh Elnusa dalam melakukan pekerjaan tersebut seperti Hydraulic Workover Unit, Cementing & Pumping Unit, Coil Tubing Unit, dan Slickline Unit."
Materi ini membahas tentang dasar-dasar analisis data wireline logging untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik batuan dan fluida di dalam sumur migas. Topik utama meliputi pengertian wireline logging, peralatan yang digunakan, interpretasi data log, dan manfaat mempelajari wireline logging untuk analisis reservoir."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang dasar-dasar operasi pemboran migas mulai dari penjelasan apa itu pemboran, manfaat pemboran, jenis-jenis rig yang digunakan, sistem rig, bentuk sumur yang dibor, tahapan dan jasa-jasa yang dibutuhkan dalam pemboran, serta manfaat mempelajari dasar pemboran bagi perwira. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan peran PT Elnusa Tbk dalam beberapa jasa pemboran
Teks tersebut membahas tentang reservoir minyak dan gas bumi. Ia menjelaskan bahwa reservoir terdiri dari batuan berpori yang mengandung dan menampung minyak dan gas, serta dilindungi oleh lapisan penutup impermeabel. Teks tersebut juga menjelaskan karakteristik penting reservoir seperti porositas, permeabilitas, tekanan, dan suhu reservoir beserta hubungannya dengan kedalaman, serta karakteristik fluida hidrokarbon seperti faktor
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian dasar Workover dan Wellservices serta peralatan yang digunakan oleh Elnusa dalam melakukan pekerjaan tersebut seperti Hydraulic Workover Unit, Cementing & Pumping Unit, Coil Tubing Unit, dan Slickline Unit."
Materi ini membahas tentang dasar-dasar analisis data wireline logging untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik batuan dan fluida di dalam sumur migas. Topik utama meliputi pengertian wireline logging, peralatan yang digunakan, interpretasi data log, dan manfaat mempelajari wireline logging untuk analisis reservoir."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang dasar-dasar operasi pemboran migas mulai dari penjelasan apa itu pemboran, manfaat pemboran, jenis-jenis rig yang digunakan, sistem rig, bentuk sumur yang dibor, tahapan dan jasa-jasa yang dibutuhkan dalam pemboran, serta manfaat mempelajari dasar pemboran bagi perwira. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan peran PT Elnusa Tbk dalam beberapa jasa pemboran
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
This document outlines various methods for predicting the inflow performance relationship (IPR) for vertical and horizontal oil wells. It discusses Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's methods for predicting the IPR and future IPR of vertical wells based on reservoir pressure decline. It also covers horizontal well advantages, drainage area calculations, and approaches for modeling steady-state and pseudosteady-state flow performance of horizontal wells. The document provides step-by-step explanations of each IPR prediction technique.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sifat batuan dan fluida panasbumi. Secara singkat, dibahas tentang parameter-parameter yang menentukan sifat batuan seperti porositas, permeabilitas, densitas, dan konduktivitas panas. Kemudian, dibahas pula tentang sifat-sifat fluida seperti volume spesifik, densitas, entalpi, viskositas, dan geotermometer. Diakhir dokumen dijelaskan mengenai jenis-jenis air panasbum
Fluid saturations refer to the fraction of pore volume occupied by water, oil, or gas in a reservoir. The sum of all fluid saturations must equal 1. Fluid saturations can be measured directly from core analysis under reservoir conditions or indirectly from well log or capillary pressure analysis. Factors like drilling mud composition and changes in pressure/temperature can affect measured fluid saturations in cores. While core saturations may not accurately reflect reservoir saturations, they provide useful information on fluid contacts, minimum water saturations, and validation of indirect methods.
Field Development Project Report - EAB_7_157Shaoor Kamal
The aim of this project was to evaluate and propose the best development plan for a shallow offshore oilfield located in the Northern North Sea using a provided 3D static reservoir model. The field was interpreted to have major normal faulting and folding likely due to Jurassic rifting. Key formations included thick sandstones of the Brent Group deposited in a deltaic environment. Reservoir properties showed heterogeneity with porosity 2-37% and permeability 50-700 mD. An estimated 373 MMSTB of oil initially in place was determined. Sensitivity analysis on transmissibility was conducted to understand fault properties. The proposed plan was to develop the field with 8 vertical producer wells and 2 water injector wells to achieve 30% recovery over 20 years
The document discusses well deliverability and pressure drop in oil and gas wells. It explains that pressure drop is affected by properties of the reservoir fluids, production rates, and the mechanical configuration of the wellbore. Pressure loss is highest in the tubing and can be estimated using charts, correlations, or equations that consider fluid properties, flow rates, and well geometry. Matching inflow and outflow pressures gives the stabilized flow rate. The document compares methods for estimating pressure drop in single-phase and multiphase flow.
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
BAB II membahas kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum operasi pengeboran, meliputi persiapan jalan ke lokasi pengeboran, persiapan lokasi pengeboran seperti meratakan lokasi, membuat kolam cadangan dan cellar, serta persiapan air dan peralatan pengeboran. Kegiatan terakhir adalah transportasi peralatan ke lokasi dan pendirian menara pengeboran."
This document outlines the topics covered in a Reservoir Engineering 1 course, including crude oil and water properties, laboratory experiments, and rock properties. The key laboratory experiments discussed are: compositional analysis to characterize reservoir fluids; constant-composition expansion tests to determine fluid properties over a range of pressures; differential liberation tests to analyze gas dissolved in oil; and separator tests to model fluid behavior during production and separation. Special core analysis tests measure critical rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and wettability that influence fluid flow. Accurate characterization of fluids and rocks through laboratory experiments is essential for reservoir evaluation and performance predictions.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang produksi packer untuk penyelesaian sumur, termasuk overview produksi packer, komponen utama, cara penyiapan dan penggunaannya, cara pengaturan dan pelepasannya, serta penyebab kegagalan. Produksi packer digunakan untuk menyekat atau memisahkan annulus antara rangkaian tubing dan casing produksi, dan dibagi menjadi tiga jenis berdasarkan cara pengaturannya.
Pressurized Mud Cap drilling is one of the four variations of managed pressure drilling and also the latest and the quick drilling techniques used today.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fasilitas produksi lepas pantai yang mencakup beberapa hal seperti: jenis-jenis anjungan produksi lepas pantai seperti steel jacket platform, concrete gravity platform, dan floating production storage and offloading (FPSO); fasilitas transportasi produksi; fasilitas pemisahan minyak dan gas seperti separator, scrubber gas, dan free water knockout tank; serta peralatan-peralatan pada anjungan kompresor seperti kompresor, scrubber gas, dan generator engine.
The document discusses the spontaneous potential (SP) well log. It describes how the SP log can be used to identify permeable zones, define bed boundaries, and compute shale content. It provides examples of calculating shale volume from the SP response. The document also discusses determining formation water resistivity from the SP log using both the classical method and the Silva-Bassiouni method. Additional topics covered include factors affecting the SP response, passive log correlation, zonation, and limitations of the SP log.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to gas well performance. It discusses different methods for approximating inflow performance relationships (IPRs) for gas wells under various flow regimes, including the pseudosteady state, and accounting for laminar versus turbulent flow. Empirical models are presented for calculating gas flow rates based on reservoir properties, fluid properties, and operating pressures. The document also examines pressure regions and appropriate approaches for each, such as using real gas pseudopressure or a pressure-squared method at low pressures.
Simulasi reservoir merupakan metode membuat model reservoir berdasarkan model fisik dan matematik untuk memprediksi perilaku reservoir terhadap berbagai metode produksi dan menentukan nilai ekonomisnya. Tahap preparasi data meliputi persiapan data fluida, batuan, produksi, mekanik, dan ekonomi yang dibutuhkan simulator. Data diperoleh dari sumur eksplorasi dan analisis geologi, petrofisika, rekayasa reservoir, dan produksi lapangan.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
This document outlines various methods for predicting the inflow performance relationship (IPR) for vertical and horizontal oil wells. It discusses Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's methods for predicting the IPR and future IPR of vertical wells based on reservoir pressure decline. It also covers horizontal well advantages, drainage area calculations, and approaches for modeling steady-state and pseudosteady-state flow performance of horizontal wells. The document provides step-by-step explanations of each IPR prediction technique.
This document provides an overview of a course on reservoir fluid properties. The course covers:
1. Reservoir fluid behaviors and properties of petroleum reservoirs including oil and gas.
2. Introduction to physical properties of gases including gas behavior, properties such as compressibility factor and how they are calculated for pure components and mixtures.
3. Behavior of ideal gases and real gases, definitions of compressibility factor, and use of the corresponding states principle and mixing rules to determine properties of gas mixtures.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sifat batuan dan fluida panasbumi. Secara singkat, dibahas tentang parameter-parameter yang menentukan sifat batuan seperti porositas, permeabilitas, densitas, dan konduktivitas panas. Kemudian, dibahas pula tentang sifat-sifat fluida seperti volume spesifik, densitas, entalpi, viskositas, dan geotermometer. Diakhir dokumen dijelaskan mengenai jenis-jenis air panasbum
Fluid saturations refer to the fraction of pore volume occupied by water, oil, or gas in a reservoir. The sum of all fluid saturations must equal 1. Fluid saturations can be measured directly from core analysis under reservoir conditions or indirectly from well log or capillary pressure analysis. Factors like drilling mud composition and changes in pressure/temperature can affect measured fluid saturations in cores. While core saturations may not accurately reflect reservoir saturations, they provide useful information on fluid contacts, minimum water saturations, and validation of indirect methods.
Field Development Project Report - EAB_7_157Shaoor Kamal
The aim of this project was to evaluate and propose the best development plan for a shallow offshore oilfield located in the Northern North Sea using a provided 3D static reservoir model. The field was interpreted to have major normal faulting and folding likely due to Jurassic rifting. Key formations included thick sandstones of the Brent Group deposited in a deltaic environment. Reservoir properties showed heterogeneity with porosity 2-37% and permeability 50-700 mD. An estimated 373 MMSTB of oil initially in place was determined. Sensitivity analysis on transmissibility was conducted to understand fault properties. The proposed plan was to develop the field with 8 vertical producer wells and 2 water injector wells to achieve 30% recovery over 20 years
The document discusses well deliverability and pressure drop in oil and gas wells. It explains that pressure drop is affected by properties of the reservoir fluids, production rates, and the mechanical configuration of the wellbore. Pressure loss is highest in the tubing and can be estimated using charts, correlations, or equations that consider fluid properties, flow rates, and well geometry. Matching inflow and outflow pressures gives the stabilized flow rate. The document compares methods for estimating pressure drop in single-phase and multiphase flow.
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
The document discusses formation damage in oil and gas wells. It defines formation damage as a reduction in permeability of the reservoir rock surrounding the wellbore. Several mechanisms of formation damage are described, including plugging by solids, clay swelling, saturation changes, and bacterial growth. Methods for evaluating formation damage in the field include well testing, downhole video, sampling fluids and solids, and coring. The concept of skin factor is introduced to quantify the level of damage. Laboratory studies on formation damage at different drilling environments are also summarized.
BAB II membahas kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum operasi pengeboran, meliputi persiapan jalan ke lokasi pengeboran, persiapan lokasi pengeboran seperti meratakan lokasi, membuat kolam cadangan dan cellar, serta persiapan air dan peralatan pengeboran. Kegiatan terakhir adalah transportasi peralatan ke lokasi dan pendirian menara pengeboran."
This document outlines the topics covered in a Reservoir Engineering 1 course, including crude oil and water properties, laboratory experiments, and rock properties. The key laboratory experiments discussed are: compositional analysis to characterize reservoir fluids; constant-composition expansion tests to determine fluid properties over a range of pressures; differential liberation tests to analyze gas dissolved in oil; and separator tests to model fluid behavior during production and separation. Special core analysis tests measure critical rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and wettability that influence fluid flow. Accurate characterization of fluids and rocks through laboratory experiments is essential for reservoir evaluation and performance predictions.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang produksi packer untuk penyelesaian sumur, termasuk overview produksi packer, komponen utama, cara penyiapan dan penggunaannya, cara pengaturan dan pelepasannya, serta penyebab kegagalan. Produksi packer digunakan untuk menyekat atau memisahkan annulus antara rangkaian tubing dan casing produksi, dan dibagi menjadi tiga jenis berdasarkan cara pengaturannya.
Pressurized Mud Cap drilling is one of the four variations of managed pressure drilling and also the latest and the quick drilling techniques used today.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang fasilitas produksi lepas pantai yang mencakup beberapa hal seperti: jenis-jenis anjungan produksi lepas pantai seperti steel jacket platform, concrete gravity platform, dan floating production storage and offloading (FPSO); fasilitas transportasi produksi; fasilitas pemisahan minyak dan gas seperti separator, scrubber gas, dan free water knockout tank; serta peralatan-peralatan pada anjungan kompresor seperti kompresor, scrubber gas, dan generator engine.
The document discusses the spontaneous potential (SP) well log. It describes how the SP log can be used to identify permeable zones, define bed boundaries, and compute shale content. It provides examples of calculating shale volume from the SP response. The document also discusses determining formation water resistivity from the SP log using both the classical method and the Silva-Bassiouni method. Additional topics covered include factors affecting the SP response, passive log correlation, zonation, and limitations of the SP log.
This document provides an overview of reservoir engineering concepts related to gas well performance. It discusses different methods for approximating inflow performance relationships (IPRs) for gas wells under various flow regimes, including the pseudosteady state, and accounting for laminar versus turbulent flow. Empirical models are presented for calculating gas flow rates based on reservoir properties, fluid properties, and operating pressures. The document also examines pressure regions and appropriate approaches for each, such as using real gas pseudopressure or a pressure-squared method at low pressures.
Simulasi reservoir merupakan metode membuat model reservoir berdasarkan model fisik dan matematik untuk memprediksi perilaku reservoir terhadap berbagai metode produksi dan menentukan nilai ekonomisnya. Tahap preparasi data meliputi persiapan data fluida, batuan, produksi, mekanik, dan ekonomi yang dibutuhkan simulator. Data diperoleh dari sumur eksplorasi dan analisis geologi, petrofisika, rekayasa reservoir, dan produksi lapangan.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perencanaan tambang mulai dari pengertian, penaksiran cadangan, perencanaan batas tambang, penjadwalan produksi, hingga biaya operasi tambang.
2. Beberapa metode penaksiran cadangan yang disebutkan adalah penaksiran manual, metode poligon, penggunaan model blok teratur dan tak teratur, serta penggunaan data geologi, assay, dan topografi dalam penaksir
Injeksi gas tercampur adalah proses pendesakan minyak oleh fluida yang akan bercampur dengan minyak membentuk satu fase pada kondisi reservoir. Fluida pendesak yang umum digunakan adalah gas CO2, N2, LPG, dan Flue gas. Parameter penting yang perlu diketahui pada proses injeksi gas tercampur adalah tekanan pencampuran minimum (MMP). Tekanan ini spesifik untuk setiap reservoir. Pendesakan gas tercampur hanya terjadi bila tekanan reservoir di atas MMP. Mekanisme utama yang bekerja pada injeksi gas tercampur adalah pengurangan viskositas minyak yang secara teoritis menurut persamaan Darcy akan memperbesar laju alir minyak. Mekanisme lain yang bekerja adalah gas injeksi akan meningkatkan saturasi minyak. Jika tekanan reservoir di bawah tekanan MMP, maka mekanisme yang dominan adalah efek swelling dari CO2 yang menyebabkan minyak mengembang. Proses ini juga akan menyebabkan saturasi minyak meningkat. CO2 diinjeksi ke dalam reservoir pada kondisi di atas temperatur kritisnya yaitu 31oC. Viskositas CO2 pada kondisi injeksi sangat rendah antara 0,06 hingga 0,10 cp tergantung temperatur dan tekanan reservoir. Hal ini menyebabkan mobilitas CO2 jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan mobilitas minyak dan air sehingga cenderung terjadi fingering yang mengakibatkan rendahnya efisiensi pendesakan macroscopic. Metode ini dikenal sebagai water-alternating-gas (WAG). Dimana sifat dari air digunakan untuk melakukan pendesakan minyak sisa yang berada di pori macroscopic dan sifat dari gas yang lebih mobile dan bisa masuk sampai ke pori microscopic sehingga dapat mendesak minyak sisa secara efektif.
Uji model fisik dilakukan untuk memverifikasi desain bangunan hidraulik agar lebih aman dan lestari. Model fisik digunakan untuk memprediksi perubahan morfologi sungai akibat bangunan, mengurangi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, dan memantapkan desain bangunan."
Dokumen ini membahas pelatihan operasi bendungan yang mencakup pengantar, tujuan pembelajaran, data yang dibutuhkan, persoalan operasi bendungan, klasifikasi penggunaan bendungan, metode penyusunan pola operasi, dan istilah terkait operasi bendungan."
Reverse Coning Methods dapat mengatasi masalah water coning dan thin oil column pada reservoir gas-oil-water dengan melakukan perforasi pada zona air untuk menciptakan kerucut minyak. Metode ini meliputi single completion, dual completion DWS dan DWL yang mampu menjaga stabilnya oil-water contact dan memproduksi minyak bebas air serta air bebas minyak. Model analitik digunakan untuk merancang operasi sumur agar mencapai inflow performance window yang optimal.
Dokumen ini merupakan analisis pressure drop dan desain separator di Block Station Sopa milik PT Pertamina EP Region Sumatera Field Pendopo. Ringkasannya adalah:
1. Analisis pressure drop dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya back pressure pada pipa di Block Station Sopa dengan menggunakan formula Weymouth.
2. Pengaturan pressure separator yang terlalu besar dibandingkan pressure pipa sumur menyebabkan aliran cairan menjadi lambat. Oleh karena itu pressure separator harus disesuaikan.
Pendugaan ketersediaan air permukaan dan tanah di Kabupaten Nganjuk dengan integrasi model SWAT dan MODFLOW. Model SWAT digunakan untuk simulasi siklus hidrologi dan debit permukaan, sedangkan MODFLOW untuk simulasi aliran air tanah. Hasil kedua model diintegrasikan untuk memprediksi ketersediaan air irigasi.
Pertemuan membahas perencanaan saluran drainase, termasuk kecepatan aliran, geometri penampang, dan bangunan dalam sistem drainase. Contoh soal mendemonstrasikan cara menghitung kapasitas saluran dan waktu alir untuk drainase area sub dengan menggunakan metode rasional.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang dasar teori injeksi air atau waterflooding untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak. Dibahas mengenai pengertian dan mekanisme kerja waterflooding, sejarah perkembangan dan penerapannya, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya seperti sifat fisik batuan dan fluida reservoir."
Uji pemompaan bertujuan menentukan kuantitas air yang dapat dieksploitasi dari sumur. Terdapat dua metode uji pemompaan yaitu step test dan long-term constant rate test. Step test digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi sumur sedangkan long-term constant rate test untuk mengetahui sifat hidrolik akuifer. Kedua uji melibatkan pengukuran penurunan muka air dan debit pompa.
Garmin BaseCamp & Google Earth (From Tracking to Monitoring)Andi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of using Garmin BaseCamp and Google Earth software to import GPS tracking data, create maps and monitor project progress. It discusses downloading and installing both programs, navigating their interfaces, importing GPS data files and KML files, editing and analyzing point, path, polygon and image data, measuring distances, and using the tools to create a monitoring project in Google Earth to track structure development over time. Step-by-step instructions are provided for tasks like overlaying maps, digitizing layout lines, importing GPS tracks and photos, and estimating areas to visualize and measure progress.
The document provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of an Operations Geologist. It describes how an Operations Geologist must conduct geological planning for wells, including risk analysis and data acquisition programs. During well execution, the geologist monitors coring, wireline logging, and pore pressure evaluation. Post-well duties include end of well reporting, data distribution, and archiving. The modern role of the Operations Geologist involves well planning, monitoring well execution, and reporting on end-of-well activities.
This document provides an overview of 30 different drones available on geekbuying.com in 2019. It lists each drone along with 1-3 sentences describing its key features. The drones range from inexpensive mini drones to high-performance racing drones. Features highlighted include camera resolution, transmission range, battery life, obstacle avoidance, and automated flight modes. Links are provided for each drone to view more details on geekbuying.com.
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation methods for studying fluvial deltaic systems. It discusses key geological concepts, seismic data acquisition and processing methods, and techniques for structural and stratigraphic interpretation. These include identifying reflection configurations, fault geometries, channel elements, and depositional facies associated with fluvial and deltaic depositional environments through seismic horizon slicing and interpretation of prograding deltas and syndepositional features. The goal is to interpret seismic data to reconstruct the geological evolution of fluvial and deltaic systems.
This document provides an overview of petroleum appraisal and development. It describes hydrocarbon production rates and the equipment used in field appraisal and development. It discusses the evolution of exploration wells into production wells and the appraisal phase of field development. It covers procedures for appraising and developing onshore and offshore fields, including delineation wells, step-out drilling, well spacing, and infill wells. It also describes improving hydrocarbon production through workover operations, re-stimulation, and repairing casing leaks and faulty well equipment. Suggestions are requested for the next book on overview of the petroleum and mining industries.
This document provides an overview of petroleum artificial lift. It begins by describing the reservoir production cycle and how natural lift is used initially, but artificial lift is later needed when natural pressures decline. It then outlines the main types of artificial lift systems, including sucker rod pumping, gas lift, and ESP. The document discusses reservoir underbalanced conditions that allow natural lift to occur and the obstacles that later require artificial lift. It provides diagrams and explanations of how several common artificial lift systems work. Finally, it covers factors for selecting the appropriate artificial lift method based on reservoir, wellbore, surface, and field characteristics.
This document provides an overview of petroleum drilling. It describes the types of rigs used in both onshore and offshore drilling. The main systems of rigs are explained, including the rotating system, hoisting system, circulating system, and pressure control system. Drilling crew roles and routine procedures like drilling ahead, making connections, and logging operations are outlined. Common drilling problems such as stuck pipe, hole caving, and lost circulation are also discussed. Suggestions are requested to improve the next edition covering the petroleum industry overview.
This document provides an overview of petroleum exploration. It describes the life cycle of an oil and gas field, including the exploration, appraisal and development, production, and abandonment phases. The exploration process involves studying surface features like oil seeps and outcrops to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. Subsurface data from techniques like seismic surveys is also used. Basin analysis examines sedimentary basins where source rocks may have generated hydrocarbons that migrated and were trapped in reservoir rocks. The goal is to identify "petroleum plays" with the highest probability of containing producible oil and gas to justify drilling exploratory wells. Subsurface data acquisition methods help map underground geology before drilling begins.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book about petroleum formation evaluation. The foreword introduces topics that will be covered, including formation evaluation procedures, drilling data, well logging, log interpretation, integration with seismic data, well deviation and steering, and production testing. Suggestions are welcomed for improving the next edition which will provide further overview of the petroleum industry. The book aims to describe the measurement, sampling, testing and analysis methods used to characterize rock and fluid properties during the various stages of drilling, logging and production testing a well.
This document provides an overview of petroleum reservoir performance terms and concepts. It begins with definitions of key reservoir fluid terms like fluid, density, solution gas, critical saturation, bubble point pressure, gas cap, associated and non-associated gas, viscosity, condensate, and formation volume factor. It then describes hydrocarbon classifications and recovery methods. The document outlines natural driving forces in reservoirs including solution gas, water drive, and gravity drainage. It also discusses enhanced oil recovery methods such as water flooding, thermal recovery, and microbial flooding. Suggestions are made to improve future editions covering the petroleum industry overview.
This document provides an overview of well completion processes and equipment. It describes common casing types like surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It explains the functions of casing to protect the wellbore, isolate fluid zones, and provide a conduit for tools. The document outlines the typical steps in a well completion, including running and cementing casing, perforating, stimulating, gravel packing if needed, and installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It provides details on related equipment like centralizers, float shoes, and packers. The document is intended as an introduction to well completion concepts and components for educational purposes.
This document discusses artificial lift methods used in oil production. It covers three commonly used artificial lift equipment: sucker-rod pumps, gas lift, and electric submersible pumps (ESPs). As the reservoir pressure declines after initial production, artificial lift methods are needed to supplement and replace the natural reservoir pressure in lifting oil to the surface. Sucker-rod pumps are driven from the surface to pump oil up the wellbore via the sucker rods. Gas lift uses injected gas to reduce the density of downhole fluid, making it easier to lift. ESPs are submersible pumps placed downhole that use an electric motor to pump fluid up.
This document discusses learning by sharing (LBS) and offshore stimulation. It mentions that LBS involves learning from many different sources. Offshore stimulation is also briefly referenced.
Investment decisions are among the most important decisions an organization can make as they are capital intensive, irreversible, and high risk. This document discusses the main elements of economic investment analysis including calculating a project's cash flow over its lifetime while accounting for inflation, time value of money, and uncertainty. It describes key decision criteria like net present value and internal rate of return to evaluate whether a project should be accepted or rejected based on whether its NPV is positive or its IRR exceeds the discount rate. The quality of the economic analysis depends on accurate cash flow projections and using the proper discount rate.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
WELL COMPLETION, WELL INTERVENTION/ STIMULATION, AND WORKOVERAndi Anriansyah
This document discusses various well completion, intervention, and workover topics including:
- Well completion involves preparing the well for production by installing equipment like casing and tubing.
- Open hole and cased hole completions are described, along with advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Well intervention operations like scale removal, acidizing, and sand cleaning are performed during production.
- Formation damage from fluids introduced into the well is also discussed.
- Stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing aim to increase well productivity. The document outlines the processes, equipment, and evaluation of these operations.
- Other topics covered include intelligent well completions, perforating, sand control, squeeze cement
"Jodoh Menurut Prespektif Al-Quran" (Kajian Tasir Ibnu Katsir Surah An-Nur ay...Muhammad Nur Hadi
Jurnal "Jodoh Menurut Prespektif Al-Quran" (Kajian Tasir Ibnu Katsir Surah An-Nur ayat 26 dan 32 dan Surah Al-Hujurat Ayat 13), Ditulis oleh Muhammmad Nur Hadi, Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Hadist di UIN SUSKA RIAU.
1. SIMULASI RESERVOAR, MATERIAL BALANCE & DECLINE
CURVE ANALYSIS
SIMULASI RESERVOAR (DYNAMIC MODEL)
Aplikasi/Manfaat Simulasi Reservoir Pada Industri Migas:
A.Sebagai dasar dalam perencanaan pengembangan suatu lapangan baru
atau lanjut, dapat menentukan :
Besaran Inplace, cadangan dan perkiraan produksi
Jumlah dan lokasi infill drilling
Completion, workover, reparasi sumur
Kapasitas fasilitas produksi yang akan dibangun
Ukuran platform, artificial lift, compressor dll
Rencana Secrec : pressure maintenance, Water flood, Lean Gas Injection
dll
Improve Oil Recovery : stimulation, hydraulic fracturing, Steam Huff & Puff
Enhance Oil Recovery (Steam Injection, polymer flood, surfactant flood dll)
B.Sebagai dasar Reservoir Management, dalam :
Mengurangi resiko
Menaikkan produksi minyak dan gas bumi
Menaikkan cadangan minyak dan gas bumi
Memaksimalkan perolehan
Meminimalkan pengeluaran (capital expenditures) dan ongkos produksi.
4. PENGOLAHAN DATA-DATA RESERVOAR
Penentuan Rock Region
Rock Region didalam model simulasi diperlukan untuk membagi atau
memisahkan antara property yang bagus dengan property yang jelek.
Penentuan Rock Region berfungsi :
• Mengelompokkan produksi yang memiliki performance yang sama atau
performance tekanan yang sama.
• Dapat membantu mempercepat dalam proses history matching.
• Hasil prediksi dari simulasi tidak over/under estimate.
• Akan membantu dalam menentukan skenario pengembangan lapangan.
Pengolahan/analisa data Spesial Core (Special Core Analysis - SCAL) untuk
pembuatan kurva relative permeability sangat diperlukan sebagai input
simulasi reservoar, relative permeability diperlukan karena :
• Dapat dianalogikan dengan perbedaan sifat fisik batuan.
• Menentukan flow fluida reservoar didalam model simulasi.
• Menentukan besaran inplace .
• Menentukan faktor perolehan (RF) dan performance produksi.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi relative permeability adalah :
• Saturasi fluida.
• Pori-pori batuan yaitu geometri, ukuran dan distribusi.
• Sifat kebasahan batuan (wettability).
Parameter pada kurva Relative Permeability, yaitu : Swirr (Irreducible water
saturation, Kro pada Swi, Sor (Residual Oil Saturation), Krw pada Sor dan
bentuk Kurva.
5. Relative Permeabilitas untuk Fracture
Harga Swc di fracture tidak selamanya bernilai nol tergantung dari
permeabilitas. Untuk menghitung Swc tsb dapat diambil dari data matrik
yaitu hubungan permeabilitas vs Swc. Dengan menggunakan korelasi/chart
harga Permeabilitas di fracture dapat ditentukan, sehingga swc di fracture
dapat dihitung.
6. Capillary Pressure J-Function
Hal -hal yang perlu diperhatian dalam pembuatan J-Funtion / Normalisasi Pc:
• Pisahkan per Facies atau flow unit (jika data mendukung)
• Jika bentuk kurva scatter pisahkan/kelompokkan
Dalam mengolah data produksi hal-hal yang perlu disiapkan :
• Data Sumuran terdiri dari : total jumlah sumur dan status sumur (sumur
aktif, sumur sudah shutin/abandon dan sumur injeksi dll).
• Sejarah komplesi untuk tiap-tiap sumur.
• Data produksi per sumur, per reservoar/lapisan dan lapangan.
• Data tes sumur dan summary hasil analisa well testing
• Data tekanan
• Data laporan sumur (well report) termasuk masalah-masalah sumur
seperti kepasiran dll
• Data artificial well (sumur flowing, gas lift, pompa termasuk kapasitas)
7. INPUT SIMULASI RESERVOAR
Model Simulasi : Black Oil, Compositional, Dual Porosity, Thermal
3D Model Property hasil Pemodelan
Model Grid : Bentuk Grid (Corner & Cartesian), Grid Dimensi (X,Y,Z), Ukuran
Cell, Jumlah Cell dan Cell Aktif/non aktif
Rock- Property
Fluid Property (PVT)
Equilibrium
Produksi untuk History Matching :
Jika sudah berproduksi
Input : Liquid rate jika mekanisme reservoar water drive
Oil rate jika mekanisme reservoar solution/gas cap drive
Gas rate untuk reservoar gas
Frekwensi data produksi : Per bulan (produksi < 10 tahun) dan Per 3 bulan
(produksi > 10 tahun) Jika belum berproduksi History Matching terhadap well
test Input : WHP (sumur flowing) dan BHP (sumur sudah pakai pompa)
INITIALIZATION(MATCHING INPLACE)
Inialisasi (matching inplace) bertujuan untuk melihat kestabilan model,
menyelaraskan inplace model dengan inplace hasil volumetrik atau inplace
hasil dari geostatistik.
Parameter yang dapat dirubah didalam proses History Matching :
Aquifer : Volume, Property, Metode dll
Trasmibility
Bentuk Kurva Relativ Permeability
Rock Region
Property : Permeability, Porositas, Net to Gross (2D model)
Kompresibility
PVT
Data Sumuran : PI, BHP, Skin Factor dll
Batas Fluida (Contact) : OWC, GOC atau GWC
Catatan perubahan parameter dapat dilakukan, jika :
Selama didukung dengan data yang ada atau data laboratorium
Perubahan penarikan korelasi tidak keluar dari data maksimum/minimum
Perubahan inplace hasil history matching terhadap inplace inilisasi < 10%
8. PRODUCTIVITY INDEX (PI) MATCHING
MATERIAL BALANCE
Metode material balance dapat dilakukan untuk memperkirakan produksi
minyak dan gas dalam usulan POD dengan alasan metode simulasi tidak bisa
dilakukan setelah mendapat persetujuan dari tim teknis SKKMIGAS. Metode
material balance untuk membuat forecast produksi hanya analitic material
balance. Persamaan material balance secara umum :
F = N(Eo + mEg + Efw) + We
F = G(Eg + Efw) + We Dimana : F = production of oil,
water and gas, rb N = original oil-in-place,stb G = original gas-in-place, scf
Eo = expansion of oil and original gas in solution,rb/stb m = initial gas cap
volume, fraction of initial oil volume Eg = gas cap expansion, rb/stb Efw =
connate water expansion and pore volume reduction due to production,
rb/stb We = cumulative natural water influx, rb
9. Material balance analitic, yaitu semi-simulasi dengan menggunakan metode
tank model. Metode ini dapat dilakukan baik untuk reservoar minyak maupun
reservoar gas dengan syarat :
property dan telah memiliki peta pendukung seperti peta Netpay, Porosity,
Sw, Permeabilitas serta rock region untuk masing-masing lapisan.
beberapa tank model yang mencerminkan perbedaan
karakteristik reservoar seperti rock region/flow unit/property/facies yang
berbeda baik secara lateral maupun vertikal.
(tergantung sifat reservoar).
tekanan.
Prediksi Produksi dengan menggunakan metode material balance dengan
konsep multi tank model mengakomodasi perbedaan karakteristik reservoar.
DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS
Metode Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) adalah salah satu cara untuk
mengetahui perilaku reservoar dengan menganalisa kurva penurunan laju
produksi. Metode ini banyak digunakan dalam memprediksi produksi minyak,
menentukan cadangan minyak dan dapat menentukan umur produksi suatu
lapangan dengan cepat, sederhana dan relatif murah dibandingkan dengan
metode simulasi.
10. Masalahnya :
Penarikan garis pada penurunan produksi yang bagaimana yang akan
ditentukan.
Metode apa yang akan dipakai (eksponensial, harmonik atau hiperbolik)
dan apa indikatornya.
Apakah kurva decline yang telah dipilih benar-benar representatif.
Bagaimana kurva decline produksi suatu sumur jika ada titik pengurasan
baru (drainage) atau workover.
Bagaimana menganalisa hasil penarikan DCA berkaitan dengan lapangan
sudah mature atau masih virgin.
Bagaimana memperkirakan penambahan produksi dari suatu zone/
lapangan dimasa datang dengan bertambahnya titik pengurasan.
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penurunan Produksi
Laju Produksi awal atau laju produksi dalam kurung waktu tertentu
Kelengkungan kurva penurunan produksi
Konstanta decline
11. Ketiga faktor tsb hasil kombinasi banyak faktor :
Parameter Geologi : Facies dan distribusi property.
Parameter resevoar : Tekanan, Kr dan Dimensi reservoar dll
Parameter sifat fisik batuan & fluida : Viskositas, Compresibilitas dll
Pengaruh kondisi sumur : Ukuran Choke, Lubang sumur, diameter lubang,
interval komplesi, kerusakan formasi, ketinggian fluida dll
Fasilitas dan mekanisme pengangkatan
Faktor yang mempengaruhi penurunan produksi secara langsung :
• Penurunan tekanan rata-rata reservoar
• Perubahan mekanisme pendorong di dalam reservoar
• Perubahan Sifat fisik fluida dan batuan.
Penentuan periode trend penurunan produksi sangat penting dan akan
menentukan hasil dari DCA. Untuk menganalisa dan menentukan penarikan
garis pada suatu kurva decline yaitu menentukan periode pada kurva
penurunan produksi pada suatu waktu tertentu dimana penurunan produksi
harus disebabkan secara alamiah, syarat-syarat dalam penentuan periode
trend penurunan produksi untuk DCA yaitu :
• Jumlah sumur aktif harus konstan untuk DCA per lapangan/per reservoar/
per blok) atau sumur aktif menurun karena sudah mengair.
• Tidak ada perubahan choke atau perubahan kapasitas /mekanisme
pengangkatan dan perubahan komplesi untuk DCA per sumur.
• Tidak ada masalah di lubang sumur (kepasiran)
• Tidak ada masalah dengan fasilitas atau gangguan dari surface
Penurunan produksi secara alamiah biasanya mengikuti pola dari bentuk
kurva exponential, hyperbolic dan harmonic, maka metode decline curve
analysis terbagi tiga tipe, yaitu :
• Exponential Decline : Q = Qi e-Dn t
• Hyperbolic Decline : Q = Qi ( 1 + b Dn t)-1/b
• Harmonic Decline : Q = Qi ( 1 + Dn t)-1/b
Parameter didalam ke tiga metode tsb :
• b : Eksponen decline yaitu menggambarkan kelengkungan kurva.
• Dn : Konstanta decline rate yaitu mencerminkan kecepatan penurunan laju
produksi dalam interval waktu tertentu.
References
From many sources (Dari berbagai Sumber)