This document discusses research on how parenting styles and feeding styles influence children's eating behaviors and risk of obesity. It finds that an authoritarian parenting style and an indulgent feeding style are associated with less optimal child eating and higher risk of obesity. The research is based on studies of low-income minority families. Observational research confirms that indulgent parents are more detached during meals, while authoritarian parents show more negative behaviors like scolding. This research aims to better understand family dynamics during mealtimes that influence children's eating habits and weight outcomes.
The document discusses risk factors for eating disorders including biological, psychological, developmental, and social factors. It separates risk factors into eating-specific (direct) factors and generalized (indirect) factors. Some key eating-specific biological risks include genetics, appetite regulation, and gender. Key psychological risks include poor body image, maladaptive eating attitudes, and overvaluation of appearance. Developmental risks include identifications with body-concerned relatives/peers and trauma affecting bodily experience. Social risks include maladaptive family attitudes toward eating/weight and peer/cultural pressures regarding thinness. The document aims to provide an overview of various risk factors to better understand the development and prevention of eating disorders.
Here are a few thoughts on combining Feeding and Eating Disorders:
- It makes sense to group them together as they are both disorders involving food/nutrition. Looking at them together provides a more holistic perspective.
- Feeding disorders often occur in infants/children while eating disorders usually emerge later, but there is overlap in symptoms, behaviors and treatments. Combining the categories acknowledges the relationships and developmental trajectories.
- An integrated approach may help identify issues earlier on before they escalate into more serious disorders. It also promotes considering the biological, psychological and social aspects of each.
- Parents/practitioners may find it less confusing than separate categories. It provides a unified framework for assessment, diagnosis and intervention across
Children's food liking and intake relationships are complex. The study found:
1) Liking predicted intake for some foods but not others, and liking did not predict overall intake.
2) Child weight status and sex moderated some liking-intake relationships. Overweight children's low energy density food liking positively correlated with intake, while girls' high energy density food liking positively correlated with intake.
3) Reported parental food preparation time negatively correlated with children's test meal energy density. Children whose parents spent more time cooking ate lower energy density meals.
This document discusses feeding and eating disorders that can occur in infancy and early childhood. It describes disorders such as pica, rumination disorder, and feeding disorder of infancy. Pica involves recurrent ingestion of non-nutritive substances. Rumination disorder involves regurgitation and rechewing of food. Feeding disorder of infancy is a persistent failure to eat adequately resulting in failure to gain weight. The document provides diagnostic criteria and discusses epidemiology, etiology, treatment and differential diagnosis of these disorders.
The Placemat Protocol is a novel measure designed to assess preschoolers' developing schemas of healthy meals. It involves children creating two pretend meals using highly realistic toy food models - a preferred meal and a healthy meal. The researcher can then analyze various dimensions of the meals created, such as nutritional content. The study aimed to validate this measure by comparing the nutritional profiles of the preferred vs. healthy meals and examining correlations with other measures of nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviors. Results showed children's healthy meals contained fewer calories, less fat and sugar, and more fiber than their preferred meals, supporting the validity of the Placemat Protocol as a developmentally appropriate way to measure preschoolers' understanding of healthy eating.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of a week-long cooking camp called "Fun with Food" on the self-efficacy of dietary behaviors and food preparation skills in children ages 8-13. A survey was administered to 20 children before and after the camp to measure their confidence in various food preparation tasks and dietary behaviors. The results showed increases in the percentage of children who reported being "very sure" they could perform tasks like eating vegetables, whole grains, and dairy after participating in the camp, though the changes were not statistically significant. The student researcher gained valuable experience in developing and conducting the research project as an undergraduate student.
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile on a growth chart or a significant drop off from a previously established growth curve. FTT can be organic, resulting from medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, or inorganic, caused by non-medical factors like poor parenting or neglect. Evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and basic lab tests. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while ensuring adequate calorie intake through increased feeding or supplementation. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to prevent long term developmental and health impacts of prolonged malnutrition.
The document discusses risk factors for eating disorders including biological, psychological, developmental, and social factors. It separates risk factors into eating-specific (direct) factors and generalized (indirect) factors. Some key eating-specific biological risks include genetics, appetite regulation, and gender. Key psychological risks include poor body image, maladaptive eating attitudes, and overvaluation of appearance. Developmental risks include identifications with body-concerned relatives/peers and trauma affecting bodily experience. Social risks include maladaptive family attitudes toward eating/weight and peer/cultural pressures regarding thinness. The document aims to provide an overview of various risk factors to better understand the development and prevention of eating disorders.
Here are a few thoughts on combining Feeding and Eating Disorders:
- It makes sense to group them together as they are both disorders involving food/nutrition. Looking at them together provides a more holistic perspective.
- Feeding disorders often occur in infants/children while eating disorders usually emerge later, but there is overlap in symptoms, behaviors and treatments. Combining the categories acknowledges the relationships and developmental trajectories.
- An integrated approach may help identify issues earlier on before they escalate into more serious disorders. It also promotes considering the biological, psychological and social aspects of each.
- Parents/practitioners may find it less confusing than separate categories. It provides a unified framework for assessment, diagnosis and intervention across
Children's food liking and intake relationships are complex. The study found:
1) Liking predicted intake for some foods but not others, and liking did not predict overall intake.
2) Child weight status and sex moderated some liking-intake relationships. Overweight children's low energy density food liking positively correlated with intake, while girls' high energy density food liking positively correlated with intake.
3) Reported parental food preparation time negatively correlated with children's test meal energy density. Children whose parents spent more time cooking ate lower energy density meals.
This document discusses feeding and eating disorders that can occur in infancy and early childhood. It describes disorders such as pica, rumination disorder, and feeding disorder of infancy. Pica involves recurrent ingestion of non-nutritive substances. Rumination disorder involves regurgitation and rechewing of food. Feeding disorder of infancy is a persistent failure to eat adequately resulting in failure to gain weight. The document provides diagnostic criteria and discusses epidemiology, etiology, treatment and differential diagnosis of these disorders.
The Placemat Protocol is a novel measure designed to assess preschoolers' developing schemas of healthy meals. It involves children creating two pretend meals using highly realistic toy food models - a preferred meal and a healthy meal. The researcher can then analyze various dimensions of the meals created, such as nutritional content. The study aimed to validate this measure by comparing the nutritional profiles of the preferred vs. healthy meals and examining correlations with other measures of nutrition knowledge and dietary behaviors. Results showed children's healthy meals contained fewer calories, less fat and sugar, and more fiber than their preferred meals, supporting the validity of the Placemat Protocol as a developmentally appropriate way to measure preschoolers' understanding of healthy eating.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of a week-long cooking camp called "Fun with Food" on the self-efficacy of dietary behaviors and food preparation skills in children ages 8-13. A survey was administered to 20 children before and after the camp to measure their confidence in various food preparation tasks and dietary behaviors. The results showed increases in the percentage of children who reported being "very sure" they could perform tasks like eating vegetables, whole grains, and dairy after participating in the camp, though the changes were not statistically significant. The student researcher gained valuable experience in developing and conducting the research project as an undergraduate student.
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile on a growth chart or a significant drop off from a previously established growth curve. FTT can be organic, resulting from medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, or inorganic, caused by non-medical factors like poor parenting or neglect. Evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and basic lab tests. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause while ensuring adequate calorie intake through increased feeding or supplementation. Early diagnosis and intervention are important to prevent long term developmental and health impacts of prolonged malnutrition.
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and children. It defines FTT and describes the three main types - Type I, II, and III - based on patterns of weight, height, and head circumference growth. Type I is characterized by weight loss and normal height/head growth, usually due to inadequate calorie intake. Type II shows reduced weight and height growth, often involving endocrine issues. Type III exhibits reduced growth in all areas, commonly stemming from prenatal factors. Nutritional support options and potential complications are also outlined.
This document provides references for an article about feeding children rather than focusing on eating. It contains over 100 references from studies and reports on topics like parental feeding styles, responsive feeding, child weight status, and strategies to prevent childhood obesity. The references suggest research shows the important role parents and caregivers play in developing children's eating habits and weight through their feeding behaviors and parenting styles.
This study examined the correlation between stress levels and eating habits in undergraduate students. A survey was administered that included questions about typical food consumption and the Perceived Stress Scale. The study found no significant correlation between deviations from normal eating guidelines and increased stress levels, contrary to previous research. Limitations included a small, non-representative sample and potential issues with self-reported data. While the results did not support the hypothesis, improved methodology in future research could help determine if a relationship exists between stress and eating behaviors in college students.
This document discusses factors that influence food choices and eating behaviors. It explores how mood, social learning from parents and family, and health concerns can shape attitudes towards food. Several studies are summarized that show: 1) people in negative moods tend to consume more unhealthy foods, 2) children's food preferences correlate with their parents' choices and attitudes, and 3) media characters can influence children to try healthy foods but not override preferences for salty or sweet snacks. Social and emotional factors significantly impact eating behaviors.
Approach to a child with failure to thriveSingaram_Paed
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as inadequate physical growth compared to peers. FTT can be caused by inadequate calorie intake, absorption, increased needs, or utilization. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include psychosocial factors, infections, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems. Evaluation of a child with FTT involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests, and assessing nutrition. Treatment focuses on improving the child's diet and development stimulation, caregiver skills, and treating any underlying medical issues. Regular follow up is also important.
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
This is an undergraduate presentation on failure to thrive in Pediatrics. In this presentation I mentioned about Diagnosis, Etiology, Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Management.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
https://1drv.ms/p/s!Am9GQ5GMX-WyjmOfgcNpov4RewVL
Pamudith Karunaratne
Part of a 12 part series of courses at AllCEUs.com resulting in the receipt of a certificate in eating disorders counseling. Addresses bulimia, binge eating, anorexia, obesity. Uses The Body Betrayed by Zerbe and Brief Therapy with Eating Disorders by McDonald in addition to Dr. Snipes clinical experiences.
Factors influencing attitudes to foodsspeterkilcoyne
This document discusses factors that influence attitudes toward food, including learning and familiarity, culture, and mood. Learning and familiarity are shaped by exposure to foods from a young age through parenting influences. Culture has a strong impact through factors like socioeconomic class, religion, ethnicity, and geography. Research shows families who eat together regularly consume healthier diets. Mood can influence eating, but its effects may depend on individual susceptibility and whether negative emotions elicit increased or decreased food intake. Stress does not always trigger overeating and may sometimes reduce appetite.
Understanding Failure to Thrive –We know that about half the population of children in India are stunted. This means they are very likely to mental health and developmental problems. We need to know what these problems are, if we are to design programmes to help these children out of this situation.
Dr. David Pearson, Consultant Clinical Psychologist
Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as a lack of appropriate weight gain or a persistent weight loss from a child's normal growth curve. It can be classified as organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychosocial factors. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the etiology and develop an appropriate treatment plan focused on nutritional rehabilitation and addressing the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the etiology, with FTT in the first year generally having a poorer outcome. Prevention efforts include exclusive breastfeeding, parental education, and early detection and intervention.
The document summarizes a quantitative review of treatment outcomes for pediatric feeding disorders. 48 single-case research studies involving behavioral interventions for 96 participants were included. Most children had complex medical and developmental issues and were treated at multidisciplinary feeding programs. Results indicated behavioral interventions were associated with significant improvements in feeding behavior. Common effective treatments included differential reinforcement and escape extinction procedures. However, more research is needed to document outcomes beyond behavioral changes and to identify key behavioral factors influencing mealtime performance.
DEFINITION
FTT is defined as attained growth Weight of < 3rd percentile on standard growth chart or Weight for height < 5th percentile on standard growth chart or Weight 20% or more below ideal weight for height. OR
Rate of growth less than 20 g/day from birth to 3 months of age or less than 15 g/day from 3 months to 6 months of age or falloff from previously established growth curve or downward crossing of > 2 major percentiles.
ETIOLOGY
The etiology of FTT has traditionally been divided into organic, inorganic and mixed.
Organic FTT; Is a growth symptom of virtually all serious pediatric physical illnesses, such as gastro esophageal reflux, malabsorption syndrome, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease.
Nonorganic FTT; Is a failure of growth without diagnosable organic disease. It is caused by a psychosocial problem between the infant or child and the mother or other primary caregiver.
Mixed FTT; has both organic and nonorganic causes and cannot be described as either alone.
NOTE:-
The standard classification of dividing the causes of FTT as organic and non-organic is probably not very appropriate. Whether the condition is primarily organic or non-organic in origin, all children who fail to thrive suffer the physical and psychological consequences of malnutrition and are at a significant risk for long-term physical and psycho developmental sequelae. Organic diseases are responsible for less than 20% of cases with FTT. The causes of FTT are as;-
1. INADEQUATE CALORIC INTAKE
• Incorrect formula preparation
• Neglect
• Excessive juice consumption
• Poverty
• Behavioral problem affecting eating
• Non-availability of food
• Misperceptions about diet and feeding practices
• Errors in formula reconstitution
• Dysfunctional parent-child interaction, child abuse and neglect
• Behavioral feeding problem
• Mechanical problems with sucking, swallowing and feeding
• Primary neurological diseases
• Chronic systemic disease resulting in anorexia, food refusal and neurological problems
2. INADEQUATE ABSORPTION
• Cystic fibrosis
• Celiac disease
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Hepatic diseases.
3. INCREASED CALORIC REQUIREMENT
• Hyperthyroidism
• Congenital heart disease
• Chronic immunodeficiency
• Chronic respiratory disease
• Neoplasm
• Chronic or recurrent infection
4. EXCESSIVE LOSS OF CALORIES
• Persistent vomiting
• Gastro esophageal reflux disease
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Renal losses - renal tubular acidosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Inborn errors of metabolism
Eating Behaviour - AQA A level Psychology RevisionElla Warwick
The document discusses several biological and psychological explanations for eating behaviors, food preferences, anorexia nervosa, and obesity.
For eating behaviors, it describes the hypothalamus's role in regulating hunger and satiety through hormones like ghrelin and leptin. For food preferences, it discusses evolutionary preferences for high calorie foods as well as social and cultural learning influences.
For anorexia nervosa, it outlines genetic and neural biological factors but notes their limitations. It also discusses family systems theory, social learning theory involving media influences, and cognitive explanations involving body image distortions.
For obesity, it mentions genetic and neural biological factors like genes and neurotransmitters. Psychologically, it describes restraint theory
FTT describes inadequate growth in children and is diagnosed using growth charts. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include inadequate caloric intake, absorption issues, increased needs, or defective utilization. Organic causes stem from medical issues while inorganic are due to caregiver actions. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and tests like bloodwork and growth monitoring. Management focuses on optimal nutrition, supportive environment, education, and follow up to promote catch up growth. Prognosis depends on duration and treatment of the underlying cause.
This document summarizes research on parental influence on childhood obesity. It reviews studies that examine three areas of parental influence: control, attitudes, and behaviors. Regarding control, some studies found that less parental control over food intake was associated with higher child BMI, while others found the opposite. For attitudes, studies found that parental beliefs that heavier children are healthier and using food to control behavior were linked to higher child BMI. Parental concern over child weight and perception of child eating behaviors were also linked to higher BMI. The document concludes by addressing gaps in research on this topic.
This document discusses research on how parenting styles and feeding styles influence children's eating behaviors and weight outcomes. It finds that:
1) Authoritarian parenting styles and indulgent feeding styles are associated with less optimal child eating behaviors and higher risk of obesity.
2) Parents with authoritative feeding styles encourage healthier eating through supportive practices like monitoring intake and making nutritious foods available.
3) Indulgent parents are less involved with meals and make fewer demands, relating to children selecting larger portions and eating more calorie-dense foods.
4) Observational research confirms that indulgent parents show more detachment and permissive behaviors during meals, while authoritarian parents display intrusive practices.
This document discusses asset-based community development and creating sustainable community gardens. It defines asset-based community development as a process of neighborhood regeneration by locating and connecting local assets to multiply their impact. It outlines five categories of community assets: individual gifts, associations, institutions, land/buildings, and local economy. The document emphasizes the importance of including community members and building reciprocal partnerships between groups.
The document appears to contain a code and time but no other contextual information. It includes the string "IN.TA.03" followed by multiple tab characters and the time "05:30 am".
This document summarizes the history and development of the North Carolina Community Garden Partnership (NCCGP) from 2008 to 2013. It describes early meetings and planning efforts to establish a statewide network to support community gardening. Key events included a 2008 retreat that identified needs for gardener resources and coordination, and a 2009 summit that recommended cultivating community gardens statewide. Approximately $300,000 in funding supported new gardens from 2010-2013. The organization became a nonprofit in 2011 and has expanded resources like an online directory and social media presence. Its vision is to increase the quantity, quality, and sustainability of community gardens across North Carolina.
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in infants and children. It defines FTT and describes the three main types - Type I, II, and III - based on patterns of weight, height, and head circumference growth. Type I is characterized by weight loss and normal height/head growth, usually due to inadequate calorie intake. Type II shows reduced weight and height growth, often involving endocrine issues. Type III exhibits reduced growth in all areas, commonly stemming from prenatal factors. Nutritional support options and potential complications are also outlined.
This document provides references for an article about feeding children rather than focusing on eating. It contains over 100 references from studies and reports on topics like parental feeding styles, responsive feeding, child weight status, and strategies to prevent childhood obesity. The references suggest research shows the important role parents and caregivers play in developing children's eating habits and weight through their feeding behaviors and parenting styles.
This study examined the correlation between stress levels and eating habits in undergraduate students. A survey was administered that included questions about typical food consumption and the Perceived Stress Scale. The study found no significant correlation between deviations from normal eating guidelines and increased stress levels, contrary to previous research. Limitations included a small, non-representative sample and potential issues with self-reported data. While the results did not support the hypothesis, improved methodology in future research could help determine if a relationship exists between stress and eating behaviors in college students.
This document discusses factors that influence food choices and eating behaviors. It explores how mood, social learning from parents and family, and health concerns can shape attitudes towards food. Several studies are summarized that show: 1) people in negative moods tend to consume more unhealthy foods, 2) children's food preferences correlate with their parents' choices and attitudes, and 3) media characters can influence children to try healthy foods but not override preferences for salty or sweet snacks. Social and emotional factors significantly impact eating behaviors.
Approach to a child with failure to thriveSingaram_Paed
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as inadequate physical growth compared to peers. FTT can be caused by inadequate calorie intake, absorption, increased needs, or utilization. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include psychosocial factors, infections, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems. Evaluation of a child with FTT involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests, and assessing nutrition. Treatment focuses on improving the child's diet and development stimulation, caregiver skills, and treating any underlying medical issues. Regular follow up is also important.
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
This is an undergraduate presentation on failure to thrive in Pediatrics. In this presentation I mentioned about Diagnosis, Etiology, Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Management.
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-2267
https://1drv.ms/p/s!Am9GQ5GMX-WyjmOfgcNpov4RewVL
Pamudith Karunaratne
Part of a 12 part series of courses at AllCEUs.com resulting in the receipt of a certificate in eating disorders counseling. Addresses bulimia, binge eating, anorexia, obesity. Uses The Body Betrayed by Zerbe and Brief Therapy with Eating Disorders by McDonald in addition to Dr. Snipes clinical experiences.
Factors influencing attitudes to foodsspeterkilcoyne
This document discusses factors that influence attitudes toward food, including learning and familiarity, culture, and mood. Learning and familiarity are shaped by exposure to foods from a young age through parenting influences. Culture has a strong impact through factors like socioeconomic class, religion, ethnicity, and geography. Research shows families who eat together regularly consume healthier diets. Mood can influence eating, but its effects may depend on individual susceptibility and whether negative emotions elicit increased or decreased food intake. Stress does not always trigger overeating and may sometimes reduce appetite.
Understanding Failure to Thrive –We know that about half the population of children in India are stunted. This means they are very likely to mental health and developmental problems. We need to know what these problems are, if we are to design programmes to help these children out of this situation.
Dr. David Pearson, Consultant Clinical Psychologist
Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as a lack of appropriate weight gain or a persistent weight loss from a child's normal growth curve. It can be classified as organic, caused by medical issues, or non-organic, caused by psychosocial factors. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the etiology and develop an appropriate treatment plan focused on nutritional rehabilitation and addressing the underlying cause. Prognosis depends on the etiology, with FTT in the first year generally having a poorer outcome. Prevention efforts include exclusive breastfeeding, parental education, and early detection and intervention.
The document summarizes a quantitative review of treatment outcomes for pediatric feeding disorders. 48 single-case research studies involving behavioral interventions for 96 participants were included. Most children had complex medical and developmental issues and were treated at multidisciplinary feeding programs. Results indicated behavioral interventions were associated with significant improvements in feeding behavior. Common effective treatments included differential reinforcement and escape extinction procedures. However, more research is needed to document outcomes beyond behavioral changes and to identify key behavioral factors influencing mealtime performance.
DEFINITION
FTT is defined as attained growth Weight of < 3rd percentile on standard growth chart or Weight for height < 5th percentile on standard growth chart or Weight 20% or more below ideal weight for height. OR
Rate of growth less than 20 g/day from birth to 3 months of age or less than 15 g/day from 3 months to 6 months of age or falloff from previously established growth curve or downward crossing of > 2 major percentiles.
ETIOLOGY
The etiology of FTT has traditionally been divided into organic, inorganic and mixed.
Organic FTT; Is a growth symptom of virtually all serious pediatric physical illnesses, such as gastro esophageal reflux, malabsorption syndrome, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease.
Nonorganic FTT; Is a failure of growth without diagnosable organic disease. It is caused by a psychosocial problem between the infant or child and the mother or other primary caregiver.
Mixed FTT; has both organic and nonorganic causes and cannot be described as either alone.
NOTE:-
The standard classification of dividing the causes of FTT as organic and non-organic is probably not very appropriate. Whether the condition is primarily organic or non-organic in origin, all children who fail to thrive suffer the physical and psychological consequences of malnutrition and are at a significant risk for long-term physical and psycho developmental sequelae. Organic diseases are responsible for less than 20% of cases with FTT. The causes of FTT are as;-
1. INADEQUATE CALORIC INTAKE
• Incorrect formula preparation
• Neglect
• Excessive juice consumption
• Poverty
• Behavioral problem affecting eating
• Non-availability of food
• Misperceptions about diet and feeding practices
• Errors in formula reconstitution
• Dysfunctional parent-child interaction, child abuse and neglect
• Behavioral feeding problem
• Mechanical problems with sucking, swallowing and feeding
• Primary neurological diseases
• Chronic systemic disease resulting in anorexia, food refusal and neurological problems
2. INADEQUATE ABSORPTION
• Cystic fibrosis
• Celiac disease
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Hepatic diseases.
3. INCREASED CALORIC REQUIREMENT
• Hyperthyroidism
• Congenital heart disease
• Chronic immunodeficiency
• Chronic respiratory disease
• Neoplasm
• Chronic or recurrent infection
4. EXCESSIVE LOSS OF CALORIES
• Persistent vomiting
• Gastro esophageal reflux disease
• Gastrointestinal obstruction
• Increased intracranial pressure
• Renal losses - renal tubular acidosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Inborn errors of metabolism
Eating Behaviour - AQA A level Psychology RevisionElla Warwick
The document discusses several biological and psychological explanations for eating behaviors, food preferences, anorexia nervosa, and obesity.
For eating behaviors, it describes the hypothalamus's role in regulating hunger and satiety through hormones like ghrelin and leptin. For food preferences, it discusses evolutionary preferences for high calorie foods as well as social and cultural learning influences.
For anorexia nervosa, it outlines genetic and neural biological factors but notes their limitations. It also discusses family systems theory, social learning theory involving media influences, and cognitive explanations involving body image distortions.
For obesity, it mentions genetic and neural biological factors like genes and neurotransmitters. Psychologically, it describes restraint theory
FTT describes inadequate growth in children and is diagnosed using growth charts. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include inadequate caloric intake, absorption issues, increased needs, or defective utilization. Organic causes stem from medical issues while inorganic are due to caregiver actions. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and tests like bloodwork and growth monitoring. Management focuses on optimal nutrition, supportive environment, education, and follow up to promote catch up growth. Prognosis depends on duration and treatment of the underlying cause.
This document summarizes research on parental influence on childhood obesity. It reviews studies that examine three areas of parental influence: control, attitudes, and behaviors. Regarding control, some studies found that less parental control over food intake was associated with higher child BMI, while others found the opposite. For attitudes, studies found that parental beliefs that heavier children are healthier and using food to control behavior were linked to higher child BMI. Parental concern over child weight and perception of child eating behaviors were also linked to higher BMI. The document concludes by addressing gaps in research on this topic.
This document discusses research on how parenting styles and feeding styles influence children's eating behaviors and weight outcomes. It finds that:
1) Authoritarian parenting styles and indulgent feeding styles are associated with less optimal child eating behaviors and higher risk of obesity.
2) Parents with authoritative feeding styles encourage healthier eating through supportive practices like monitoring intake and making nutritious foods available.
3) Indulgent parents are less involved with meals and make fewer demands, relating to children selecting larger portions and eating more calorie-dense foods.
4) Observational research confirms that indulgent parents show more detachment and permissive behaviors during meals, while authoritarian parents display intrusive practices.
This document discusses asset-based community development and creating sustainable community gardens. It defines asset-based community development as a process of neighborhood regeneration by locating and connecting local assets to multiply their impact. It outlines five categories of community assets: individual gifts, associations, institutions, land/buildings, and local economy. The document emphasizes the importance of including community members and building reciprocal partnerships between groups.
The document appears to contain a code and time but no other contextual information. It includes the string "IN.TA.03" followed by multiple tab characters and the time "05:30 am".
This document summarizes the history and development of the North Carolina Community Garden Partnership (NCCGP) from 2008 to 2013. It describes early meetings and planning efforts to establish a statewide network to support community gardening. Key events included a 2008 retreat that identified needs for gardener resources and coordination, and a 2009 summit that recommended cultivating community gardens statewide. Approximately $300,000 in funding supported new gardens from 2010-2013. The organization became a nonprofit in 2011 and has expanded resources like an online directory and social media presence. Its vision is to increase the quantity, quality, and sustainability of community gardens across North Carolina.
This document summarizes key topics regarding patent ownership and inventorship for entrepreneurs. It discusses how patent rights initially vest in inventors under U.S. law but can be assigned to organizations. It also covers issues like establishing ownership of employee-created inventions, the importance of employment agreements that include a present assignment of rights, and differences between patents and copyrights regarding works made for hire. The Supreme Court case Stanford v. Roche is summarized, emphasizing the need for clear and effective transfer of invention rights from inventors to universities or companies.
This document provides an overview of the Rioja wine region of Spain and marketing plans for promoting Rioja wines. It describes Rioja as one of the world's greatest wine regions, located in northern Spain. It outlines the climate and subregions of Rioja and the five main grape varieties used. It also summarizes the aging classification system for Rioja wines and pairs Rioja wines with certain foods. The marketing plan focuses on promoting select Rioja wines through in-store tastings, displays, and education for store employees.
La computadora es una máquina electrónica programable que recibe datos de entrada, los procesa y produce información como salida. Está compuesta de hardware incluyendo dispositivos de entrada, proceso, almacenamiento y salida, y software en forma de programas. El documento describe las funciones y partes principales de una computadora.
Mule is an open source lightweight and scalable enterprise service bus (ESB) that allows applications to connect and communicate with each other. An ESB provides a software architecture model for designing communication between interacting software applications in a service-oriented architecture (SOA). A SOA is an architectural pattern where reusable software services provide functionality to other services or applications via a communications protocol, typically over a network, and involve either simple data passing or coordinated activities between two or more services.
MainManager cloud based CAFM application. Manage your estate more efficiently, plan your maintenance and run your contracts with ease. Deploy your workforce with state of the art mobile technology. Import drawings and asset information to manage your BIM process. Be more efficient, save money, plan effectively.
Due for release in Apr/May 2014, the cleaning management module of MainManager will be available to all existing users. New users please contact FM180 for further information.
Decisiones de la EFSA sobre la fibra dieteticaRica Cane
-Decisiones de la EFSA sobre la fibra dietetica
- Articulo 13.1. Basadas en datos cientificos generalmente aceptados
- Articulo 13.5. Basadas en evidencias cientificas recientemente obtenidas
-Articulo 14 Relativas a la reduccion del riesgo de enfermedad
- Decisiones de la EFSA sobre la fibra dietetica
Efecto del agente espesante en la liberación de tirosol de natillas Rica Cane
-Modelo de intestino in vitro;
-Análisis de tirosol por HPLC;
- Propiedades del corte y la saliva en la estructura de descomposición en las natillas;
-Propiedades del corte y la saliva en la estructura de descomposición en los flanes;
-Simulación de Digestión Bucal ( Incubación Bucal In Vitro);
-Simulación de la digestión gástrica (Incubación Gástrica In-Vitro);
-Simulación de la digestión intestinal (Incubación Intestinal In-Vitro);
- Conclusion
Por: Réka Maulide Cane, Gabriela Barrazueta Rojas, Rodica Maria Jiverdeanu
An article on Role of Company Secretaries in GST Era was published in Souvenir of 43rd National Convention of Institute of Company Secretaries of India. Article was contributed by Team : Lex Bolster Global LLP.
The document discusses funding and resources for community gardens and food projects, including grants totaling over $2.4 million provided by the Creating New Economies Fund from 2001-2013 that have supported farmers markets, community gardens, and other local food initiatives. It also provides an example of the Conetoe Family Life Center, which received an initial grant that expanded an initial 2-acre community garden to now encompass over 17 acres and engages and improves health in the entire community. The document provides advice on planning and maintaining community gardens and tracking accomplishments and contributions.
El documento analiza la demanda elástica e inelástica de dos productos. Muestra que la demanda de un producto es inelástica con un coeficiente de elasticidad de 1.20. También analiza la oferta de prendas de niño en temporada navideña, encontrando que la oferta es elástica con coeficientes de 1.17 y 0.83 en diferentes periodos.
- The document discusses different models of eating behavior including developmental, cognitive, and psychophysiological models. The developmental model highlights the role of exposure, social learning, and associative learning in developing food preferences from a young age. The cognitive model emphasizes how beliefs and attitudes impact food choices. And the psychophysiological model examines the role of senses, neurochemicals, and stress in eating behavior. The document also provides 8 strategies for encouraging healthy eating habits in children, such as getting them involved in food preparation, focusing on balance, and leading by example through one's own behaviors and choices.
Reducing Obesity Using a Family Centered Approachcplbrassard
Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past 30 years, with over 1/3 of children and adolescents now overweight or obese. Family dynamics play a key role, with parenting styles (authoritative vs. permissive), parental modeling of behaviors, and stress responses influencing children's weight. Effective interventions utilize family-centered approaches and focus on areas like parenting, monitoring, and communication to help families make healthy changes. Practitioners need tools to assess families, provide education, and address barriers like limited resources and knowledge to help combat childhood obesity.
This document summarizes research on the parental role in childhood obesity. It finds that parents should:
1. Monitor their child's eating habits, exercise, screen time, and weight.
2. Educate both themselves and their child on healthy habits.
3. Intervene by joining community health programs and enforcing restrictions.
Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake andDecreasing Fat and .docxjaggernaoma
Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake and
Decreasing Fat and Sugar Intake in Families at
Risk for Childhood Obesity
Leonard H. Epstein, Constance C. Gordy, Hollie A. Raynor, Marlene Beddome, Colleen K. Kilanowski, and
Rocco Paluch
Abstract
EPSTEIN, LEONARD H., CONSTANCE C. GORDY,
HOLLIE A. RAYNOR, MARLENE BEDDOME,
COLLEEN K. KILANOWSKI, AND ROCCO PALUCH.
Increasing fruit and vegetable intake and decreasing fat and
sugar intake in families at risk for childhood obesity.Obes
Res.2001;9:171–178.
Objective:The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect
of a parent-focused behavioral intervention on parent and
child eating changes and on percentage of overweight
changes in families that contain at least one obese parent
and a non-obese child.
Research Methods and Procedures:Families with obese
parents and non-obese children were randomized to
groups in which parents were provided a comprehensive
behavioral weight-control program and were encouraged
to increase fruit and vegetable intake or decrease intake
of high-fat/high-sugar foods. Child materials targeted the
same dietary changes as their parents without caloric
restriction.
Results:Changes over 1 year showed that treatment influ-
enced targeted parent and child fruit and vegetable intake
and high-fat/high-sugar intake, with the Increase Fruit and
Vegetable group also decreasing their consumption of
high-fat/high-sugar foods. Parents in the increased fruit and
vegetable group showed significantly greater decreases in
percentage of overweight than parents in the decreased
high-fat/high-sugar group.
Discussion:These results suggest that focusing on increas-
ing intake of healthy foods may be a useful approach for
nutritional change in obese parents and their children.
Key words: fruits, vegetables, pediatric, prevention
Introduction
The prevalence of obesity in children (1) is increasing.
Although pediatric treatment has been relatively successful,
many treated children also regain weight during follow-up
(2). Given difficulties in changing established eating and
exercise behaviors, research is needed to prevent obesity
during development. Primary prevention may involve mod-
ifying intake and/or increasing expenditure, but the biggest
effect on energy balance will come from modifying intake,
because research suggests that obese and non-obese chil-
dren have similar activity levels (3,4).
Most dietary approaches for obesity treatment or preven-
tion attempt to limit intake of high-fat, low-nutrient dense
foods. This may be perceived as a dietary restriction by
people who find these foods reinforcing. The perceived
restriction can lead to increases in preference for these foods
(5), thereby increasing the probability of relapsing to pre-
vious eating habits when structured interventions are re-
moved. An alternative approach would be to teach children
to increase intake of healthy high-nutrient dense foods, such
as fruits and vegetables, which has been the target of large
public health in.
This document discusses maintaining healthy weight in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have feeding difficulties or selective eating behaviors. It provides strategies for occupational therapists to address this issue. The document describes how mealtime is an important occupation that can be challenging for children with ASD due to sensory processing issues, behavioral rigidity, and medical factors. It emphasizes taking a family-centered approach and using sensory-based interventions, positive reinforcement, structured routines, and play to expand children's acceptance of foods. The document also notes higher rates of obesity in underserved populations and children with special needs.
NEED BY 061220 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!.docxTanaMaeskm
NEED BY 06/12/20 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
Describes statistical significance to pediatric nursing grounded in scholarly literature. Collates utilized references and summarizes key points.
· Statistical significance-
· Key Points
***Need 1 scholarly source
Use the article attached the title is for this presentation:
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE?"
KEYPOINTS: answer theses questions and describe statistical data
· Childhood Obesity- What is their growth/BMI?
· Is there a pathophysiological dilemma such as Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?
· What are the cultural differences and customs to provide client centered quality care?
· How can we observe and assess what beliefs the client has on food choices and psychosocial needs?
· What are their cognitive level/ learning needs?
· What are their educational needs?
· What availability does client have to food and nutrition (economical status)?
· What are some healthy food choices and activity for better living?
· What can we provide as resources to client when there is economical hardships involved?
· What beliefs or morals are ok with you on this topic?
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
** use the article attached and another scholarly source of choice if needed
APA FORMAT and intext citation
NEED BY
06/12/20 CST Chicago
, IL
t
ime
. NO
PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
Describes statistical significance to pediatric nursing grounded in scholarly literature. Collates utilized
references and summarizes key points.
·
Statistical significance
-
·
Key
Points
***
Need
1
scholarly source
Use the article attached the title is for this presentation
:
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE?"
K
EYPOI
NTS:
answer the
ses questions and describe stati
s
tical data
·
Childhood Obesity
-
What is their growth/BMI?
·
Is there a pathophysiological dilemma such as Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?
·
What are the
cultural differences and cus
toms to provide client centered quality care?
·
How can we observe and assess what beliefs the client has on food choices and psychosocial
needs?
·
What are their cognitive level/ learning needs?
·
What are their educational needs?
·
What availability does client have to food and nutrition (economical status)?
·
What are some healthy food choices and activity for better living?
·
What can we provide as resources to client when there is economical hardships involved?
·
W
hat
bel
iefs or morals are ok wi
th you on this t
opic?
STATISTIC
AL SIGNIF
ICANCE
:
** use the article attached and
another sch
olarly source o
f choice
if nee
ded
APA FORMAT and intext citation
NEED BY 06/12/20 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
De.
NEED BY 061220 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!.docxhallettfaustina
NEED BY 06/12/20 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
Describes statistical significance to pediatric nursing grounded in scholarly literature. Collates utilized references and summarizes key points.
· Statistical significance-
· Key Points
***Need 1 scholarly source
Use the article attached the title is for this presentation:
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE?"
KEYPOINTS: answer theses questions and describe statistical data
· Childhood Obesity- What is their growth/BMI?
· Is there a pathophysiological dilemma such as Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?
· What are the cultural differences and customs to provide client centered quality care?
· How can we observe and assess what beliefs the client has on food choices and psychosocial needs?
· What are their cognitive level/ learning needs?
· What are their educational needs?
· What availability does client have to food and nutrition (economical status)?
· What are some healthy food choices and activity for better living?
· What can we provide as resources to client when there is economical hardships involved?
· What beliefs or morals are ok with you on this topic?
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
** use the article attached and another scholarly source of choice if needed
APA FORMAT and intext citation
NEED BY
06/12/20 CST Chicago
, IL
t
ime
. NO
PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
Describes statistical significance to pediatric nursing grounded in scholarly literature. Collates utilized
references and summarizes key points.
·
Statistical significance
-
·
Key
Points
***
Need
1
scholarly source
Use the article attached the title is for this presentation
:
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE?"
K
EYPOI
NTS:
answer the
ses questions and describe stati
s
tical data
·
Childhood Obesity
-
What is their growth/BMI?
·
Is there a pathophysiological dilemma such as Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?
·
What are the
cultural differences and cus
toms to provide client centered quality care?
·
How can we observe and assess what beliefs the client has on food choices and psychosocial
needs?
·
What are their cognitive level/ learning needs?
·
What are their educational needs?
·
What availability does client have to food and nutrition (economical status)?
·
What are some healthy food choices and activity for better living?
·
What can we provide as resources to client when there is economical hardships involved?
·
W
hat
bel
iefs or morals are ok wi
th you on this t
opic?
STATISTIC
AL SIGNIF
ICANCE
:
** use the article attached and
another sch
olarly source o
f choice
if nee
ded
APA FORMAT and intext citation
NEED BY 06/12/20 CST Chicago, IL time . NO PLAGIARISM ALLOWED!!
SHOULD PARENTS DETERMINE FAMILY EATING HABITS WHEN THE CHILD IS OBESE
De.
Adolescents and the Impact of Family MealsKatrina0430
A study examined the relationship between family meals and adolescent eating behaviors and nutrition across several countries. The study found that adolescents who shared family meals 5 or more times per week were 25% less likely to experience nutritional issues. When families spent time together during breakfast and dinner, adolescents consumed more fruits and vegetables and overall had healthier eating habits and lifestyles. The study concluded that frequent, shared family mealtimes can support healthy eating and self-regulation in adolescents.
This pilot study tested the effects of a home-based intervention using behavioral economics strategies to increase children's vegetable intake. Children aged 3-5 years who ate less than 2 servings of vegetables daily were randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. The treatment group received vegetables packaged with cartoon characters and stickers as the default snack for 2 weeks, while the control group received plain packaging with vegetables and a granola bar as a free choice. The treatment increased vegetable intake and decreased granola bar intake compared to the control group. However, the effects did not last once the intervention ended. Additional long-term studies are needed to test sustainability.
The present study examines the difference in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and dietary intake among college students based on the presence of vegetarianism. A Web-based survey using 702 college students at a Midwest university collected data about participants’ level of nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward nutrition and vegetarianism, and dietary patterns. Results showed vegetarians had a more positive attitude towards a vegetarian diet as opposed to non-vegetarians. Vegetarians also demonstrated greater nutrition knowledge specifically related to vegetarian nutrition as opposed to general nutrition, although their dietary intake did not prove to be of higher quality than nonvegetarians. Results from this study are applicable in the vegetarian community and those who work with vegetarians. Most notably, this study may be of great use to food service establishments, particularly college dining settings.
1. The document discusses several explanations for eating behaviour including mood, culture, and social learning theory.
2. It examines evidence and studies related to how mood, culture, and social learning influence eating habits. Specifically, it looks at a study on how sad films influence snacking.
3. The document evaluates theories like the restraint theory and role of denial in diet success/failure. It analyzes studies on how detail in diets and denial can impact eating.
This document discusses failure to thrive in children. It begins by defining failure to thrive as inadequate nutrition leading to abnormal growth. Growth charts are then reviewed as tools to identify failure to thrive. The causes of failure to thrive are categorized as inadequate calories, inability to utilize calories, and increased caloric needs. Child abuse, including neglect, medical child abuse, and physical/sexual abuse, are also discussed as potential causes. The evaluation, treatment, and multidisciplinary management of failure to thrive are outlined.
This document discusses feeding issues in pediatric occupational therapy. It notes that 20% of children struggle with feeding issues in their first 5 years, and 5-10% require medical intervention. Feeding issues are often mixed, involving both behavioral and organic components. Poor feeding can disrupt parent-child interactions and increase parental stress. Occupational therapy aims to establish mealtime routines, reduce food refusal through desensitization, and teach social skills modeling. Sensory-based strategies and multidisciplinary support can help address feeding challenges.
New Frontiers in Infant & Young Child Feeding GrangerCORE Group
This document discusses a pilot program in Niger that used community video to promote responsive feeding practices to improve early childhood nutrition. The program developed and tested indicators to measure responsive feeding behaviors. It found that the intervention generated discussion in communities and some behavior change, such as more nurturing interactions during mealtimes. However, challenges remain due to cultural norms around childcare roles. The program recommends further research on responsive feeding indicators and involving all caregivers to strengthen early childhood development.
The document discusses childhood obesity, including its prevalence, definition, causes, medical complications, and approaches to management and prevention. Some key points are:
- The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in the US since the 1980s and now affects around 15% of children and adolescents.
- Obesity is defined using BMI percentiles, with overweight being 85th percentile and obesity being 95th percentile or above based on age and sex.
- Causes include dietary, lifestyle, genetic, and medical factors. Screen time and decreased physical activity are significant contributors.
- Medical complications can include sleep apnea, joint problems, and increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
- Management involves diet, exercise,
Determinants of Eating Behavior and its Impact on Chronic Diseases.pptxWajid Rather
S-1 Prevalence of Chronic disease in India
S-2 Percentage of Hypertension in Indians
S-3 Percentage of Hypertension in Indians
S-4 Percentage of overweight Indians
S-6 Chronic diseases share
common risk factors and conditions
S-7 Major Factors Influence Our Eating Behavior
S-8 Portion sizes
S-9 Informational Eating Norms
S-10 Family and Social Determinants
S-11 Environmental Influences on eating Behaviour
S-12 Parental Influences on on children's Eating pattern and Food Choices
S-13 Eating Disorders
S-14 Types of Eating Disorders
S-15 Health Effects of Different Types of Eating Disorders
S-16-18 Diagnostic Consideration for Different types of Eating Disorders
S-23 Different Treatment Options for eating Disorders
S-24-27 Nutritional Assessment, Intervention and Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation
Determinants of Eating Behavior and its impact on chronic Diseases.pdfWajid Rather
Slide no 1: Determinants of Eating Behavior and its Impact on Chronic Diseases
Slide -2 Prevalence of Chronic Diseases in India
Slide-3 Percentage of Hypertension in Indians
Slide-4 Percentage of Overweight Indians
Slide-5 Chronic Disease share common Risk factors and Conditions
Slide-6 Major Factors influence our Eating Behaviour and Food Choices
Slide-7 Portion Sizes
Slide-8 Information Eating Norms
Slide-9 Social Determinants
Slide-10 Environmental Influence on Children's Eating and Food Choices
Slide-11 Parental Influences on Children Eating and Food Choices
Slide-12 Eating Disorders
slide-13 Types of Eating Disorders
Slide-14 Health Effects of Different types of Eating Disorders
Slide -15 Diagnostic Consideration for different Eating Disorders
Slide-16 Treatment options for Eating Disorders
Slide -17 Nutrition Assessment
slide-18 Nutrition Intervention
Slide -19 Nutrition Monitoring and Evolution
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Sheryl presentation 5 26 11 version 5 sh2
1. Do Parents Influence Children’s
Self-Regulation During Feeding?
Sheryl O. Hughes, PhD
Baylor College of Medicine
Children’s Nutrition Research Center
3. Percent of US children &
adolescents who are obese*
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov
*BMI-for-age >95th%tile
4. Ecological perspective on child obesity
COMMUNITY
Corner stores &
restaurants
School &
childcare
meals
Food
available
Parenting/
Feeding styles &
practices
Food
stores
FAMILY
Eating
Behavior
Caregiver’s
diet and
behaviors
CHILD
CHILD
t
OBESITY
Neighborhood
safety
Computers/TVs in
home
Physical
activity
Activity
parenting
Sedentary
behavior
Dietary
Intake
School
PE
Sports
programs
Parents’
activity
Parents’
weight
Work
demands
Culture
Recreational
facilities
SES
Adapted from Davison, Birch, Obes Rev, 2001
6. Parents socialize their children
through helping them to internalize
goals, values and beliefs in order to
become productive members of
society.
7. Presentation Overview
• Parenting styles and their relationship to child weight
status
• Feeding styles and their relationship to child eating
behaviors and child weight status
– moderating effect of FS on the relationship between
feeding practices and child eating behaviors
• Current ongoing research on observations during
mealtime in low-income families
9. Styles of general parenting
Reflect the larger context within which
practices are expressed
Lo
High
Uninvolved
Indulgent
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Lo
Demands
On
Child
High
Responsiveness To Child
Baumrind, Dev Psych Monographs, 1971; Maccoby & Martin, 1983
9
11. NICHD Early Child Care and Youth Development Study
R
% Obese
• Over 800 1st grade children studied at 10 sites across the US
n = 263
n = 132
*Adjusted for income/needs ratio and race
Rhee, K. E. et al., Pediatrics, 2006
n = 298
n = 179
12. In a sample of middle-class,
predominantly White parents, this
study showed that the authoritarian
style is highly related to child
obesity!
14. Feeding styles
Reflect the larger context within which
feeding practices are expressed
Responsiveness
Demandingness
Lo
Uninvolved
Lo
High
Make few demands on children
to eat and are unsupportive
Authoritarian
Encourage eating using highly directive
behaviors and are unsupportive
Hughes et al., Appetite, 2005; Hughes et al., JDBP, 2008
High
Indulgent
Make few demands to eat but those
demands are supportive
Authoritative
Actively encourage eating using nondirective and supportive behaviors
15. Feeding style influences on child
eating behaviors and weight
Parent-report and observational studies of:
• 231 Hispanic and Black low-income families with preschoolers
in TX1
• 718 ethnically-diverse low-income preschoolers in TX, AL2
• 177 Hispanic and Black low-income preschoolers in TX 3
• 99 Hispanic, Black and White low-income rural children in
KY, CA, MS, SC 4
Laboratory study
• 61 ethnically diverse 5-6 year-old children5
1Hughes
et al., Appetite, 2005; 2 Hoerr et al, IJBNPA, 2009; Hughes et al., JDBP, 2008; 3Hughes et al., under review; 4 Hennessy et
al., Appetite, 2010; 5Fisher et al., unpublished;
16. Parents with Authoritative Feeding Styles
Report 1:
– More monitoring of eating
– Make fruit and vegetables more available
Observed at meals to be 2:
– Less negative, disapproving
– Give more prompts
Have children 3:
– Smaller self-selected portions
– Eat more dairy, vegetables
1Hughes
et al., Appetite, 2005; Patrick et al., Appetite, 2005; 2Hughes et al., under review;
3 Fisher et al, unpublished; Patrick et al., Appetite, 2005
17. Parents with Authoritarian Feeding Styles
Report 1:
– More restriction, pressure to eat
– Make fewer fruit and vegetables available
Observed at meals to be 2:
– Spoon-feeding, hurrying
– Telling child to eat small amount
– Disapproving, intrusive
Have children 3:
– Larger self-selected portions
– Eat fewer vegetables
1Hughes
et al., Appetite, 2005; Patrick et al., Appetite, 2005; 2Hughes , under review;
3 Fisher et al, unpublished; Patrick et al., Appetite, 2005;
18. Parents with Indulgent Feeding Styles
Report 1:
– Less restrictive feeding
Observed at meals to be 2:
– Less involved in the meal
– Less negative and intrusive
– Make fewer eating demands
Have children 3:
– Larger self-selected portions
– Eat more energy-dense meals and snacks
– At a greater risk for obesity
1Hughes
et al., Appetite, 2005; 2Hughes , under review; 3 Fisher et al., unpublished;
Hennessy et al., under review; Hoerr et al, IJBNPA, 2009; Hughes et al., JDBP, 2008
19. In samples of low-income minority
parents, our studies consistently
showed that the indulgent feeding
style is related to less optimal child
eating behaviors and obesity!
20. Parenting Style
-Overall attitude to
child
Child Willingness
to be Socialized
Socialization
Goals & Values
Child Eating and
Weight Outcomes
Parenting Practices
-Goal directed behaviors
Darling & Steinberg, Psych Bull, 1993
21. Moderating effect of feeding styles
•
99 Hispanic, Black, and White low-income families
(child age 6 to 11 years)
•
Rural families were recruited in four states
(KY, CA, MS, and SC)
•
Multiple measures
–
–
–
–
Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ; feeding practices)
Caregiver’s Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ; feeding
styles)
24 hour recalls on the children
Heights and weights measured
Hennessy, Hughes, Goldberg & Hyatt, in press
22. Moderating effect of styles on relationship
between restrictive practices and LNED foods
Hennessy, Hughes, Goldberg & Hyatt, in press
23. Moderating effect of styles on relationship
between parent monitoring and LNED foods
Hennessy, Hughes, Goldberg & Hyatt, in press
24. Summary and Conclusions
• Evidence of association between indulgent
feeding style and higher child weight
- Based on parent self-report
- Most of these studies were based on lowincome minority samples
- Observations are needed to support the selfreported feeding styles in minorities
26. Observations during the dinner meal
Goal: To better understand
indulgent feeding through
observation including the
emotional climate of the
meal and specific feeding
practices used by these
parents
Hughes et al., under review
27. Observational study of meal times
•
177 Hispanic and Black low-income families with preschoolers
•
3 evening meal observations on each family
•
Measures
– Caregiver’s Feeding Styles Questionnaire (CFSQ; parent-report)
– Live global coding of the emotional climate
– Live behavioral coding (feeding practices)
Hughes et al., under review
28. Differences in Emotional Climate Variables
across Feeding Styles
Emotional Climate
Variables
Overall F = 2.98
p < .001
Positive Affect
F = 1.50
ns
Negative Affect
F = 5.28
p < .01
Intrusiveness
F = 3.64
p < .05
Detachment
F = 5.58
p < .001
Hughes et al., under review
30. Emotional climate of the meal
• Authoritarian parents were observed to be HIGHER on
– Negative Affect / Intrusion
• Uninvolved parents were observed to be HIGHER on
– Negative Affect / Detachment
• Authoritative and Indulgent parents (high
responsivity) were observed to be LOWER on
– Negative Affect / Intrusion
31. Feeding style differences on observed
feeding practices
Helps
F = 1.00
ns
Spoon Feeds
F = 3.67
p < .05
Physically Intervenes
F = 3.33
p < .05
Verbal Prompts to Eat
F = 2.68
p < .05
Eat Small Amount
F = 4.06
p < .01
Eat All
F = 0.89
ns
Hurries
F = 2.79
p < .05
Reasons
F = 2.23
p < .09
Comparison
F = 0.54
ns
Praises/Approves
F = 2.07
ns
Disapproves/Scolds
F = 4.66
p < .01
Positive Comments Food
F = 2.23
p < .09
Hughes et al, under review
33. Practices during the meal
• FS w/high demand used some practices more
frequently than FS w/low demand
– Verbal prompts to eat
• Authoritarian FS (highly directive /low responsivity)
used specific practices more frequently than other FS
– Spoon feeding / Eat a small amount / Hurrying
• Authoritarian FS used punitive practices more
frequently than FS w/ high responsivity (authoritative
and indulgent)
– Disapproving/scolded
34. Indulgent Feeding Style was
observed to be:
• High on Detachment
• Low on Negative Affect &
Intrusiveness
• Made few demands on
their children to eat
35. Overall Conclusions
• Observations of both emotional climate during the
meal and specific feeding practices strongly
supported self-reported feeding styles
• Represents one of the first attempts to examine
emotional components of parents during the meal
through direct observation
• Attempts to define the infrastructure of parent/
child interactions during eating
36. Current coding of audio/video tapes
• Level of Directiveness (risk low with moderate levels)
• Responses to internal cues (risk low if responsive and high if
overrides)
• Responses to exploring food (risk low if positive)
– Distinguish between exploring and playing with food
• Emphasis on manners (risk low with moderate levels)
– Emphasis on sitting properly, being quiet, etc.
• Emphasis on developing eating skills and autonomy
• Emotional responsiveness (risk low if responsive)
– Global ratings of positive affect, negative affect, intrusion, and
detachment
– Responsiveness to child behaviors (verbalizations , gestures)
38. Responses to Internal Cues
How much is
enough?
• Explicit – hunger & fullness
statements
• Implicit – stops eating, serves self
Hughes, Goodell, Johnson, Power (in progress)
39. Was the parent feeding style in this
sample (assessed by observation)
related to child weight status?
40. Design for preliminary coding of the
dinner meal audio/videotapes
Hispanic:
Male
Female
Normal weight
n = 26 (10)
n = 22 (10)
Overweight/Obese
n = 17 (10)
n = 16 (10)
Male
Female
Normal weight
n = 16 (10)
n = 20 (10)
Overweight/Obese
n = 11 (10)
n = 10 (10)
Child Weight Status
Black:
Child Weight Status
Hughes, Goodell, Johnson, Power (in progress)
41. Coding of Mealtime Behaviors:
Feeding Styles (assessed by observation)
and Child Weight
Percent of
overweight/obese
children*
Hughes, Goodell, Johnson, Power (in progress)
* BMI-for-age >85th%tile
42. Balance between Responsiveness and
Demandingness
Responsiveness
-Sensitivity/warmth to child
Demandingness
-Encouragement and discouragement
Hughes et al Appetite 2005
43. Acknowledgements
• Research was supported by funds from USDA NRI grant
2006-55215-16695
• Research was supported by funds from NICHD grant R01
HD062567
• Research was supported by funds from USDA AFRI grant
2011-68001-30009
When you think back in your early childhood (for better or worse), your parents were the most important figures in your life. A lot of their influence was based on their parenting.As psychologists, when we think of parenting we think about how parents raise their children to be productive members of society. We call this ‘socialization’. This socialization process has been linked to many areas of children’s lives including better emotional competence and attachment, better peer relations, and better academic achievement in children who have been properly socialized.
We know that parents socialize their children by getting them to internalize goals and values that parents deem important.When it comes to eating, the parenting environment remains the first and most fundamental context in which children’s eating behaviors are socialized—Eating socialization refers to the processes by which children learn to adopt eating norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors that are practiced in their culture and accepted in their family. These internalized goals and values help children to learn to self-regulate their own behavior as they get older and are in many situations away from their parents.
General parenting styles and the seminal article linking PS to child weight.Over 40 years of research in developmental psychology have investigated styles of general parenting and their outcomes on children. General PS depict the climate of the parent-child relationship & set the emotional tone for specific practices parents use to direct their children’s behavior. PS are thought to be trait-like – much like personality. This means that PS will probably not be amenable to change. But practices within those styles are likely to be modified with intervention.
The 4 styles of have been distinguished from parenting practices. Styles are different from practices in that styles reflect an attitude toward the child whereas practices are goal directed behaviors that parents use to get their children to do something specific.Parenting styles reflect the larger context within which parenting is expressed.My research and other researchers in the field have shown that styles of parenting definitely impact child eating behaviors and weight status.
To summarize………..
Similar to PS, styles of feeding depict the overall climate of the feeding relationship & set the emotional tone around eating that provides context for the specific practices parents use to get their children to eat.My body or research has drawn on developmental psychology literature to look at parenting styles specific to the eating context – which we call feeding styles. Like general PS – these styles are considered to be trait-like in that they are not amenable to change. However, being able to identify these parent characteristics are important for intervention purposes.
Much of the work evaluating feeding styles and children’s eating and weight has been conducted in the past half decade (much of the work conducted by our group of researchers)—on this slide I’ve described the participants in five studies that link FS to child eating and weight.
Based on these studies – we found that parents who
What we found is somewhat different from the Rhee study of white, middle class families. In her study, authoritarian parents had children with the highest rates of obesity.
So back to our original picture ….Parenting and feeding styles have been hypothesized to moderate the relationship between practices and child outcomes.Meaning that practices may work differently for some of the feeding styles.
We found that:In the presence of an indulgent feeding style, more parental restriction of snack foods was related to higher intake of snack foods defined as LNEDs (low nutrient, energy dense foods such as cheetos).One possible explanation for these results is that when an indulgent parent tries to set restriction or limits, then the child is not likely to follow those rules (since the next time they are likely to get what they want anyhow given an indulgent feeding environment. This would be especially true as the child gets older and can gain access to certain foods on their own. The children in this study were older (mean age of 9) and they are out of their parents control more often than preschoolers.
Along with restriction, in the presence of an indulgent FS, high monitoring of snack foods was associated with higher intake of those foods.
It appears based on this data that practices may work differently in the presence of some FS.
This is a picture of a typical family meal in the 50s or 60s. Dinners back then all had a familiar feel (at least those depicted on TV). Mothers wore aprons, pearls and high heels and served huge pot roasts. Fathers wore ties to the dinner meal. The children were all bright-eyed and well-scrubbed.Conversation was cheery and everyone was happy. Life lessons were discussed over mashed potatoes and peas. Children were always treated with respect and patience.Whether this is still what happens or ever happened at dinnertime is unknown? Based on our observations, probably not!
Differences were found across the 4 FS on 3 of the 4 emotional climate variables.Negative affect are things like displays of anger, contempt, glaring at the child. Includes tone, affect, verbalizations, and non-verbal behavior.Intrusiveness was defined as the extent to which parents force their own agendas on children with no regard for the children’s feelings.“I made this dinner and you are going to eat all of it.”Parental detachment is considered lack of involvement or investment in the child’s behavior during dinner such as ignoring the child.
To put it another way, authoritarian parents were observed to be higher on negative affect and intrusion.Uninvolved parents were observed to be higher on negative affect and detachmentBoth authoritative and indulgent parents (who are high on responsivity) were observed to be lower on negative affect and intrusion.
We found that…………..Authoritarian parents were observed to be more demanding across all the feeding practices in trying to get their children to eat.Indulgent parents were observed to be less demanding across all the feeding practices.These practices included…….
More specifically, FS (characterized by high demand) used verbal prompts more frequently than those with low demand.Authoritarian parents (characterized by highly directive behaviors and low responsivity) used spoon feeding, telling the child to eat a small amount and hurrying the child more frequently than other FS.
Bottom line is that …..We found that the indulgent FS was observed to be:High on detachment Low on…Detachment not only describes lack of involvement but lack of investment in the child’s eating behaviors.
An more generally, this work represents an attempt to define the infrastructure of parent-child interactions during mealtime eating.
We are also interested in parents’ responses to internal cues of satiety. We want parents to facilitate these internal cues by being sensitive to when children say “I am still hungry” or “I am full”. Parents who are sensitive to these cues will probably have children who are okay. Parents who override these cues will probably have children who become overweight/obese.We are coding explicit statements such as “I am full” and mom’s response to those statements. Does mom then override that statement and say “Clean you plate”. Similarly, we are coding when the child serves themselves more food or stops eating and mom’s response to those child behaviors.
Finally, in the live coding results that I showed you, parents were classified into the 4 FS based on their self-reported information on the CFSQ questionnaire. We then supported these FS with live coding of parent emotions and practices during the meal.Our next step was to determine if FS assessed by observation (not self-report) was related to child weight.
Given the time and effort it takes to code these videotapes (about 5 hours of coding per average meal of 17 minutes), we decided that in our first attempt to code our families, we would choose 80 families equally distributed by child gender, child weight status, and ethnicity. This translated into 10 children per cell. We choose these 80 families out of a total of 138 families with complete data – that is audio/videotapes of the meal and measured BMI on the child. We decided to first code only the 2nd observation on each of these families so as to reduce reactivity.
Results from the in-depth coding of these 80 families are consistent with the earlier findings from our previous studies. Observations show that 85 percent of the mothers with the most indulgent parenting styles (those who engaged in less than ten influence attempts per meal and who were above the mean on positive affect) had overweight /obese children, although only half of the children in this sample were overweight or obese. Interestingly, most of these highly indulgent mothers were Hispanic. Further analyses of other influence strategies and directives in the observations are currently underway.
In conclusion, we have evidence that supports the need for balance between responsivity and demandingness when parenting preschool children around food. An imbalance in these two dimensions results in less optimal child outcomes such as overweight and obesity.