Siddhartha Roy explains the importance of Volume Cost for deciding on economical use of Filled Polyolefins. Normally addition of filler for reducing costs is useful in only a few applications where product is sold by weight, like Raffia tape, but can increase cost in mouldings and other products sold by volume
PVC volume cost, How to use Fillers judicouslySiddhartha Roy
Siddhartha Roy explains to concept of Volume Cost with respect to PVC Pipes and cautions against too much filler loading. Many PVC pipe firms have collapsed because the implications of Volume costs were not understood,
Article published in Modern Plastics and Polymers May 2011. The first part civers PVC Resin, Primary and secondary Plasticisers, Heat and Light Stabilisers.
The role of Calcium Carbonate as a filler in Polymers.
Mineral fillers offer cost reduction – and sometimes enhanced properties – to polymer
formulations. Siddhartha Roy outlines ground calcium carbonate’s changing role in the
growing polymer market
Pvc compounding ingredients, The essential IngredientsSiddhartha Roy
Siddhartha Roy covers PVC Compounding technology, the essential ingredients and their role in formulating a successful PVC Compounds. A must read for beginners in PVC Compounding
PVC volume cost, How to use Fillers judicouslySiddhartha Roy
Siddhartha Roy explains to concept of Volume Cost with respect to PVC Pipes and cautions against too much filler loading. Many PVC pipe firms have collapsed because the implications of Volume costs were not understood,
Article published in Modern Plastics and Polymers May 2011. The first part civers PVC Resin, Primary and secondary Plasticisers, Heat and Light Stabilisers.
The role of Calcium Carbonate as a filler in Polymers.
Mineral fillers offer cost reduction – and sometimes enhanced properties – to polymer
formulations. Siddhartha Roy outlines ground calcium carbonate’s changing role in the
growing polymer market
Pvc compounding ingredients, The essential IngredientsSiddhartha Roy
Siddhartha Roy covers PVC Compounding technology, the essential ingredients and their role in formulating a successful PVC Compounds. A must read for beginners in PVC Compounding
Polyfab Plastic Industry LLC is leading supplier of Plastic Pipes & Fittings in UAE, Dubai, Qatar, Oman and GCC. We supply wide range of of HDPE Pipes & Fittings, Compression Fittings, PVC Drainage and Pressure Pipes & Fittings, PVC Duct pipes, PPR Pipes & Fittings, GRP & GRE Pipe Fittings, PVC Electrical Conduits & Fittings, PE Electrofusion Fittings and Butt Fusion Fittings using Butt fusion machine, PE Pipes and Fittings, PVC Fabrication,
Pipe Spacer and other Piping Accessories. For more info, visit http://www.polyfabonline.com/
Siddhartha Roy explores calcium carbonate’s (CaCO3) role
in filler applications, with a look at processes around the
world with regard to PVC pipes in India and China.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
STRETCHONOMICS : How to improve stretch hood process economicsNicolas Kokel
Description of some important aspects of stretch hood performance, highlighting some findings about stretching behavior which may help understanding market requirements and trends.
PVC Pipes Manufacturing Project. Production of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes. Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) piping is the most widely used plastic piping material. PVC pipe is manufactured by extrusion in a variety of sizes and dimensions and generally sold in 10' and 20' lengths. PVC pipe is available in both solid wall and cellular core construction. Cellular core construction involves the simultaneous extrusion of at least three layers of material into the pipe wall: a solid outer layer, a cellular core intermediate layer, and a solid inner layer.
See more
https://goo.gl/z6J16B
https://goo.gl/DxM9jG
https://goo.gl/soVCd3
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
PVC Pipe Production, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Process, PVC Pipe Making Process, How to Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Business, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Unit, PVC Pipe Plant, PVC Pipe Production Process, How is PVC Pipe Made?, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Business Plan, Plastic Pipe Production, PVC for Piping Industry, PVC Pipe Manufacturing, PVC Pipe Making Business, PVC Pipe Production Plant, PVC Pipes Manufacturing Unit in India, Production of PVC Pipes, PVC Pipe Manufacture, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing Unit, Project Report on PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Pipes Manufacturing Industry, Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Factory, PVC Pipe Production Plant, Plant for PVC Pipes Production, Pipe Manufacture In India, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Production and Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing of PVC Pipes, Making of PVC Pipes, PVC Pipe Factory, How to Make PVC Pipe, PVC Pipes Manufacturing Project Report, Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Plant, PVC Pipe Manufacturing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, PVC Pipe Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry in India, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Projects, New project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing industries, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Techno-Economic feasibility study on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Feasibility report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Free Project Profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Download free project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Industrial Project Report, Project consultant, Project consultancy, NPCS, Niir, Process technology books, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Project identification and selection, Preparation of Project Profiles, Startup, Business guidance, Business guidance to clients,
#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics.
##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
for more contect
Article published in Industrial Minerals in Aug 2011. This is is the International version of the study of the effect of Filler on the economics and quality of PVC Pipes and other applications
2011-2014 pass out batch from CIPET Lucknow . project work on portable pipe system ,which included pipe types , compounding , processing method , trouble shooting , and testing , .Thank you for watching.
Polyfab Plastic Industry LLC is leading supplier of Plastic Pipes & Fittings in UAE, Dubai, Qatar, Oman and GCC. We supply wide range of of HDPE Pipes & Fittings, Compression Fittings, PVC Drainage and Pressure Pipes & Fittings, PVC Duct pipes, PPR Pipes & Fittings, GRP & GRE Pipe Fittings, PVC Electrical Conduits & Fittings, PE Electrofusion Fittings and Butt Fusion Fittings using Butt fusion machine, PE Pipes and Fittings, PVC Fabrication,
Pipe Spacer and other Piping Accessories. For more info, visit http://www.polyfabonline.com/
Siddhartha Roy explores calcium carbonate’s (CaCO3) role
in filler applications, with a look at processes around the
world with regard to PVC pipes in India and China.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
Plastic Products Manufacturing: Profitable Plastic Industries (Spectacle Frames, P.V.C. Rexine Cloth, Plastic Granules from Scraps/Waste, P.V.C. Hand Gloves, H.D.P.E. Tarpaulins, P.V.C. Bottles, Tooth Brush, H.D.P.E. Films/Sheets, Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Pet Bottles/Containers, Plastic Syringes, Needles, Polyester Resin, Cooler Body, Plastic Cups and Glass)
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the society in a number of ways. A number of industries have been benefitted by plastic. In actuality, plastic has helped aeronautics technology take massive steps forward over the past 50 years, including advancements in satellites, shuttles, aircraft, and missiles. In addition, pharmaceuticals industry, the building and construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation industries have all benefited greatly from plastic. Plastic is superior, light, sturdy and economical to produce.
See more
https://goo.gl/NPQV4s
https://goo.gl/arXHp1
https://goo.gl/QkjtBX
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Industry, How to Start Plastic Industry, Plastic Processing, Plastic Industry in India, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Starting Plastic Manufacturing Plant, Small Plastic Products Making, Plastic Products Making Small Business Ideas, Plastic Product Making Plant, Start Your Own Plastic Industry, Commercial Plastic Industry, Small Scale Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Scale Plastic Manufacturing Industry, Small Plastic Products Manufacturing Plant, Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Business Ideas, Plastic Business Opportunities, Plastic Product Manufacturing Machinery, Plastic Packaging, Plastic Moulding Business Ideas, Plastic Packaging Product Manufacturing Industry, Plastic Packaging Manufacture, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Most Profitable Successful Small Plastic Molded Parts Manufacturing, Business Opportunities for Plastics Industry, Plastics Manufacturing Business, Packaging Business Opportunity, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Business in India, Plastic Processing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Plastics, Methods of Manufacturing Plastics, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing, Plastic Bottles Manufacturing Process, Plastics Molding & Manufacturing, Manufacturing Process of Plastic Bottles, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Business Plan of Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Molding Business Plan, Plastic Manufacturing Business, Plastic Bottle Manufacturing Business, Business Plan for Plastic Manufacturing, Plastic Production, Business Plan for Production of Plastics, Commercial Production of Plastics
STRETCHONOMICS : How to improve stretch hood process economicsNicolas Kokel
Description of some important aspects of stretch hood performance, highlighting some findings about stretching behavior which may help understanding market requirements and trends.
PVC Pipes Manufacturing Project. Production of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes. Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) piping is the most widely used plastic piping material. PVC pipe is manufactured by extrusion in a variety of sizes and dimensions and generally sold in 10' and 20' lengths. PVC pipe is available in both solid wall and cellular core construction. Cellular core construction involves the simultaneous extrusion of at least three layers of material into the pipe wall: a solid outer layer, a cellular core intermediate layer, and a solid inner layer.
See more
https://goo.gl/z6J16B
https://goo.gl/DxM9jG
https://goo.gl/soVCd3
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
PVC Pipe Production, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Process, PVC Pipe Making Process, How to Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Business, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Unit, PVC Pipe Plant, PVC Pipe Production Process, How is PVC Pipe Made?, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Business Plan, Plastic Pipe Production, PVC for Piping Industry, PVC Pipe Manufacturing, PVC Pipe Making Business, PVC Pipe Production Plant, PVC Pipes Manufacturing Unit in India, Production of PVC Pipes, PVC Pipe Manufacture, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing Unit, Project Report on PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Pipes Manufacturing Industry, Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Factory, PVC Pipe Production Plant, Plant for PVC Pipes Production, Pipe Manufacture In India, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Production and Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing of PVC Pipes, Making of PVC Pipes, PVC Pipe Factory, How to Make PVC Pipe, PVC Pipes Manufacturing Project Report, Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Plant, PVC Pipe Manufacturing project ideas, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, PVC Pipe Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, How to Start PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry in India, PVC Pipe Manufacturing Projects, New project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing industries, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Project Report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Techno-Economic feasibility study on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Feasibility report on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Free Project Profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Download free project profile on PVC Pipe Manufacturing, Industrial Project Report, Project consultant, Project consultancy, NPCS, Niir, Process technology books, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Project identification and selection, Preparation of Project Profiles, Startup, Business guidance, Business guidance to clients,
#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics.
##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
for more contect
Article published in Industrial Minerals in Aug 2011. This is is the International version of the study of the effect of Filler on the economics and quality of PVC Pipes and other applications
2011-2014 pass out batch from CIPET Lucknow . project work on portable pipe system ,which included pipe types , compounding , processing method , trouble shooting , and testing , .Thank you for watching.
Industrial Polymers, Additives, Colourants and Fillers Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Industrial Polymers, Additives, Colourants and Fillers (Stabilizers, Pigments, Olefin Copolymers, Polyacrylamide, Polysulfone, Polymerization, Allyl Resins (DAP/DAIP), Fluoropolymers, Poly (Vinylidene, Resin Forms, Polyamide-Imide (PAI), Polycarbonate (PC), Fillers, Calcium Carbonate, Fillers, Kaolin, Fillers, Mica)
The Indian plastic and polymer industry has taken great strides. In the last few decades, the industry has grown to the status of a leading sector in the country with a sizable base. The material is gaining notable importance in different spheres of activity and the per capita consumption is increasing at a fast pace. Numerous plastics and fibers are produced from synthetic polymers; containers from propylene, coating materials from PVC, packaging film from polyethylene, experimental apparatus from Teflon, stockings from nylon fiber, there are too many to mention them all. The reason why plastics are popular is that they may offer such advantages as transparency, self-lubrication, light weight, flexibility, economy in fabricating and decorating.
See more
https://goo.gl/ptfd4d
https://goo.gl/07d9lm
https://goo.gl/BY1XbB
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Industrial Polymers, Industrial Polymers in India, Industrial Additives, Additives Industry, Chemicals and Industrial Polymers, Industrial Polymers & Additives, Industrial Colorants, Industrial Colourants and Polymers, Industrial Colorants Materials, Industrial Fillers, Fillers Business & Industrial Polymers, Opportunities in Fillers Industry, Chlorinated Polyethylene, Cross-Linked Polyethylene, Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), High-Molecular-Weight High-Density Polyethylene, Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Olefin Copolymers, Ethylene-Propylene Elastomer, Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers, Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers, Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers, Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer, Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Terpolymer, Poly (Acrylic Acid) and Poly (Methacrylic Acid), Condensation Polymers, Polyesters, Poly (Dihydroxymethylcyclohexyl Terephthalate), Polyester-Glass-Fiber Laminates (GRP, FRP), Formaldehyde Resins, Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins, Urea-Formaldehyde Resins, Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins, Thermoplastic Polyurethane Rubbers, Ether Polymers, Polyurethane Coatings, Poly (Phenylene Oxide), Poly (Phenylene Sulfide), Silicones and Other Inorganic Polymers, Polyethylene, High Density (HDPE), Allyl Resins (Dap/Daip), Fluoropolymers, Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF), Film Extrusion, Injection Molding, Polyamide-Imide (PAI), Polybutylene (PB), Polycarbonate (Pc), Polyethylene Linear Low Density (LLDPE)
Plastics are contemporary, synthetic materials. Plastics are oil and gas based, and consumes less than four per cent of our oil and gas reserves. Plastic in fact saves the energy it takes less energy to convert into plastic from raw materials. Throughout their whole life circle one-third less energy needs than making paper bags. Without plastic, whole packaging would take almost double energy by around 160 percent. The better-quality properties of plastics such as sanitized or germ free barrier properties, light weight, and durability contribute appreciably to our health and quality to way of life.
Tags
best small and cottage scale industries, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Copolymerization And Techniques Of Polymerization, Establish Plastic Product Making Plant, future of plastic industry in India, Get started in small-scale food manufacturing, Growth Polymerization, How Plastics Are Made, How to Start a plastic business?, How to Start a Plastic Manufacturing Business, how to start a plastic manufacturing business in India, How to Start a plastic Production Business, How to start a successful plastic business, how to start plastic industry, How to Start Plastic Manufacturing Industry (Plastics and Polymer Processing Industries), How to Start plastic Processing Industry in India, Indian plastics industry, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable plastic Processing Business Ideas, new small scale ideas in plastic processing industry, NPCS, Opportunity in the Indian Plastic Industry, plastic and polymer industry, plastic Based Small Scale Industries Projects, plastic business ideas, plastic business opportunities, plastic Business, plastic factory project plan, plastic factory setup, plastic industry in India, plastic industry process, plastic Making Small Business Manufacturing, Plastic Manufacturing Industry, plastic Processing & plastic Based Profitable Projects, plastic Processing Industry in India, plastic Processing Projects, Plastics & Polymers Technology Books, Plastics industry, Plastics: Materials And Processing Technology, Polymer Characteristics, Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable Plastic Product Manufacturing Business, Profitable plastic Small Scale Manufacturing, profitable small and cottage scale industries, Project identification and selection, Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic, Setting up and opening your plastic Business, Small scale Commercial plastic making, small scale plastic production line, Starting a Plastic Manufacturing Plant: Startup Business, Starting a plastic Processing Business, Thermogravimetry, Thermoplastic Composites, Thermoplastic Structural
the phthalate and its use is prevalent in LVT and as many try to change and the recycle a challenge there needs to be more rules and laws to prevent exposure to products with chemicals, organic and inorganic such as talc, to be eliminated from formulations.
What are the underlying biases and preconceived notions that we have about the products labelled "bio" or "green"? Are there other “bio”s that we need to be wary of?
Dr Jem's talk will cover bioplastics from a holistic perspective, with a focus on: types of bioplastics, pro's and con's of PLA, how is PLA 'industrially' recycled or composted, innovations in the bioplastics world, other plant-based packaging alternatives, etc.
Dr. Jem received his Ph.D. and 2 Masters degrees in biochemical engineering, and numerous awards in the USA, and worked 15 years in engineering, biotech, and pharmaceutical companies such as Ratheon, Serono, Diversa, with excellent track record with multiple awards. In 2000, he moved back to China to work for biotech and bioplastic companies such as Cargill and NatureWorks PLA. He has served as the China General Manager for Total Corbion PLA JV and previously for Corbion Purac since 2007, and serves as a Visiting Professor for several local Universities.
BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS
- Types of food packaging Polymer
- Synthesis of PLA
- Processing Method for food packaging
- Degradation Route
- Applications of polymer in food packaging
Sustainability Assessment of Bitumen with Polyethylene as PolymerIOSR Journals
Now a day’s increment in percentage of waste material due to excessive use of polyethylene in daily
use products has become a great problem. Most of the waste materials are of types which are nonbiodegradable.
These materials require difficult and challenging methods to dispose safely and in
underdeveloped countries like Pakistan it is even a bigger problem of concern. Also the continuous increase in
number of vehicles emphasizes on need of sustainable infrastructure of roads with better quality and
engineering design. Grinded plastic is used as polymer in Bitumen in this research by 0% ,0.5 %, 1%, 1.5 %
and 2 % .The properties evaluated are Fire point ,Flash point, softening point and penetration of Bitumen.
Regardless of the replacement ratio, Bitumen as a polymer had a satisfactory performance
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Volume Cost concept with reference to Filled Polyolefins
1. Volume Cost & its importance
in Plastic applications:
Part 2
Filled Polyolefins
Mr. Siddhartha Roy
Consultant,
RoyPlasTech, Pune.
royplastech@rediffmail.com
Background
In the Feb/March issue of IPI Journal,
my article on Volume costs was published.
I have received a lot of positive feedback
and appreciation and I thank all the members who responded. One common thread
in the feedback is that though it was a
technical article; commercial implications
were well brought out. Thanks to this
article, the IPI Kolkata chapter invited me to
give a lecture on the subject. I readily
agreed as Volume cost is not well understood and it has been one of my passions
to explain this important concept. The
Kolkata lecture was very well received and
I look forward to delivering the same
lecture at other centers and would welcome the opportunity.
The Article had special emphasis on
PVC and highlighted the pitfalls if Volume
Costs were ignored. The Kolkata Chapter
requested me to include filled PP and
HDPE and I extended the presentation to
include Polyolefins. This is what I would like
to cover in this article.
I must admit that I have a lot more
practical experience with Filled PVC as
compared to filled Polyolefins, so my
article is based on theoretical considerations. I would appreciate feedback as to
whether the conclusions drawn are actually reflected in practice.
For those who have not read the first
article, here are some basic concepts.
What is Volume Cost?
The Volume Cost of a Raw Material
input is the purchase cost of a unit volume
of the material. It is extremely important to
Visit : www.ipiindia.com
understand the Volume cost of Polymers
and its additives as it plays a key role in
their selection for a particular application.
Volume cost (`/Litre)= Purchase Cost
(`/Kg.) x Density (Kg./Litre or gm/cc)
Let us examine the Volume costs of the
major commodity Polymer families.
Polymer
Abbr.
Unplasticised PVC
Plsticised PVC
Low Density Polyethylene
High Density Polyethylene
Polypropylene Homopolymer
Polypropylene Copolymer
Polystyrene
High Impact Polystyrene
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
UPVC
FPVC
LDPE
HDPE
PP
PPCO
PS
HIPS
ABS
Price
` / Kg
48
60
70
67
68
70
80
82
85
Density
Kg / Ltr
1.38
1.25
0.92
0.96
0.90
0.905
1.05
1.05
1.05
While it would look that UPVC is by far
the cheapest Polymer, the natural question
is that why does it have such limited applications in, say moulded products?
Assuming, just for arguments sake that
UPVC was as easy to mould as the other
Commodity Thermoplastics, why is it not
used in such widespread applications like,
say, buckets?
The answer lies in Volume Cost.
Combining price with density the Volume
costs in Rs/Ltr. is
Clearly the Polyelefins are cheaper
than PVC on Volume cost basis, and
bucket moulding started with LDPE, and
then to HDPE and lately PP also. PVC was
never in the picture because of its higher
Volume cost. If its volume cost had been
lower than the Polyolefins, ways and
means would have been devised to mould
PVC into buckets!
Importance of Volume Cost to the
Plastics formulator.
The consideration of volume cost is
even more important when Polymers are
compounded with additives. The density of
the final product can change considerably
especially when mineral fillers are added
primarily to reduce costs.
Volume cost and its implications are not
properly understood by many. It is vital to
understand its implications before
embarking on cost reduction exercises.
Plastic finished products are rarely sold
by weight. They are priced either per piece
(Mouldings) or per unit length (Pipes,
Cables, Tape). Even liquid Plastic products like Paints and Varnishes are sold per
litre. Thus the costing and pricing are for
fixed Volumes. As the Plastic Raw materials are always purchased per unit weight,
the tendency is to do cost calculations on a
Per Kilo basis, and the finished product is
priced accordingly to the weight per piece.
If cost calculations are done on Per Kilo
basis, many times the reduction in cost by
adding fillers/extenders is calculated as a
percentage of original formulation cost.
The savings may be translated into a price
reduction based on this percentage. After
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
07
2. some time the entrepreneur realizes that
he is sustaining losses as the reduction in
Volume cost was nowhere near the Per kg.
Cost reduction on which the discounts
were based, especially when mineral fillers
are the main cost reducing input. All
Mineral fillers have a higher density than
most plastics.
This is a most dangerous trend. Many
Polymer applications in India have faced
declining demand due to loss in confidence of the consumers because of
repeated failures of poor quality cheap
products. Examples are too numerous,
and is most saddening to persons and
companies who have worked so hard in
establishing such applications. In the Pipe
field itself one can recall the hammering
HDPE pipes took in the early eighties due
to large scale failure of pipes made from
scrap HDPE and sold to prestigious
Government projects as prime grade
pipes. While HDPE pipe market languished because of the bad name, PVC
Pipes surged ahead. Even major companies like PIL were so badly affected that
they had to close down the manufacture of
their well established Hasti brand. It has
taken two decades for HDPE pipes to claw
back to good volumes, which involved
consistent quality and development of new
application areas like Drip and Sprinkler
Irrigation, Gas piping, Large diameter
sewerage pipes etc. as well as consolidation in the core water supply sector with
nd
good quality pipe with 2 generation HDPE
grades.
A dangerous fallout of mindless filler
loadings is when markets change from
pricing per piece or in the case of pipes,
per unit length of specified thickness to
pricing on a per kilo basis. Such a change
encourages higher filler loadings and
should be resisted by all discerning manufacturers In plastics, heavier does not
mean more “Mazboot”. Physical properties
are seriously compromised in PVC products made heavy by excessive filler additions.
Compounding Costs and its
implications
Mineral fillers are fine particle Inorganic
powders The particles agglomerate due to
Vaan Der Waal forces, and it is essential to
break up these agglomerates to disperse
the filler particles uniformly in the Polymer
Matrix. This requires energy and is addi08
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
tional to the energy required for melt formation and mixing. The energy requirements
and compounding cost depend on various
factors, like the physical form of the polymer, whether it is polar or non polar, the
type of filler, whether the filler is untreated
or treated and processing behavior.
Physical Form
l Polymer is in liquid form, it is fairly
If the
easy to incorporate fillers Examples are
Paint formulations, Liquid adhesives and
Plastisols. A good quality stirrer is normally
sufficient. However, as in the case of
Leather Cloth Plastisols where large quantities of low quality Ground Calcium
Carbonate is used, additional processes
like triple roll milling are required to ensure
adequate dispersion and homogenization.
Each step increases compounding costs,
but they are still comparatively low.
l Polymer is in Powder form, like PVC
If the
resin, fillers are quite easily incorporated in
the dryblending step and High Speed
mixers are commonly used. All PVC has to
be compounded with Stabilisers, lubricants, Plasticisers if required and a host of
other additives. The filler gets incorporated
in the compounding process and there is
hardly any additional filler dispersion cost.
Many UPVC applications do away with the
intermediate pelletising step (essential with
Plasticised compounds), hence filler
addition cost in UPVC is negligible.
Masterbatch manufacturers sometime
pulverize Polyolefins so that large quantities of fillers can be added much more
easily than granule feed. Of course this is
an expensive step, taken only when filler
loadings are high or the compounding
equipment falls a bit short in dispersion.
l Polymer is in granule form, the
If the
compounding cost is the highest. The
primary compounding of the ex reactor
resin has already been carried out by the
Polymer producer when antioxidants,
stabilizers and other processing additives
are added and the melt converted into
pellets. The Filling of mineral fillers are
done by compounding companies which
have the necessary equipment to melt the
pellets, mix and disperse the fillers,
homogenize the melt and convert them
back again into granules. Intensive batch
mixing processes like Banbury mixing
have largely been replaced by modern
high speed co-rotating multiported twin
screw extruders, Buss Co-Kneaders and
similar sophisticated equipment.
Therefore for estimating the volume
costs of a formulation, the compounding
cost has to be added to the formulation
costs before arriving at the true Cost per
Kilo. This multiplied by the finished compound density gives the Volume cost
which is so essential in working out the
economics.
Mineral Filled Polyolefins
With Polyolefins, the situation is different from PVC. Here Fillers like Talc and
Calcium carbonate are added to improve
stiffness to PP, or desired properties like
antifibrilation in HDPE or PP Rafia Tape.
Incorporation of Fillers in Polyolefins is an
expensive process as explained above,
Further, unlike PVC which is polar, POs are
non polar, requiring more energy to encapsulate the polar fillers Compounding costs
for filling Polyolefins can be as high as ` 10
-15/ kg., with the higher figure more prevalent when state of the art compounding
equipments are used.
Filled Polyolefins (10 - 40%) are costlier
per kg. than the base polymer because
compounding costs outweigh the lower
filler cost. The volume costs go up sharply
with density increase, but requirements of
better stiffness in Auto Components,
Moulded Furniture and other technical
parts is the driving force for filler addition. It
is only at filler levels of over 50%, as in filler
masterbatches, that the cost per kilo dips
below Polymer cost levels, but the volume
cost will still be adverse. Thus normally
filler addition does not automatically lead
to cost savings with Polyolefins as it does
with PVC.
Another important difference is that
Fillers are loaded in PVC in Parts per
Hundred Resin (PHR). In Polyolefins, Filler
loading is expressed as a percentage of
the total compound weight. When somebody expresses amazement that his
competitor is using 100% filler in his PVC
Pipes, obviously you can't extrude pipes
out of 100% CaCO3!! What he means is 100
parts PVC Resin, 100 parts Filler plus the
usual Stabilisers, Lubricants and pigment.
Thus the actual filler Percentage would be
100/210 (say)= 48%. This is not an unusual
loading, at least in Polyolifins with Filler
masterbatches exceeding these levels. I
make this distinction because referring to
PHR in PVC compounds as % is a common
mistake.
Visit : www.ipiindia.com
3. Let us have a closer look at CaCO3 filled
PP & HDPE.
Mineral Filled PPCo Applications
l
The high volume Filled PP applications
are :
Calcium Carbonate filled PP CoPolymer (Compounding Cost ` 15/Kg)
- Automotive Bumpers, Dashboards, and
Components
- Talc is the main filler
l
Moulded Furniture
- Precipitated or Ground
Calcium Carbonate is the
main filler.
l Tape
Raffia
- Precipitated or Ground
Calcium Carbonate is the
main filler.
lCost Films
Low
- Talc is the preferred filler as it has least
effect on translucency.
l rationale for mineral filled PP and
The
HDPE is more for improving physical
properties rather than cost reduction (with
an important exception which we will
discuss later).
l
In PP, CaCO3, Talc, and other mineral
fillers improve stiffness and improve
paintability.
l
In HDPE & PP, CaCO3 is extensively
used as an antifibrillating agent for Rafia
Tapes.
l
LDPE/LLDPE are normally not filled as
film blowing performance is badly
affected.
Effect of Fillers in PP-Copolymer.
(Compounding Costs ` 15/Kg.)
Like in the previous article, calculations
on the effect of Filler loading on Compound
cost and Volume costs are done in Table 1.
This is a theoretical exercise, as filler
loadings of more than 60-70% are difficult
to achieve. The filler loadings have been
stretched to find out what is the effect on
volume costs and draw conclusions.
It is interesting to note that even though
these are theoretical calculations, the
predicted density is quite near the actually
measured density with the difference
being a few points in the third decimal
Visit : www.ipiindia.com
Table - 1, The graphical representation of the calculations are shown in chart 2.
place. Rarely do we find errors in the
second decimal place. There is some
density increase due to volatile loss, but
this is quite low in Polyolefins, and I assume
the Filler is not wet.
Interpretation
l
Assuming that `15 a Kg is the
Compounding cost, at a level of approx
25%-26% filler does the cost of Compound
dip below the raw PPCO price (` 70/Kg).
When the business margins of the compounder is included, it is only at the 35%40% Filler level that the Purchase price of a
Filled PPCo compound will come below
base polymer price.
l rate of decrease of
The
Volume Cost is a lot slower,
and even at 90% Filler levels,
the Volume cost is higher than PPCO
Cost.
the base polymer.
l means that for all
This
moulded (or Extruded PP
Products which are sold per
piece (i.e. by volume), purchased filled PP Compounds
will not lower costs. They
should only be used for value
addition like better stiffness,
paintability etc.
There is a way to minimize
the effect of the relatively high
Compounding and conversion costs.
Filler Masterbatches
The route to reduce Compounding
costs is with Filler Masterbatches. A filler
masterbatch is PP filled with 60-70% Filler.
These are blended with Unfilled PP just like
Colour Masterbatches and then processed. I have assumed that the per Kg.
Compounding costs remain the same for
Filler Masterbatches as for Filled
Compounds. The Compounding cost gets
distributed by addition of unfilled PPCo.
Mixing takes place in normal Blender and
PPCO
Vol.
Cost.
Chart 2
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
09
4. Injection Moulding machine.
As an illustration let us assume that the
cost of a Filler Masterbatch is as in Table 1
70% loading or around ` 40/Kg.:
Benefits of Filler Masterbatch
l
At 20% Filler level, blend is ~ ` 11/kg.
cheaper (14.7% reduction)
l
At 30% Filler Level, blend is ~ ` 9/kg.
cheaper (12.8% reduction)
l
Though Density remains the same,
Volume cost reduction vis a vis bought in
Compound is higher, ` 11.30 and ` 9.73
respectively, but is still higher than Unfilled
PPCo (63 `/Ltr).
l
By blending, it is much easier to adjust
the Filler level for the desired properties.
Recommendations for Moulded
Furniture (And other products Sold by
Volume).
l Filler Masterbatches is a good
While
way to reduce costs, the volume costs
stayhigher than unfilled PP.
l at 90% Filler, Compound Volume
Even
cost does not go below Unfilled PPCo (`
63.5/Ltr.)
l
In Moulded Furniture, Cost per chair is
unlikely to reduce by increasing Filler
Loadings.
l
Resistance to deflection (Stiffness)
improves with Filler Loading.
l
Reduction in Impact strength has to be
balanced with required stiffness to arrive at
optimum filler loading for a
particular Moulded
Furniture Model.
l
Rigorous evaluation
with blends of PPCo,
PPHomo, and Filled
Masterbatches with
impact resistance,
Stiffness and Weight
tested for each blend
should be done. Analysis of the results and
trends will help establish the most cost
effective solution for each mould
Mineral Filled HDPE applications:
Raffia Tape.
10
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
Cost Reduction with Filler Masterbatch. (70% Filled with CaCO3)
o in Filled PPCo
Cost of Bought
o PPCo/ Filler M.B.
Cost of Blended
Rs. 40.00
This is one area of the Polyolefin processing scene that use of filler is widespread. In order to understand why it is so,
it is important to understand Volume costs
and the way Raffia products are specified
and sold.
Antifibrilating Masterbatch
Use of Filler by the Raffia Tape Industry
started as an Antifibrilating agent. This was
started with HDPE tapes and then later with
PP. The Industry soon realised that good
cost savings could be achieved with filler
loadings higher than that required for
antifibrilation.
Volume cost considerations can
explain why Raffia manufacturers get cost
savings by filler addition and not moulders
or for that matter the large HDPE Pipe and
other extruded products.
What are the basic differences? In the
moulding Industry, products are sold per
unit volume. The volume is the mould
volume. To reduce volume a new mould is
required. This is an expensive proposition,
but is the only way to reduce costs. Most
moulded furniture manufacturers have built
up a large stock of different moulds yielding similar design chairs but of different
weights. These cater to different market
segments. The mindless Filler loadings that
have happened in the PVC Pipe industry
has been mirrored by a mindless wall
thickness reduction (Mr. M.P. Taparia's
words, not mine) in the moulded furniture
industry. The results are as disastrous as
outlined in my earlier paper. I give this as
an illustration of the power of Volume cost.
If Volume cost does not decrease on
adding fillers even though the purchase
cost of the filled compound goes down,
other methods are required to reduce cost,
which may run into several crores in capital
costs.
In the Raffia tape industry, however the
Tape denier is the primary specification.
Rafia tape is not sold by volume The
Extrusion process allows easy modifications in tape dimensions without any
added capital costs. We will now explore
how Volume cost has made filler addition
lucrative in the Raffia Tape Industry
Woven Sack Specifications
The woven sacks or other end product
woven from HDPE / PP Rafia are normally
specified by:
l Denier. These are around 1000Tape
1200 and is much higher than synthetic
Yarn Deniers
l & Weft: No. of tapes per inch/cm.
Warp
used in the ends and picks.
l of the bag.
Weight
Denier and dtex-Definitions from
Wikipedia.
l is a unit of measure for the linear
Denier
mass density of fibers. It is defined as the
Visit : www.ipiindia.com
5. mass in grams per 9,000 meters. The
denier has its standard based in nature, a
single strand of silk is one denier.
Therefore, a sampled 9,000 meters length
of silk will weigh one gram. The term denier
is a literal combination of the words linear
and density.
l In the International System of Units
dtex:
the tex is used instead Tex is a unit of
measure for the linear mass density of
fibers and is defined as the mass in grams
per 1000 meters Tex is more likely to be
used in Canada and Continental Europe,
while denier remains more common in the
United States and United Kingdom. The
unit code is "tex".
l
The most commonly used unit is actually
the decitex, abbreviated dtex, which is the
mass in grams per 10,000 meters This
comes fairly close to the denier definition.
How Filler addition Tape Denier
Let us start with unfilled HDPE Tape of
1000 Denier. At a Density of 0.96 gms/cc
(Kg/Ltr.), 9000 mtrs of tape should weigh
1000 grams. When Mineral Filled HDPE is
use, Density is higher, and Denier
increases in proportion.
Denier can be brought down to the
specified 1000 by Downsizing:
l
Reducing Tape Thickness
l
Reducing Tape Width
l
Reducing both
To maintain Denier, the volume per unit
length of tape can be reduced. If the filled
Compound has a density 15% higher,
volume can be reduced by 15%.
How Filler affects Woven products.
l ends and picks are kept the same
If the
after downguaging Rafia Tape, the bag
weight should remain unaffected. However
strength will go down due to lesser amount
of polymer and the reduction in
mechanicals due to the filler. Drop tests
have to be carried out to assess suitability /
failures.
l Width is reduced too much to
If the
maintain Denier, the weave will become
more open, and may not be acceptable in
some applications.
l downsizing the tape, extra orienWhile
tation can be applied to partially offset loss
Visit : www.ipiindia.com
in strength. The stretch applied should be
within the processing limit to avoid excessive tabe breakage.
Limitations to Filler Addition in
Raffia Tape.
l
Physical properties like Tensile
Strength, Elongation at Break, Tensile
Modulus etc. reduce with filler. Loss in
strength is dramatic at higher filler levels
(above 15% Filler)
l
Stiffness increase is not much of an
issue in Raffia Tape as thickness is much
lower than mouldings.
l
For Woven Raffia products where high
performance is demanded, like Jumbo
bags, Filler loadings should not increase
over 6-8%.
l
For less demanding applications like 25
Kg. Bags or lightweight Tarpaulins, higher
filler levels can be tolerated.
Filler Masterbatch addition
In this example we will consider what
happens when Filler Masterbatch is added
to HDPE. The Filler Masterbatch should
have a suitable Carrier. This is important as
HDPE and PP are not very compatible, thus
a PP based Filler Masterbatch should not
be used with HDPE and Vice Versa
High MFI LLDPE Masterbatches are
compatible with both HDPE & PP. High MFI
LLDPE allows large filler levels. However,
high dosages of High MFI based Filler
masterbatches can adversely affect the
resultant MFI an reduce physical properties further. In Pigment Masterbatches, this
is not an issue as addition levels are 1-4 %
unlike 20% to as much as 50% and more
resorted to with Filler Masterbatches.
Assumptions: A 60% Filler loading is
selected for this study. Compounding
costs are the same as the PP example.
l Volume costs are still higher than
While
unfilled HDPE (64 `/Kg.), costs are saved
as less Volume of material per bag is
needed.
l costs keep on decreasing with
As
addition of filler, caution is advised not to
overdo the loading.
What is the Optimum Filler Loading in
Raffia.
Unlike
l
in many other PP/HDPE applications, costs can be reduced by filler loading in Raffia Tape. There is a temptation to
go on increasing filler loadings as markets
become more and more competitive.
l should be taken not to disturb the
Care
MFI chosen by high levels of Filler
Masterbatch.
l addition levels for a particular
Filler
application should be self regulatory.
Self Regulatory considerations.
l performance requirements of the
The
end use should be clearly understood.
Tests like Loaded Drop Test, Bursts
strength, Stitch ability should be set up to
reflect the performance requirements.
l Masterbatch levels should be
Filler
carefully experimented with to find the
optimum %.
l tests similar to BIS-4985 could be
Ash
formulated for critical applications like Bulk
Sacks/ Jumbo Bags.
Summary for Raffia
lprevious calculations and findings
The
are equally true for PP Raffia. Similar
considerations are valid when Talc or
combinations of Talc & CaCO3 are used.
l studies are theoretical and follow
These
the reasoning of Volume Costs. It would be
interesting to know how close these findings compare to actual Raffia industry
experience.
Some words of caution
I understand that in the last few years,
there have been concerted steps taken to
reduce the Filler addition costs in
Polyolefins. It is quite clear that as compared to the PVC Industry, the high compounding costs is a major barrier to filled
Polyolefins from finding wider applications
and market share.
The route taken is quite worrying. It is
well known that Plasticised PVC
Compounding is successfully done on
single screw extruders, some of which are
quite unsophisticated, and therefore very
cheap. The capital costs are a fraction of
co-rotating Twin Screw extruders and
compounding `/kg cost for Plasticised
PVC is in the low single digits. It seems a
similar route is now being used for filling
Polyolefins, mainly HDPE for the Raffia
tape and Blown film industry.
One must understand that in SPVC, the
filler is already well dispersed in the High
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
11
6. ers to compensate for degradation.
There is also a trend for using Talc filled
filler masterbatches for HDPE and Even
LLDPE Blown film. I am convinced that if
the Film or the bags made thereof are sold
by Volume, filler addition would not reduce
costs. Assuming that the film rolls are sold
in meters of a specified gauge, it is being
sold by Volume. Bags sold per piece of a
fixed gauge (thickness), again it is sold by
Volume. We have seen that in Polyolefins,
Volume cost does not go below the unfilled
Polymer levels even at high filler loadings.
Thus the processor may be lulled by the
Speed Mixer/Cooler Mixer before being
fed to the Single Screw extruder. The
extruder is essentially for melting and
pumping the PVC through the die for
pelletising. The induced mixing action of
the single screw is enough to complete the
homogenization.
With HDPE and relatively high filler
loadings as required in a filler
masterbatch, a single screw extruder,
even with mixing zones can never come
even close to the intensive mixing capabilities of Co- rotating multi-segmented Twin
Screw Compounders or Buss KoKneaders.
As the single screw extruder is so much
cheaper, quite a few have been pressed
into service to compound Polyolefins with
high filler levels, while still keeping the
compounding costs down to ` 6- ` 7/kg. If
dispersion is not proper, multiple passes
are resorted to compensate for the
improper mixing. This is self defeating as
repeated heat history eats into the
Stabiliser and Antioxidant levels incorporated by the polymer producer. There is
every chance that the filler masterbatch will
reduce the life of the finished product it is
used for. Filler masterbatches are used at
much higher levels than Colour
Masterbatches, and presence of degraded
polymer in the masterbatch will adversely
affect product quality. I would urge those
who are compounding HDPE with filler on
single screw extruders in multiple passes
to add additional Antioxidants and stabiliz-
fact that the filled compound he is extruding is of a lower cost in `/kg. terms, his
product weight will go up for the fixed
volume units he sells. The additional
material cost will outweigh whatever
savings he was expecting over unfilled
product.
If the film is being sold by weight basis,
it is another matter. Here the customer
suffers. He gets less meters for the same
gauge film as density goes up with filler.
The meterage reduction % will be more
than the price discount offered with Talc
filled films. I would request the industry
leaders to nip this trend in the bud and
educate their customers on the Volume
Cost concept so that they are not exploited
by unscrupulous competition.
About the Author
Mr. Siddhartha Roy is a Chemical Engineer from IIT Kharagpur (1968). He has worked with plastics all throughout his
career. He was actively involved in development of PVC markets and applications, especially Pipes and Fittings. He worked
with Shriram Vinyls, PRC (now DCW) and Chemplast, manufacturers of PVC Resin & Compounds. He has managed a PVC
Pipes & Fittings factory in Kuwait and helped Jain Pipes (now Jain Irrigation) set up their Pipe production facilities.
He headed R&D at VIP Industries, Nasik, and is well versed in the processing of Polyolefins, Styrenics, Polyamides and PC.
He has been active in IPI activities and has delivered several Endowment lectures. He was recently awarded the Fellowship
by the Governing council of IPI for his contribution to the Plastic Industry.
He is currently a consultant and can be contacted at royplastech@rediffmail.com (Mobile 9890366632
12
IPI JOURNAL August / September, 10
Visit : www.ipiindia.com