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influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Minimum shear reinforcement for optimum ductility of reinforced concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract Failures in reinforced concrete (RC) structures under transverse shear forces are proved to be catastrophic with the presence of web reinforcement. The minimum web reinforcement recommended by several codes of practice has been intended to maintain adequate strength and deflection ductility after the formation of diagonal cracking and to contain widening of the diagonal cracking. However, the expressions for estimating the minimum shear reinforcement in the codes of practice are based on the experimental data base observed on testing of small size beams made of normal strength concrete (NSC). Such code provisions need to be reinvestigated on large size beams made of high strength concrete (HSC). Further, there has been lack of consensus on the quantity of minimum shear reinforcement to be provided by different codes of practice, as they differ significantly in respect of HSC members. In this paper, many factors influencing the minimum shear reinforcement required in RC beams have been studied. An expression has been proposed incorporating a wide range of parameters. A comparison of the minimum shear reinforcement predicted by the proposed expression has been made with the codes of practice. The influence of shear reinforcement on the ductility of RC beams of varying sizes has been investigated. The optimum shear reinforcement index has been found to be somewhere between 0.45 and 0.5. Ductility of RC beams increases with increasing the shear reinforcement index. Small size beams exhibited significant ductility for the given shear reinforcement index. Keywords: Minimum shear reinforcement, reserve strength, ductility, RC beams, HSC
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
Minimum shear reinforcement for optimum ductility of reinforced concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract Failures in reinforced concrete (RC) structures under transverse shear forces are proved to be catastrophic with the presence of web reinforcement. The minimum web reinforcement recommended by several codes of practice has been intended to maintain adequate strength and deflection ductility after the formation of diagonal cracking and to contain widening of the diagonal cracking. However, the expressions for estimating the minimum shear reinforcement in the codes of practice are based on the experimental data base observed on testing of small size beams made of normal strength concrete (NSC). Such code provisions need to be reinvestigated on large size beams made of high strength concrete (HSC). Further, there has been lack of consensus on the quantity of minimum shear reinforcement to be provided by different codes of practice, as they differ significantly in respect of HSC members. In this paper, many factors influencing the minimum shear reinforcement required in RC beams have been studied. An expression has been proposed incorporating a wide range of parameters. A comparison of the minimum shear reinforcement predicted by the proposed expression has been made with the codes of practice. The influence of shear reinforcement on the ductility of RC beams of varying sizes has been investigated. The optimum shear reinforcement index has been found to be somewhere between 0.45 and 0.5. Ductility of RC beams increases with increasing the shear reinforcement index. Small size beams exhibited significant ductility for the given shear reinforcement index. Keywords: Minimum shear reinforcement, reserve strength, ductility, RC beams, HSC
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Shoring Process
Effective Beam Flange Width
Shear Transfer
Strength Of Steel Anchors
Partially Composite Beams
Moment Capacity Of Composite Sections
Deflection
Design Of Composite Sections
All reinforced concrete beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service level, and possibly even prior to loading due to restrained shrinkage. Flexural cracking due to loads is not only inevitable, but actually necessary for the reinforcement to be used effectively. Prior to the formation of flexural cracks, the steel stress is no more than n times the stress in the adjacent concrete, where n is the modular ratio E5/Ec. For materials common in current practice, n is approximately 8.
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Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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2. SHEAR FORCES
• Shear force is the force in the beam acting perpendicular
to its longitudinal (x) axis.
• A force acting in a direction parallel to a surface or to a
planar cross section of a body, as for example the
pressure of air along the front of an airplane wing.
• A shear force is a force applied perpendicular to a surface,
in opposition to an offset force acting in the opposite
direction.
3. Shearing forces push one part of a body in one specific direction.
In this case as we can see sliding along a line or plane.
4. SHEAR FAILURE
• Shear failure can be defined as a
failure that takes place due to
insufficiency of shear resistance
available between the materials.
• Shear failure can be easily
determined by checking out the
excessive deflection or
development of cracks, which gives
an advance warning about the
probable occurrence of shear
failure.
5. REASONS BEHIND SHEAR FAILURE
• • It may occur due to insufficient knowledge of the resistance between reinforced
steel rods and concrete column.
• • It may occur due to wrong interpretation of the data made available to the design
engineer.
• • It may also take place due to insufficient strength of the concrete used for the
structure.
• • It may even take place due to mismatch in the positioning of the reinforcement of
steel rods.
6. • When a structural member experiences failure by shear, two
parts of it are pushed in different directions, for example
would be when a piece of paper is cut by scissors.
Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more properly called
“diagonal tension failure” is one example
• If a beam without properly designed shear reinforcement is overloaded to
failure, shear collapse is likely to occur suddenly with no advance warning
(brittle failure).
7. • To prevent some of the shear failures the engineers
should properly design shear reinforcement to prevent it
i.e
»Good strength of concrete
»Enough reinforncement in the concrete
»Proper organisation of reinforcements