Shahbaz Ali,, Nuclear physics 1.pptx
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The collective model was proposed to explain features of the nucleus that could not be explained by the liquid drop or shell models alone. It treats the nucleus as having a hard core of nucleons with outer valence nucleons that behave like surface molecules in a liquid. The interaction between the core and valence nucleons distorts the core, creating bulges that circulate around the surface. If two extra nucleons are present, they orbit in opposite directions due to pairing, further distorting the core. This model successfully explained high values of quadrupole moments observed in nuclei.
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The liquid drop model treats the nucleus like a drop of incompressible nuclear fluid. It assumes nucleons interact strongly and collide frequently like molecules in a liquid. The model explains the spherical shape of nuclei and radioactive emissions. It led to the semiempirical mass formula that accurately predicts nuclear binding energies. While successful in some areas, the model fails to explain additional stability of certain nuclei or magnetic moments.
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The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
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In 1909, Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom:
It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom
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The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space.
In 1913, Bohor proposed the Atomic Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantatized.
The energy is emitted or absorb only when an electron jumps from one orbit to another.
Electron can revolve in orbits of fixed angular momentum mvr.
Liquid Drop Model
The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid drop of incompressible liquid of very high density.
In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to surface tension.
The density of a nucleus is independent of its
size just like the density of liquid which is also
independent of its size.
The protons and neutrons of the nucleus move about
within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is constant
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The binding energy, BE, of a nucleus is a measure of the strong force and represents the energy required to separate the nucleus into its constituents protons and neutrons;
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Nuclear models (1).pptx
The liquid drop model treats the nucleus like a drop of incompressible nuclear fluid. It assumes nucleons interact strongly and collide frequently like molecules in a liquid. The model explains the spherical shape of nuclei and radioactive emissions. It led to the semiempirical mass formula that accurately predicts nuclear binding energies. While successful in some areas, the model fails to explain additional stability of certain nuclei or magnetic moments.
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The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
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In 1909, Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom:
It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom
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The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space.
In 1913, Bohor proposed the Atomic Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantatized.
The energy is emitted or absorb only when an electron jumps from one orbit to another.
Electron can revolve in orbits of fixed angular momentum mvr.
Liquid Drop Model
The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid drop of incompressible liquid of very high density.
In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to surface tension.
The density of a nucleus is independent of its
size just like the density of liquid which is also
independent of its size.
The protons and neutrons of the nucleus move about
within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is constant
Binding Energy
The binding energy, BE, of a nucleus is a measure of the strong force and represents the energy required to separate the nucleus into its constituents protons and neutrons;
Greater the binding energy, the more stable the nucleus.
Volume
The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the total number of nucleons present in it.
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The density of the nucleus is nearly constant.
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Hello! I've created this PowerPoint presentation as a requisite in General Chemistry 1 subject during SY 2019–2020.
Electronic Structure of Atoms
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Should you need a .pptx file, kindly email me at rd.chrxlr@gmail.com.
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Should you need a .pptx file, kindly email me at rd.chrxlr@gmail.com.
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- 3. Collective Model When liquid drop model and shell model fails to explain all the features of nucleus, Age Bohr, Hill wheeler and James Rainwater proposed a model called Collective model. The features of shell model and liquid model are summed up in this model. The collective model explained the high values of quadrupole moments.
- 4. Continue....... According to collective model, the nucleus consists of a hard core of nucleons (filled-shells) and the outer valence nucleons behave just like surface molecules in a liquid. The strong attractive nuclear interaction between core nucleons and surface valence nucleons will distort the core. This core will exert a centripetal force on the surface valence nucleons.
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