This document provides an overview and instructions for a Linux course on text processing tools, VIM, and basic system configuration tools. The session outlines cover text processing tools and exercises, VIM and exercises, and basic system configuration tools. Details are given on commands for extracting, analyzing, and manipulating text like cat, head, tail, cut, grep, wc, sort, diff, tr, sed. The document also covers using and configuring the VIM text editor, and configuring network interfaces, DNS, date/time, and scripting with parameters and read commands.

1. L2B Second Linux Course
Session4
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L2B Linux course
 Session outlines:
 Text Processing Tools
 Text Processing Tools Exercises
 VIM
 VIM Exercises
 Basic System Configuration Tools

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L2B Linux course
Text Processing Tools

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L2B Linux course
 Extracting Text
 cat
• One or more files
 less
• Easy to read
• /text
• n/N
• v open an editor
• Used by man command to present man pages

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L2B Linux course
 Extracting Text
 head
• First 10 lines only
• -n change number of lines
 tail
• Last 10 lines only
• -n change number of lines
• -f monitoring the file

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L2B Linux course
 Extracting Text
 cut
• Display specific columns
• -d column delimiter
• -f number of field
• -c cut by characters
– cut -c2-5 /usr/share/dict/words

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L2B Linux course
 Extracting Text
 Grep
• Display lines where a pattern is matched
• -i case-insensitively
• -n print line numbers of matches
• -v print lines not containing pattern
• -AX include the X lines after each match
• -Bx include the X lines before each match

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Analyzing Text
 wc
• Counts words, lines, bytes and characters
• -l only line count
• -w only word count
• -c only byte count
• -m character count (not displayed)

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Analyzing Text
 sort
• Sort text and original file is not changed
• -r reverse (descending) sort
• -n numeric sort
• -u (unique) removes duplicate lines
• -t c field separator
• -k X which field
• uniq & uniq -c

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Analyzing Text
 diff and patch
• diff foo.conf-broken foo.conf-works
• -u better for patchfiles
• Patching
– diff -u foo.conf-broken foo.conf-works > foo.patch
– patch -b foo.conf-broken foo.patch

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Analyzing Text
 aspell
• Interactively spell-check files:
– aspell check letter.txt
• Non-interactively list mis-spelled words in
– Only reads data from standard input
– aspell list < letter.txt

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Manipulating Text
tr and sed

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L2B Linux course
 Tools for Manipulating Text
 Tr
• Converts characters in one set to corresponding
characters in another set
• Only reads data from STDIN
• tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < lowercase.txt

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L2B Linux course
 sed (stream editor)
 search/replace operations on a stream of text
 Normally does not alter source file
 -i to alter source file
 -i.bak to back-up and alter source file

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L2B Linux course
 sed Examples
 sed 's/dog/cat/i' pets
 sed 's/dog/cat/g' pets
 sed '1,50s/dog/cat/g' pets
 sed '/digby/,/duncan/s/dog/cat/g' pets
 sed -e 's/dog/cat/' -e 's/hi/lo/' pets

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 Characters for Complex Searches
 ^ represents beginning of line
 $ represents end of line
 Character classes as in bash:
• [abc], [^abc]
• [[:upper:]], [^[:upper:]]
 Used by: grep, sed, less, others

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L2B Linux course
VIM

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L2B Linux course
 VIM Advantages:
 Speed: Do more with fewer keystrokes
 Simplicity: No dependence on mouse/GUI
 Availability: Included with most Unix-like OSes
 Disadvantages
 Difficulty: Steeper learning curve than simpler
editors

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 Three main modes:
 Command Mode (default): Move cursor,
cut/paste text
 Insert Mode: Modify text
 Exit Mode: Save, quit, etc

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L2B Linux course
 First steps with vim
 vim filename(command mode)
 Insert mode
• I at the cursor
• A append to end of line
• I insert at beginning of line
• o insert new a line (below)
• O insert new line (above)
 Exit mode
• :w writes (saves) the file to disk
• :wq writes and quits
• :q! quits, even if changes are lost

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 Command Mode
 Right Arrow moves right one character
 5, Right Arrow moves right five characters
 Arrow Keys, h, j, k, l (the same as arrows)
 w, b Move by word
 ), ( Move by sentence
 }, { Move by paragraph
 xG Jump to line x
 gg Jump to the first line
G Jump to the last line

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 Command Mode
 As in less
• /, n, N
 As in sed
 The selected line only
• :1,5s/cat/dog/
 All of the entire file
• :%s/cat/dog/gi

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 Command Mode
 Line
• cc
• dd
• yy
 Letter
• cl
• dl
• yl

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L2B Linux course
 Command Mode
 Word
• cw
• dw
• yw
 Sentence ahead
• c)
• d)
• y)

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 Command Mode
 Sentence behind
• c(
• d(
• y(
 Paragraph above
• c{
• d{
• y{

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 Command Mode
 Paragraph below
• c}
• d}
• y}
u undo
 Ctrl-r redo
 U undo all changes to the last modified line

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 Command Mode
 v starts character-oriented highlighting
 V starts line-oriented highlighting
 Visual keys used with movement keys:
• w, ), }, arrows
 Highlighted text can be
• Deleted
• Yanked
• Changed
• Filtered
• search/replaced, etc.

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 Command Mode
 Ctrl-w, s splits the screen horizontally
 Ctrl-w, v splits the screen vertically
 Ctrl-w, Arrow moves between windows
 Ctrl-w twice, Arrow moves between windows
 To search for help inside vim convert to the
exit mode and ask for help by running the
following
• :help

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 Configuring vi and vim
 :set
• :set number
• :set all
• :set number (:se nu)
• :set nonumber (:se nonu)
• :set ignorecase (:se ic)
• :set noignorecase (:se noic)
• :set showmatch (:se sm)
• :set noshowmatch(:se nosm)
• :set autoindent
• :set noautoindent

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 Configuring vi and vim
 :help
 :help something
 :set
• :set textwidth=3
• :set textwidth=0
• :set wrapmargin=10
• :set wrapmargin=0
 ~/.vimrc
 vimtutor

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Basic System
Configuration Tools

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 Introduction
 Network interfaces are named sequentially:
eth0, eth1, etc
 Multiple addresses can be assigned to a
device with aliases
 Aliases are labeled eth0:1, eth0:2, etc.
 Aliases are treated like separate interfaces
 View interface configuration with :
ifconfig [ethX]
 Enable interface with ifup ethX
 Disable interface with ifdown ethX

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 Graphical Network Configuration
 system-config-network
 System > Administration > Network
 Network Configuration Files For Devices
 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX
 Complete list of options in
/usr/share/doc/initscripts-*/sysconfig.txt

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 Example Of Dynamic Configuration
 DEVICE=ethX
 HWADDR=0:02:8A:A6:30:45
 BOOTPROTO=dhcp
 ONBOOT=yes
 Type=Ethernet

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 Example Of Static Configuration
 DEVICE=ethX
 HWADDR=0:02:8A:A6:30:45
 IPADDR=192.168.0.254
 NETMASK=255.255.255.0
 GATEWAY=192.168.2.254
 ONBOOT=yes
 Type=Ethernet

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 Network Configuration Files and Other
Global Network Settings
 /etc/sysconfig/network
• NETWORKING=yes
• HOSTNAME=server1.example.com
• GATEWAY=192.168.2.254

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 DNS configuration
 Server address is specified by dhcp or in
/etc/resolv.conf
• nameserver 192.168.0.254
• nameserver 192.168.1.254

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 Setting the System's Date and Time
 GUI:
• system-config-date
• System->Administration->Date & Time
 CLI: date [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
• date 01011330
• Date 010113302007.05
• Date 12312359
• Date 123123592007
• Date 01010101.01

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 Scripting
 Taking input with positional parameters
• $1
• $2
• $3
• $4, etc.
• $*
• $#

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Course Second Linux
L2B Linux course
Course
 Scripting
 Taking input with the read command
• read x
• read -p "Enter a filename: " file

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