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Kemala has two options under the National Land Code to gain access to her land - an easement or a Land Administrator's Right of Way (LAROW). An easement requires the consent of the neighboring landowner while a LAROW can be imposed by the Land Administrator if no alternative route exists. However, the Land Administrator is typically reluctant to grant a LAROW if another option is available. Kemala must decide whether paying her neighbor is preferable to an uncertain LAROW application.
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The document discusses study circles, which are small groups that meet regularly to discuss topics of interest. It notes that study circles differ from clubs in their focus on exploring issues rather than social activities. It also discusses injunctions, which are court orders that restrain a party from beginning or continuing an action that threatens or invades the legal rights of another. The document provides details on temporary injunctions under the Specific Relief Act and the Code of Civil Procedure. It also discusses conditions for granting injunctions and factors courts consider in making their decisions.
Kemala has two options under the National Land Code to gain access to her land - an easement or a Land Administrator's Right of Way (LAROW). An easement requires the consent of the neighboring landowner while a LAROW can be imposed by the Land Administrator if no alternative route exists. However, the Land Administrator is typically reluctant to grant a LAROW if another option is available. Kemala must decide whether paying her neighbor is preferable to an uncertain LAROW application.
Popat and kotecha_property_vs_state_bank_of_india_staff_..._on_29_august,_2005chithra venkatesan
This document is a Supreme Court of India case summary from 2005 regarding a property dispute between Popat and Kotecha Property and the State Bank of India Staff Association. The key details are:
1) Popat and Kotecha Property built a property for the State Bank of India Staff Association in 1983 per an agreement. The agreement stated Popat would receive a lease for certain floors once construction was complete.
2) Construction finished in 1984 but the lease was never executed. Popat sued in 1990 seeking execution of the lease or damages.
3) The trial court dismissed a motion to reject the suit as barred by limitation period but the High Court overturned this, finding the suit was outside the limitation period.
An easement is a right over another's land, such as a right of way. It must be created by express grant between proprietors and registered. An unregistered easement gives no rights. Alternatively, if the neighbor refuses a registered easement, one can apply to the Land Administrator for a right of way (LAROW), though the Administrator is reluctant if other access exists. The document discusses these concepts and differences between an easement and LAROW under the National Land Code.
The document discusses different types of mistake in contracts, including common mistake, unilateral mistake, and mistake as to identity. For common mistake, a contract may be void if there is a mistaken belief about a fundamental fact like the existence or quality of the subject matter. For unilateral mistake, the contract may be void if one party is aware of the other's mistake regarding a term. Mistake as to identity looks at whether parties intended to contract with each other or someone else. The remedies are different depending on whether the mistake renders the contract void at law or voidable in equity.
The doctrine of privity of contract provides that only the parties to a contract can enforce rights or obligations under that contract. Over time, courts developed several exceptions to privity, including collateral contracts, agency relationships, and restrictive covenants that run with land. Academic debate questioned whether privity should be further modified or abolished. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 reformed English law by allowing expressly intended third party beneficiaries to directly enforce contract terms in certain circumstances.
This document provides an overview of key sections from Chapters IV and V of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act relating to the jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals and the conduct of arbitral proceedings. It summarizes sections 16-21 which address an arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction to rule on its own authority, procedures for raising objections, interim measures, place of arbitration, and commencement of proceedings. The document also discusses related case laws that have supported arbitral tribunals' powers to determine procedures and evidence admissibility.
(1) The plaintiff filed an action seeking a declaration to close a road on her land that the defendants had been using, claiming it was only with her father's permission. She argued the defendants had an alternate access route.
(2) The trial court dismissed the plaintiff's action. On appeal, the Court of Appeal found that the trial court erred in its judgment, as there was no evidence the defendants had acquired prescriptive rights over the road after 50 years of use, or that they had rights of way out of necessity.
(3) The Court of Appeal concluded the trial court should have found in favor of the plaintiff and granted a declaration allowing her to close the road, since the defendants' use
This document discusses several maxims of equity, which are broad statements that set out principles upon which equity operates. It provides explanations of 8 maxims:
1) Equity acts in personam - Equity relates to a person rather than their property and can make orders affecting property outside its jurisdiction by ordering the defendant.
2) Equity follows the law (but not slavishly) - Equity provides remedies where the law is inadequate but does not destroy the law.
3) Equality is equity - Equity tries to grant relief proportionately based on claims and liabilities.
4) He who seeks equity must come with clean hands - An applicant who acted unjustly will not receive equitable relief.
The document discusses several cases related to (A) incorporation of terms into contracts, (B) interpretation of contracts, and (C) the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.
Key points include: terms may be incorporated through a consistent course of dealing between parties or if standard terms are understood in a particular industry; exclusion clauses must be brought reasonably to a party's attention; and non-signatories generally cannot benefit from limitation of liability clauses within contracts.
Exemption clauses and discharge (allow, release) of contract by DATIUS DIDACEMzumbe University
This is the term of a contract which inserted in the contract by one of the parties (usually the stronger one) which intends to limit or extinguish liabilities in case of breach of the contract.
This document discusses the concept and object of limitation under Indian law. It defines limitation as a prescribed time limit for legal actions according to statute. The main objects of limitation are to prevent long dormant claims, protect defendants who may have lost evidence, and encourage prompt filing of claims. Limitation periods are intended to limit controversies to a fixed time period. The Limitation Act 1963 in India contains provisions for limitation periods for suits, appeals, and other applications. Court decisions have found that the object of limitation is to prevent disturbance of long enjoyment and to discourage stale claims. Important limitation periods outlined include 6 years for contracts and torts, and 12 years for contracts under seal or recovery of land.
The document summarizes two cases where courts recognized a promissory estoppel claim against an employer - Roberts v. Geosource Drilling Services, Inc. and Hernandez v. UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc. In Roberts, the employee quit his job and prepared to work for Geosource in reliance on oral promises and a written contract, but Geosource rescinded the job offer. In Hernandez, the employee had actually moved from Illinois to Texas based on a job promise. Both courts found promissory estoppel claims based on the employees' detrimental reliance on the employers' promises.
Compilation of Judgments wherein it is held that "Suit is not maintainable"Legal
Compilation of Judgments of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and High Courts, wherein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable". This document will be helpful for those who are looking for a complilation of judgments whrein it is held that "Suit not is maintainable" on the one ground or the other.
Power Point Obligations and contracts Article 1313-1327bariajenne
This document discusses various types of contracts under Philippine law. It begins by explaining that creditors have the right to challenge contracts made by debtors with the intent to defraud creditors. It then discusses how third parties who induce another to violate a contract can be held liable for damages. It provides an example case where a third party was found liable for interfering with a film rental contract. The document also explains how contracts are perfected through consent alone for consensual contracts, but require delivery for real contracts like deposits, pledges and loans. It clarifies that agreements to enter into future real contracts are initially consensual contracts. Finally, it discusses the rules around contracting on behalf of others.
This summarizes a document reviewing environmental law cases from 2009-2010. It discusses three cases:
1) Fresh Meadow Food Serv., LLC v. RB 175Corp. upheld a RICO claim against a defendant who concealed underground storage tanks and contaminated soil when selling a property.
2) Wickens v. Shell Oil Co. addressed recoverable attorney fees under Indiana's Underground Storage Tank Act.
3) Evansville Greenway & Remediation Trust v. S. Ind. Gas & Elec. Co. concerned the common interest privilege and apportionment of liability under CERCLA. The court applied the privilege to communications between parties working to remediate contaminated sites. It also found CERCLA
The Supreme Court summarized the key principles for granting ex-parte (one side represented) interim injunctions:
1) Irreparable harm to the plaintiff if not granted and greater injustice would occur from refusal compared to grant.
2) The plaintiff notified the defendant at the earliest time.
3) The plaintiff did not acquiesce or delay in applying.
4) The plaintiff acted in good faith and showed a prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable loss.
5) Any ex-parte injunction would be temporary to limit harm until the full hearing.
Agreement in Contract : Mirror image rulePreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
After completion of this lesson students will -
a) learn about the different interpretative perspectives under the objective principle
b) be able to identify relevant legislative provisions relating to communication of proposal under the Contract Act, 1872
c) learn about the Mirror Image Rule
d) be able to identify the pros and cons of the Mirror Image Rule
Landlord Tenant Law: Eviction and the Judicial Processeglzfan
This is an article I wrote for a Continuing Legal Education seminar (i.e., lawyers teaching lawyers) on the Georgia dispossessory process, including trial and mediation of landlord-tenant cases.
The document discusses the legal doctrine of res judicata. It begins by defining res judicata as "the thing has been judged" or "a dispute decided." There are three main principles underlying res judicata: no one should be vexed twice for the same cause, it is in the interest of the state for litigation to end, and a judicial decision must be accepted as correct. Res judicata applies broadly to civil suits, criminal proceedings, and other legal matters. For res judicata to apply, the matter must be directly at issue in both cases, between the same parties under the same title, and decided by a competent court. A matter can be actually or constructively at issue. Res judicata differs from estoppel
Similar to Sequence of thoughts (Legal Writing) (20)
The document discusses the ABCs of effective writing - Accuracy, Brevity, and Clarity. It provides examples and guidelines for each: be grammatically correct (Accuracy), use concise language and avoid repetition (Brevity), and make meaning clear without ambiguity through proper punctuation, reference of pronouns, and conceptual understanding (Clarity). Other topics discussed include denotation vs connotation, unity within and between paragraphs, and maintaining coherence. Following these principles can help students improve the effectiveness of their writing.
This document provides an example of the consequences of poor legal writing in commercial documents. It describes a situation where a landlord sold the northwest corner of his land to a middleman, who then sold it to a buyer. However, due to vague and ambiguous wording in the deeds, the buyer believed he was purchasing the entire northern portion rather than just the northwest corner. This led to a lawsuit between the landlord and buyer that could have been avoided with more precise language specifying the exact boundaries being sold.
This document provides guidance on legal writing and analysis. It discusses common legal writing forms like memorandums, opinion letters, and factums. For memorandums, it recommends using the IRAC structure of stating Facts, Issues, Brief Answer, relevant Law, Application of law to facts, and Conclusion. It provides tips for each component, such as including only relevant facts and stating issues as questions. The document also discusses writing opinion letters and factums, and emphasizes the importance of revision to ensure clear, coherent, and precise legal writing.
This document provides guidance on clear and effective writing. It discusses several key principles:
1. Think clearly before writing and use a who-what-why-when-where structure. Get straight to the point without long introductions.
2. Use familiar words and short sentences to ensure readers can easily understand the writing. Prefer concrete language over vague terms.
3. Write in an active voice using a conversational tone similar to how one would speak. Limit unnecessary words and adjectives.
This document provides guidance on answering different types of questions in legal exams. It discusses enumerations, situational, and distinction questions. For enumerations, it's better to write answers as a series rather than numbered phrases in case one is missed. Situational questions ask how the examiner would rule as a judge, requiring evaluating facts and applicable law. Drawing distinctions requires identifying the precise difference between similar concepts or actions.
The document discusses the necessary elements to include in an affidavit of two disinterested persons and in allegations in a civil case for annulment based on psychological incapacity. For the affidavit, it lists that the affiants should state their names and circumstances, how long they have known Johnny Cruz, his parents' names and place of origin, his date of birth, and his siblings. For the allegations in a civil case, it states that the petitioner must allege facts showing manifestations of incapacity, link them to a probable condition, that the condition existed at the time of marriage as shown by pre-marriage incidents, that the condition is grave and incurable, and include a psychologist's testimony to confirm.
This document provides tips for writing opinion pieces and trial memoranda. It advises the reader to frame issues broadly but not too broadly. It stresses remembering the basics of citing relevant law and jurisprudence and applying them to the facts of the case. It also suggests addressing potential counterarguments, showing the right and justice of the position, and asking for a specific relief. The document emphasizes developing thoughts logically, using precise language, and thoroughly editing drafts.
The ordinance requires that 5% of any private memorial park be set aside for charity burials of paupers. The city argues the ordinance is a valid exercise of its police powers and takes property for public use by providing burials for paupers. However, the ordinance can be challenged on the grounds that it is not a legitimate exercise of police power but rather an unlawful expropriation of private property without public necessity or compensation.
This document outlines the elements of case analysis, which involves analyzing Supreme Court cases more deeply than a simple case digest. It identifies 9 key elements to examine: 1) the parties, 2) prior proceedings, 3) theories of the parties, 4) objectives of the parties, 5) key facts, 6) issues, 7) holdings and findings, 8) ratio decidendi (reasoning supporting the holding), and 9) disposition. For each element, it provides guidance on what to look for and consider in the analysis. The overall purpose of case analysis is to understand the reasoning and precedent set by the court's decision.
This document summarizes a dispute between two beer companies, Atlas Brewery and San Manuel Corp, over empty beer bottles. It describes how SMC distributors were storing empty Atlas bottles, depriving them of resources. It also describes an incident where a man found a cockroach in his SMC beer bottle and threw it at a restaurant owner, injuring him. The restaurant owner then sued SMC, who passed blame to Atlas. The man and Atlas then initiated a boycott against SMC products. The document asks how to analyze this situation.
There are several types of fallacies that can undermine arguments. Fallacies of relevance include appealing to emotion rather than facts, distracting from the issue by introducing irrelevant topics (red herring), misrepresenting the opponent's position (straw man), and making personal attacks. Fallacies of defective induction weaken arguments through lack of evidence, inappropriate authority, false connections, and hasty generalizations. Fallacies of presumption assume the conclusion, while fallacies of ambiguity confuse meanings or take things out of context. Identifying fallacies helps evaluate reasoning.
This document discusses the importance of legal writing skills and identifies issues with the English proficiency and writing abilities of some law students and lawyers. It notes that legal writing aims to communicate information logically and convincingly to prove an argument. However, some law students do not recognize legal writing as important. It also discusses how poor English skills of some bar exam takers and lawyers at the Office of the Ombudsman have led to delays in case resolutions. The Ombudsman has launched training programs with the British Embassy to improve legal writing and case analysis skills.
This document discusses the proper use of prepositions in the English language through examples of sentences containing ambiguous prepositions. It explores the different prepositions that can be used in various contexts and phrases, examining how subtle changes in prepositions can alter the meaning of sentences. Key prepositions discussed include in, at, of, for, to, with, by, from, on, about, against, among, over, of, into, onto and thereof/therefor/therefrom.
Organizing sentences (exercises, short quizzes, etc.)Mirea Mizushima
Susan and a friend went to see The Avengers movie last night and had dinner at Sbarro beforehand, discussing plans to see a Tagalog film next week. They enjoyed the movie and felt the actors portrayed emotions well, and they also spent time in the lobby of the Trinoma mall prior to the showing.
The document compares life to a penis, stating that life is relaxed and free until influenced by women, at which point it becomes rigid and difficult. In a concise 3 sentences, the summary captures the key comparison between life and a penis and how women are said to make life challenging.
This document provides an overview of violence against women in the Philippines from a historical and legal perspective. It discusses how women had higher social status and equal rights pre-colonially, but their role became restricted during the Spanish period to solely taking care of the home. This helped establish patriarchal gender roles and stereotypes that still influence society today. The document then outlines key statistics on violence against women and defines domestic violence and child abuse according to Republic Act 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. It details the law's protections, legal remedies, and penalties for offenders to prevent further harm and facilitate victim empowerment and recovery.
Cooperative supervision and administrative practice and principlesMirea Mizushima
This document discusses the principles and practices of cooperative administration and supervision in education. It defines key terms and distinguishes cooperative administration from democratic administration. The basic principles of cooperative administration include voluntary participation, democratic decision making, education and cooperation between organizations. Common practices involve cooperation among people with diverse talents, stimulation of initiative, leadership from group planning and encouragement of mutual understanding.
This document discusses terminology and categories of exceptionalities among learners. It defines key terms from the World Health Organization like impairment, disability, and handicap. Exceptional learners are those who differ from average learners and may have cognitive, behavioral, physical, sensory, or gifted needs. Categories of exceptionalities include cognitive/academic difficulties, social/emotional/behavioral difficulties, physical disabilities, sensory impairments, and giftedness. The document also discusses specific conditions under each category and strategies for facilitating learning among students with exceptionalities.
Throughout history, the most effective leaders have achieved a balance of interacting with their team while maintaining authority. There are many leadership styles, including servant and transformational leadership. A servant leader prioritizes the needs of others, helps people develop and perform at their highest potential. A transformational leader inspires followers through role modeling and challenging them to take ownership over their work. Both servant and transformational leaders are effective mentors with strong communication skills who are committed to the growth of their people.
The Warsaw Pact was a post-World War II military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist countries that was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland. It required member states to defend each other in response to an attack and recognized Soviet dominance over Eastern Europe. The Pact integrated the armed forces of Eastern Bloc countries under unified Soviet command and provided a counterbalance to NATO during the Cold War.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
3. The Supreme Court reversed the
Court of Appeal’s affirmance of a
summary judgment granted to
Pilsen Corporation, the plaintiff,
which had only requested a partial
summary judgment on the
discrete issue of fraud. (33 words)
4. 1. Pilsen sued defendant in lower court.
2. Pilsen raised the discrete issue of fraud and
prayed for partial summary judgment.
3. Lower court made summary judgment in
favor of Pilsen.
4. Defendant appealed to CA.
5. CA affirmed lower court.
6. Defendant elevated case to SC.
7. SC reversed CA on the ground that plaintiff
only prayed for partial summary judgment on
the issue of fraud.
5. The Court of Appeals affirmed a
summary judgment granted to
plaintiff Pilsen Corp. The Supreme
Court reversed the Court of Appeals
on the ground that plaintiff had only
requested a partial summary
judgment on the discrete issue of
fraud. (39 words)
6. The issue is whether Meralco has
granted its neighbors an easement to
use a private road that enters a Meralco
fuel-storage yard, when for three years
Meralco has had a guard at the road's
entrance but has posted no other notice
about private property or permission to
enter, and for seven years the owners of
adjacent property have used the road to
reach their own property. (67 words)
7. For the past seven years neighbors used
Meralco’s private road inside its storage yard to
access their property. Three years ago Meralco
posted a guard at the road's entrance but posted
no other notice about private property or
permission to enter. The issue is whether
Meralco has granted its neighbors an easement.
(52 words)
8. The court awarded the niece of Madrigal a
constructive trust. Madrigal's niece was suing
Madrigal estate for one-half interest in property that
she claimed her uncle owned and had promised to
bequeath to her in exchange for caring for him until
his death. The court observed that the property was
purchased in his sister's name. This was done for
business purposes and because he and his sister
shared a close relationship. There was also an
agreement between the siblings that the sister would
be allowed to keep only half the property. The court
ruled that withholding the property from the niece
would be a breach of promise; hence, a constructive
trust was awarded in favor of the niece. (118 words)
9. 1) The niece looked after Uncle until his death;
2) She claimed that Uncle promised to give her half of a property upon his
death as a reward for her care;
3) Uncle died; family of Uncle refused to comply claiming that Uncle does
not have any property; Niece sued, claiming that the property belongs
to Uncle;
4) Court ruled that Uncle actually owns the property (although titled under
sister’s name) because a) it was done for business purpose, and b)
because of close relationship with Uncle’s sister
5) Furthermore, the court found that there was an agreement between the
siblings that the sister would be allowed to keep only half the property;
6) Therefore, it would be a breach of promise not to give something to the
niece;
7) The court ruled that a Constructive Trust exists.
10. Mr. Madrigal's niece was suing his estate for
property which she claimed that he owned. She claimed
that he promised to bequeath to her half of his property in
exchange for caring for him until his death. The court
observed that the property was purchased in his sister's
name for business purposes and because they shared a
close relationship. There was also an agreement between
the siblings that the sister would be allowed to keep only
half the property. Thus, the court ruled that withholding
the property from the niece would be a breach of promise;
hence, a constructive trust was awarded in favor of the
niece. (107 words)
11. At no time prior to the initial public
offering did the underwriters or any
officers, directors, or employees have
knowledge of any facts that would suggest
that "Palmera Residence" could not be
completed on schedule and in accordance
with specifications. (40 words)
12. Before the initial public offering, the
underwriters and the officers, directors, and
employees believed that "Palmera Residence"
would be completed on schedule and in
accordance with specifications. (28 words)
13. Biazon has wholly failed to allege facts that, if
true, would establish that competition among
the nation's law schools would be reduced or
that the public has been in any way injured,
and this failure to allege facts that would
establish an injury warrants the dismissal of
his restraint-of-trade claim. (52 words)
14. Biazon has wholly failed to allege facts to
show that competition among the nation's
law schools would be reduced or that the
public had been injured. This failure to
show an injury warrants the dismissal of
his restraint-of-trade claim. (39 words)
15. There is case law for the
proposition that use restrictions
are not always strictly enforced
when a lease is assigned by a
tenant in bankruptcy and the
property in question is not part of
a shopping center. (37 words)
16. Analysis of the Statement
What is the proposition?
“use restrictions are not always
strictly enforced”
Under what conditions?
a)when a lease is assigned by a tenant in
bankruptcy ; and
b)When the property in question is not
part of a shopping center.
17. When a lease is assigned by a tenant
in bankruptcy and the property is not part
of a shopping center, use restrictions are
not always strictly enforced. This is borne
out by case law. (34 words)
18. Jurisprudence states that when a
lease is assigned by a tenant in
bankruptcy and the property is not
part of a shopping center, use
restrictions are not always strictly
enforced. (30 words)
19. Arbitration as a means of
settling disputes was at first
viewed by the courts with
much disfavor, but today is
being used increasingly as a
substitute for litigation for the
adjudication of disputes
arising out of contracts.
(37 words)
20. At first, courts viewed Arbitration
with much disfavor, but today it is
being increasingly used in lieu of
litigation for breach of contract
disputes. (24 words)
21. To say that one who has contracted to serve
for a number of years at a low salary or at
distasteful work and seeks to better his or
her condition by a contract with another
party should be penalized in every case by
inability to enforce this second contract
seems harsh, and under these or other
extenuating circumstances, the courts have
often deemed damages to be sufficient
recompense to the injured employer
without also invalidating the second
contract. (78 words)
22. Analysis:
1)A person has contracted to serve for a number of
years at a low salary or at distasteful work.
2)He seeks to better (improve) his or her
condition by a contract with another party.
3)He was penalized for breach of contract.
4)This inability to enforce this second contract
seems harsh [to the courts].
5)Under these or other extenuating
circumstances, the courts have often deemed
[award of] damages to be sufficient recompense to
the injured employer without also invalidating the
second contract.
23. In a situation where a worker entered into a
second contract seeking to improve his
condition, the penalty of voiding the second
contract seems harsh. Under these or other
extenuating circumstances, the courts have
often deemed it sufficient to award damages to
the injured employer without invalidating the
second contract. (50 words)
24. Use effective punctuation or
break into shorter sentences
to facilitate reading.
Try to use as many of the
original words as possible.
25. The court of appeals noted that the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) had already issued the applicant a
National Pollution Elimination System permit for the actual
discharge of wastewater, which would occur from the outfall
pipe, and that the issuance and conditions of such permits
were generally exempt under the Clean Water Act from
compliance with the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
requirement, and accordingly the court concluded that the
Corps had properly excluded the environmental implications
of the discharges from the outfall pipe from its analysis and
instead considered only the construction and maintenance of
the pipeline itself in determining that the issuance of the
permit did not constitute a major federal action. [112 words]
26. The court of appeals noted that the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) had already issued the applicant a National Pollution
Elimination System Permit for the actual discharge of wastewater
(which would occur from the outfall pipe); and that the issuance
and conditions of such permits were generally exempt under the
Clean Water Act (from compliance with the Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) requirement). Accordingly, the court found that
the Corps had properly excluded the environmental implications
of the discharges from the outfall pipe from its analysis. It thus
considered only the construction and maintenance of the pipeline
itself and concluded that issuing the permit did not constitute a
major federal action. [106 words]
27. Some time subsequent thereto defendant, Ben Cruz,
picked up a lightly built wood-and-canvas lawn chair
that was then and there located in the back yard of the
above described premises, moved it sideways a few
feet and seated himself therein, at which time he
discovered that the plaintiff, Ruth Garcia, was about to
sit down at the place where the lawn chair had
formerly been, at which time he hurriedly got up from
the chair and attempted to move it toward Ruth Garcia
to aid her in sitting down in the chair, whereupon, due
to the defendant's small size and lack of dexterity, he
was unable to get the lawn chair under the plaintiff in
time to prevent her from falling to the ground.
(126 words)
28. Some time after, defendant Ben Cruz, picked up a
lightly built wood-and-canvas lawn chair that was
located in the back yard of the premises, moved it
sideways a few feet and sat on it. He then saw
that the plaintiff, Ruth Garcia, was about to sit
down at the place where the lawn chair had been.
He hurriedly got up and attempted to move it to
its former position. Because defendant was small
and lacked dexterity, he was unable to get the
chair under the plaintiff in time to prevent her
from falling. (96 words)
Editor's Notes
* The issue is whether Meralco has granted its neighbors an easement to use a private road that enters a Meralco fuel-storage yard, when for three years Meralco has had a guard at the road's entrance but has posted no other notice about private property or permission to enter, and for seven years the owners of adjacent property have used the road to reach their own property.