This document summarizes research on Lower Jurassic carbonate deposits in western Sardinia that provide evidence of syn-sedimentary faulting during an extensional tectonic period. Fieldwork at a quarry exposure revealed a series of NE-dipping listric normal faults that caused lateral thickness variations and erosional intersections of marker horizons within the rotated fault blocks. Structural analysis indicated a SE-directed extensional stress regime prior to later block rotation. The faults interacted with deposition of shallow marine carbonate tempestite facies, providing constraints on the temporal and spatial extent of Mesozoic rifting in the region.

1. 1
Closing the gap on Mesozoic extensional tectonics: the Torre
Poglina Lias carbonate system, western Sardinia
CHARLES R. SINGER1
1Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London
ABSTRACT
In western Sardinia, a Lower Jurassic carbonate tempestite section exhibits a series of NE
dipping listric faults. Identification of lateral thickness variations within the rotated hanging
wall blocks coupled with erosional intersections of marker horizons provides new evidence for
syn-sedimentary faulting in the Lower Jurassic. A SE stereographic tensional regime supports
the magnitude and direction of extensional tectonics in this chronostratigraphic interval
following restoration attributed to the counter clockwise rotation of the Sardinian-Corsican
block. A comparison with stratigraphic sections and structural orientations of eastern Sardinia
and the French Maritime Alps is made, attempting to improve the continuity in reconstruction
of the Western Tethyan margin with implications for an extensional regime on hydrocarbon
bearing Lower Jurassic source rocks.
INTRODUCTION
In Western Sardinia, a sequence of Jurassic to
Cretaceous carbonates overlies post-Hercynian
Permian and Triassic siliciclastics and
transgressive marine evaporites associated with
localised basin subsidence. This cover represents
the first (Early Jurassic) Mesozoic sedimentary
cycle in western Sardinia.
Prior to Early Miocene anticlockwise rotation
of the Corsican-Sardinian block, attachment of
Sardinia to mainland Europe during the
Mesozoic provides constraints with the
geodynamic evolution of the French Maritime
Alps (Stanley & Mutti, 1968). Palaeogeographic
evidence of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods
highlights a large and spatially continuous
carbonate megabank which occupied vast areas
of the west-Mediterranean, as well as significant
portions of Adria (Cherchi & Schroeder, 1985).
However, closer reconstructions of restorations
reveal the gradual westward propagation of the
Neo-Tethys sea-floor spreading axis during the
Late Triassic to early Jurassic. This is proposed
to pre-date opening of the central Atlantic and
the Piedmont segment of the oceanic Tethys
(Ricou, 1994). Submergence produced isolated
shallow water carbonate shelves sheltered from
terrigenous clastics by deeper troughs and
plateaus sharing affinities to the modern
Bahamas archipelago (Bernoulli & Jenkins, 1974;
Ziegler, 1988).
The aim of this paper is to provide evidence
for improved temporal and spatial resolution of
Lower Jurassic extensional tectonics associated
with the coeval opening with the Alpine Tethys.
The results of direct field observations in
western Sardinia attempt improve the accuracy
of geographic restorations of past tectonic
regimes across the French Maritime Alps and
eastern Sardinia and provide further support
against general consensus of tectonic stability in
the Jurassic (Costamagna, 2015; Dardeau, 1988).
The implications of sediment accumulation and
extensional faulting on potential Liassic
hydrocarbon deposits in the proximity of the
central Mediterranean are discussed (Di Cuia &
Riva, 2016). Focus is placed on a proximal
marine carbonate succession composed of
argillaceous limestones belonging to the Torre
Poglina Lias located 7 km south of the town of
Alghero (Fig. 1). This is where the formation is
best developed both spatially and temporally.
METHODS
Geological mapping in comparison to
surrounding Jurassic and Cretaceous carbonate

2. 2
deposits is undertaken with close examination on
sedimentological characterisation, facies
interpretation, and structural analysis. Adjacent
to the small town of Torre Poglina, an
abandoned quarry provides a well-exposed
succession of carbonate lithologies with evidence
for alpine compressive tectonics and extensional
faulting; the latter providing the basis for
detailed assessment of syn-sedimentary
structures. Interaction between sedimentary
facies and normal faulting has allowed a localised
palaeoenvironmental reconstruction to be
developed.
Fault measurements are collected using a
Suunto Compass Clinometer MC2 along a SW-
NE transect along the quarry face with
examination of slickenside orientations and slip
directions. Strike errors are likely to have arisen
when the compass datum line was not aligned
horizontally coupled with misalignment due to
their indistinction. Repeated observations and
averaging aids to overcome this problem
allowing stereographic projection. Woodcock
(1976) concluded that high errors (>5‫ﹾ‬) could
arise from trend measurements on steeply
plunging lineation’s.
Scaled photographs of sedimentary structures
and fault interaction are collated to assess their
relationships within the depositional system.
Images collected of sedimentary structures are
on the centimetre scale and hence the scaling
factor associated with parallax error is minimal
between the top and bottom of investigated
sequences. Annotated digitised field sketches of
the quarry face pose higher degrees of scaling
errors of approximately 2 calculated between the
top and bottom of the quarry face in accordance
to the rules of triangulation. Sections of interest
are predominantly towards the base of the
outcrop minimising scaling errors associated.
RESULTS
The quarry exposure forms a 70 m by 13 m
high outcrop of massive sub-horizontal
carbonate beds with distinctly faulted marker
horizons 0.4 to 1.4 m thick interbedded with a
series of variably grey laminated micrites. The
latter lithofacies is represented at its base by dark
grey bioclastic grainstones up to 5 cm thick
composed of laterally aligned fragmented
bivalves 3 – 4 mm in length. These allochems
typically concave downwards with occasional
locking with adjacent non-inverted shells (60%
vol.) set in a depleted mud matrix (Fig. 2a). In its
lower part, a basal erosional surface marks a
contact with beige micrites belonging to the
underlying sequence. The basal part passes up
sharply into gradationally fining carbonate silts
with indistinct sedimentary structures.
Laminations become increasingly defined and
closely spaced with traces of hummocky cross
stratification existing in the upper parts of each
sequence up to 4 cm in amplitude (Fig. 2b).
Compilation of fault plane measurements and
slickenside orientations are denoted in figure 3a.
Figure 1. Regional and local study map. General formation ages and spatial relationships mapped with investigated sections
highlighted.

3. 3
Fault planes are plotted and an average plane
calculated to correlate slickenside data. The
directions of present fault planes are closely
clustered towards the NE with an outlier
orientated towards the ENE aligning with the
slickenside orientations. Through accounting for
the 95‫ﹾ‬ counter clockwise rotation of the
Sardinian block defined using palaeomagnetic
evidence of Advokaat et al. (2014), a restored
stereonet is constructed with principal vector
directions displayed using data concentration on
a restored rose diagram plot (Fig. 3b; Fig. 3c). A
mean displacement towards the SE is shown.
A digitised field sketch is presented using
computer overlay of scaled photographs (Fig. 4).
Distinct marker horizons and fault intersections
are highlighted to provide direct observation of
potential sediment thickening within fault
hanging walls. A series of NE verging synthetic
listric faults dominate the quarry face varying
significantly in length from sub-metre up to 10
m with conjugate antithetic faults steeply dipping
towards the SW producing uplifted horst blocks.
Maximum fault dips reach up to 70‫ﹾ‬. The
majority of faults are concentrated within the
bottom half of the quarry exposure with several
protruding to intersect an upper brown bed used
Figure 2. Torre Poglina Lias deposits. (a) Succession composed of bioclastic grainstones in the lower part fining upwards into
laminated micrites. (b) Hummocky cross stratification.

4. 4
Figure 3. (a) Stereographic projections of present day fault and slickenside orientations and (b) restored projection corresponding to
~95‫ﹾ‬ counter clockwise rotation (Avokaat, 2014). (c) Restored rose plot representing mean trends of fault planes and slickensides.
a
b
c

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Figure 4. Scaled photograph of quarry exposure and overlain digitised field sketch along studied transect. A prominent central grey
marker horizon has been used to assess syn-sedimentary thickening.

6. 6
as a further marker horizon beneath alluvium
cover. The listric nature of faults is noted with
increasing angle between the vertical with depth
and appear to flatten to a lower detachment
horizon comprised of a poorly sorted 20 cm
thick fault breccia composed of angular micrite
clasts up to 25 cm. An internal duplex structure
detaching on the lower breccia sequence
consists of NNW-NW verging fault striations,
perpendicular to those associated with synthetic
listric normal faults. The presence of bedding
parallel styolites with amplitudes up to 2 mm
support lithological discontinuity.
The magnitude of dip of the beds is strongly
rotated within the hanging walls of successive
normal faults in comparison to sub-horizontal
laminae preserved towards the top of the
exposure. Beds are recorded to dip as much as
25‫ﹾ‬ towards the SW with the inclination of strata
reducing towards the southern end of the
outcrop associated with decreased fault
concentration.
Associated displacements are also variable,
but range only to several tens’ of centimetres. A
positive correlation of the magnitude of
displacement to fault distance is presented in
figure 5. These offsets produce lateral thickness
variations along a central grey marker bed. Over
the region studied, the unit reaches a maximum
thickness difference of approximately 0.93 m
with evidence for 0.35 m of thickening across a
single normal fault (Fig. 4). Thickness variations
of marker horizons beyond the transect become
too indistinct to accurately measure.
Underlying laminae exhibit evidence for oblique
intersection with greater degrees of rotation
than the truncating marker horizon (Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
The data presented here provides improved
constraint on the temporal extent of Jurassic
rifting episodes, with evidence from direct
observations to supplement compiled
palaeogeographic reconstructions.
Lithofacies
The sedimentological characteristics of the
Torre Poglina Lias reflect deposition within
shallow, near-shore carbonate producing seas.
The presence of an erosive basal bioclastic
grainstone passing upwards to normally graded
argillaceous silts and laminated micrites is
analogous to turbidite deposits formed by
density driven flows on shallow continental
shelves. The repeated truncations of upper
planar laminae with successive cycles represent
episodic sedimentation phases triggered by
pulses of sediment instability (Meiburg &
Kneller, 2009). However, identification of
hummocky cross stratification is believed to be
diagnostic of storm-dominated shallow marine
environments forming above the storm wave
base, typically around 30 m in modern
carbonate settings (Cheel & Leckie, 2009).
Recent published data from Yang et al. (2006)
has provided further evidence that HCS
wavelength is controlled by the bottom orbital
diameter (d0) of oscillatory wave motion,
implying the maximum size of HCS sets should
increase with decreasing water depth; according
to the relationship:
λ ≈ 0.75 d0
The centimetre scale magnitude of hummocks
observed within the Torre Poglina Lias suggests
deposition offshore of the surf zone. The
absence of overlying ripple cross laminations
and underlying fragmented shell beds support
an interpreted proximal to intermediate
carbonate tempestite sequence (Fig. 6; Fig 7).
Figure 5. Graph constructed of the magnitude of
displacement in comparison to the perpendicular distance
between fault segments along the length of the studied
transect (Fig. 3).

7. 7
Figure 6. General sketch of interpreted stratigraphic sequence
of the Torre Poglina Lias, western Sardinia.
Extensional Structure
Collaboration of structural features and
quantifiable bed thickening variations support
the presence of syn-sedimentary deposition.
Analysis of a grey marker horizon exhibits
significant thickness variations along a lateral
transect with nearly a metre scale variation in
vertical accumulation. The rotation and
thickening of beds into the hanging wall of
listric faults coupled with discrete erosional
truncations provides unequivocal evidence for
syn-rift facies (Fig. 4). Calcite filled fractures up
to 5 cm in length orientated parallel to
macroscopic faults highlights the influence of a
tensile regime even on small scale sedimentary
deposition. Presence of a detachment horizon
comprised of interpreted basal slump deposits
also displays an internal horse structure.
Slickenside striations suggest a WNW transport
direction, approximately perpendicular to the
vergence of the extensional regime. Hence, this
could represent an inverted extensional duplex
structure associated with Alpine orogenic events
further supported by a gently folded antiformal
structure to the north of the section. Interaction
between these tectonic episodes lies beyond the
scope of this paper.
Analyses of restored stereographic and rose
diagram projections strongly support a NW-SE
tensional regime producing a series of
extensional listric faults presently dipping
towards the NE. A component of oblique slip is
noted through mean vector offsets between the
average planes and slickenside orientations
approximately equal to 50‫ﹾ‬. The variability in
fault displacement direction with a dominant
oblique nature is likely related to the localised
linkage of previously unconnected fault
segments (Dawers & Anders, 1995). Cartwright
et al. (1996) emphasised the displacement
decrease on one fault segment is balanced by a
sympathetic increase on another. Figure 5
denotes a correlation between lateral fault
distance and offset magnitude. Within the
studied section, closely spaced faults exhibit
reduced displacements suggesting these may
have experienced progressive linkage and strain
uptake during formation. Fault concentrated
regions further exhibit the thickening of
sediments which could suggest implications of
strain distribution maintaining accommodation
space for sediment build-up prior to migrations
in the loci of strain accumulation.
The interaction between structural
development and sediment deposition is
proposed through bed morphology and
sedimentary structures. Erosional intersections
may suggest the structural involvement in
localised subsidence and uplift to subaerial
exposure. Constraints on data collection means
subsidence rates and magnitudes are difficult to
ascertain solely from a 2D transect. Myrow &
Southard (1996) discussed the catastrophic
introduction of sediments as a result of
earthquake activity. The non-uniformity in the
thickness of tempestite deposits throughout
geological history coupled with changes in the
fluctuations of storm intensity corresponding to
global environmental supercycles, means fault
movement within the syn-sedimentary
succession should not be ruled out as a
triggering mechanism (Ito et al. 2001).
However, the low subsidence suggested by the
sedimentary record and small degrees of
thickening, absence of large scale tectonic
disturbances and presence of shallow marine
HCS suggests influence of storm-induced waves
as a more likely scenario (Durmas & Arnott,
2006).
IMPLICATIONS
The prospect of active extensional tectonics
in the Lower Jurassic period aids understanding
of continental assemblage and restorations of
palaeogeographies. In SE France and Western

8. 8
Figure 7. Palaeoenvironmental sketch of the western Sardinian carbonate ramp during the Liassic. Structural features and their
influence on sediment accumulation are annotated.
Sardinia, Cherchi & Montadert (1982) provided
models to support the close proximity of these
domains prior to Oligo-Miocene Sardinia-
Corsica block drift. However, it has been
proposed tectonic uplift was spatially and
temporally limited resulting in the ephemeral
replacement of Middle Jurassic carbonate
shallow platform deposits (Cherchi &
Schroeder, 1985). The results from this study
argue for the role of active extensional tectonics
within epeiric basins and interaction with
carbonate platform sedimentation. Stereonet
projections of faults and associated striation
orientations strongly indicate a NW-SE
extensional regime prior to combined Eocene
and Miocene block rotation. According to
Monleau (1986), the Jurassic Provençal facies of
the Maritime Alps and those of eastern Sardinia
can be correlated. Palaeogeographic
reconstructions compiled by Dardeau (1988)
indicate a NNW-SSE tectonic regime producing
SE verging extensional faults on the eastern
Sardinian margin. The absence of significant
rotation of the Argentiera massif means the
comparable trends of half-graben structures are
today preserved on the North-Provence edge
(Fig. 8).
The Tacchi area, eastern Sardinia
Evidence for extensional tectonics in the
early Middle Jurassic sedimentary cycle of
eastern Sardinia is linked to the coeval opening
of the Alpine Tethys (Bernoulli & Jenkins,
1974). The impact of active tensional tectonics
on sedimentation is highlighted with the uplift
of a temporary tectonic high with rapid collapse
forming initial continental to transitional and
finally shallow marine deposits comprising the
Genna Selole Fm. Features including neptunian
dykes and indications of sudden immersion
provide further support of syn-sedimentary

9. 9
tectonics within the Middle Jurassic
(Costamagna, 2015). Structural trends
orientated towards the NE strongly correlate
with those observed within the Torre Poglina
Lias. Absence of Mesozoic sediments across
present day central Sardinia makes basin
analysis difficult but the comparison of
structural trends from the province platform of
the Maritime Alps to Eastern Sardinia supports
an underlying extensional regime operating
from the Liassic to Middle Jurassic periods
across a subsiding NW Alpine Tethys passive
margin (Dardeau, 1988). This suggests eastern
Sardinian horst-and-graben structures
developing during the Bajocian do not
represent initiation of opening of the Alpine
Tethys (Costamagna et al. 2007).
Triassic rifting
Stratigraphic relationships of sediments
deposited during the Upper Triassic and Lower
Jurassic on the western Tethys Iberian platform
may suggest correlation of Jurassic extension
with Late Triassic palaeogeographies. Seismic
data has highlighted a series of depocentres
controlled by syn-depositional faults (Gómez &
Goy, 2005). The consenus of back-arc
spreading associated with the Palaeo-Tethyan
subduction zone operating until the Late
Triassic may have provided pre-existing
structures inherited by Jurassic extensional
episodes (Stampfli et al. 2002). Further research
of this chronostratigraphic relationship could
suggest a more continual extensional regime
operating within the Mesozoic rather than
individual tensional episodes.
Hydrocarbon exploration
The direct evidence for rifting in Lower Jurassic
sediments has further reaching implications
beyond structural and palaeogeographic
reconstructions, highlighting the geodynamic
evolution of epicontinental basins. Jurassic
carbonates and siliciclastic sediments are
common source rocks for hydrocarbon
exploration in areas including the
Kimmeridgian-Brent system in the Northwest
European shelf. Fourteen petroleum systems
with Upper Jurassic source rocks contain one
quarter of the world’s currently discovered oil
and natural gas with eleven other smaller
systems with Liassic carbonate source
lithologies. It is estimated that one third of the
Lower and Middle Jurassic source rocks lack an
overlying Upper Jurassic source rock with two
thirds of these hydrocarbon occurrences related
to regional or local uplift (Klemme, 1993).
Modelling of Triassic and Jurassic rifting in
central north Bulgaria has emphasised the
impact of significant subsidence during the
Early-Middle Jurassic on the degree of source
rock maturity (Botoucharov, 2014). Hence,
understanding of syn-rift sediments deposited
during the Liassic improves the application to
proximal to distal basinal carbonate plays. This
form of play is expected to consist of traps
which could be pinch-outs of turbidite flows in
distal marine environments or against structural
highs that stop the flows associated with a fault-
controlled platform margin; comparative to the
previous Barbagia tectonic high in eastern
Sardinia. Recent exploration studies have
highlighted this play type could be present on
the western Sardinian margin in addition to
basinal deposits within the Gulf of Lion (Di
Cuia & Riva, 2016). Improved constraints on
rifting initiation aids the collaboration of
continental reconstructions and hence the start
of marine sedimentation during the Rhaetian
time. The formation of widespread organic-rich
(type II, marine) intervals could promote
further interest in Liassic deposits with evidence
for syntectonic deposition controlling the
creation of accommodation space in rift basins
Figure 8. Schematic palaeogeographic reconstruction of the
Tethyan margin during Middle Callovian times (modified from
Costamagna et al. (2007), Middle Collovian).

10. 10
(Mascle & Vially, 1999; Gawthorpe et al. 1994).
The potential of fault linkage within the Torre
Poglina Lias may pose wider implications of
fault interaction in controlling synrift
stratigraphic sequences.
CONCLUSIONS
The lithofacies of the Torre Poglina Lias
represents a shallow marine carbonate
tempestite sequence deposited during an
extensional tectonic regime associated with the
development of the Alpine Tethys passive
margin. The series of present day NE verging
listric normal faults have controlled block
rotation and wedge-shaped accumulation of
sediments likely deposited from storm induced
flows. Restoration of structural planes and
lineation’s following the counter clock-wise
rotation of the Sardinian-Corsican block during
the Miocene to early Oligocene correlate
strongly with palaegeographic reconstructions
and the NW-SE trending extensional regime
operating between the Provençal margin of the
Maritime Alps and offshore eastern Sardinia.
Hence, the evidence for syn-tectonic
deformation of Liassic sediments bridges the
gap between Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic
rifting episodes both spatially and temporally.
This serves for future implications aiding to
dismiss the stability of carbonate platforms
during the Jurassic. Evidence for interaction
between extensional tectonics and
sedimentation within this chronostratigraphic
interval provides further importance in
understanding source rock maturity and the
potential of hydrocarbon deposits within
Jurassic source rocks within the central
Mediterranean.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to Dr. Matthew Genge and Dr.
Mark Sutton for organisation of fieldwork in
Western Sardinia. The assistance in data
collection from Jennifer Reeves, and
collaboration of structural measurements from
Katherine Siuda, Qaitong Ren, Madeleine
Hann, Sophie Munson and Bethany Mitchell-
Bunce has greatly improved the quality of
interpretations made.
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