Sequence Characterization of Coding Regions of the Myostatin Gene (GDF8) from Bakerwal Goats (Capra hircus) and Comparison with the Sheep (Ovis aries) Sequence
The Bakerwal breed of goat in Kashmir valley is a good meat purpose breed of goat. That attains
an appreciable body weight under a low input production system. As these goats are mainly
reared by Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes of the J & K state, so they usually are fed with the weeds,
herbs, shrubs and grasses of pastures that will otherwise go waste. These goats constitute the
main livestock wealth. With the good productive and reproductive potential, it makes these animals
an important animal protein source for developing countries like India. The myostatin gene
(GDF8) is important in the physiology of stock animals because its product produces a direct effect
on muscle development and consequently also on meat production. The myostatin sequence is
known in several mammalian species and shows a high degree of amino acid sequence conservation,
although several alterations in the intron and exon regions have been identified. The objective
of our work is to characterize the myostatin coding regions using gene sequencing and polymerase
chain reaction methods of Capra hircus (Bakerwal breed) and to compare them with the
Ovis aries and other livestock species of animal, looking for variations in nucleotide and protein
sequences. As mutations in the myostatin gene can inactivate its expression and result in a
non-functional protein, which leads to increase in muscle growth in many species. In this way, we are able to identify 3 alterations on the presumed myostatin protein sequence as compared to non
double-muscled ovine sequences.
Myostatin, also called GDF-8, is a protein that inhibits muscle growth. It was discovered in 1997 and is encoded by the Mstn gene. Myostatin is synthesized in skeletal muscle cells and acts by binding to activin receptors, which then activate transcription factors that inhibit muscle growth. Inhibiting myostatin causes increased muscle growth, as seen in "double muscled" cattle breeds that have mutations impairing myostatin. Natural inhibitors of myostatin include the myostatin propeptide, follistatin, and GASP-1, which bind to myostatin to prevent it from interacting with activin receptors.
1. The document describes using transgenic livestock animals as bioreactors for producing pharmaceutical proteins in their milk.
2. Specifically, it details an experiment where researchers created transgenic sheep that produced the human protein alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in their milk by fusing the AAT gene to the regulatory sequences of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene.
3. The transgenic sheep were able to stably pass the transgene to offspring and produced over 1g of fully active, glycosylated human AAT per liter of milk.
Myostatin (MSTN) and its Applications in Animal BreedingWani Ahad
Characterising the variation of MSTN across livestock animals would be fundamental in identifying elite animals possessing the double muscling trait and bringing them in breeding policy for improved meat production
This study investigated protein-DNA interactions within the cAMP-responsive region of the murine steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein gene. The researchers found that:
1) Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) binds to an element at -95 bp (SF1-3) in the mouse StAR promoter and this site is required for full basal promoter activity.
2) SF-1 stabilizes protein-DNA interactions at the C/EBPβ/AP-1/nuclear receptor half-site (CAN) region located at -79 bp.
3) GATA-4 binds to the StAR promoter at -68 bp and contributes to approximately 20% of the cAMP-
This study investigated the role of histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) in maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. The researchers found that H3K18ac is highly enriched at stem cell genes in embryonic stem cells and levels decrease with differentiation. Expression of the E1A oncoprotein in mouse embryonic stem cells globally reduced H3K18ac and caused the cells to lose pluripotent characteristics, fail to activate stem cell enhancers, and suppress lineage-specific genes. Loss of pluripotency upon E1A expression required binding of E1A to the H3K18 acetyltransferases p300/CBP. This suggests H3K
This document discusses plant transcription factors. It begins with a brief history of transcription factor discovery, including the first identified in 1994. It then provides definitions of transcription factors and describes their main function of controlling gene transcription. The document outlines several major plant transcription factor families and the number of members in common plant species. It also reviews various methodologies used to study transcription factors, such as in vivo and in vitro techniques. Several scientific reviews and books on the topic are referenced. Statistics on transcription factor research output in various databases are presented. The document concludes by discussing future research prospects.
Nutrition Research - Decreased ZnT-2 transporter expression in offspring prod...Aroldo Trejo
Rats born to mothers fed a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation displayed stunted growth and decreased expression of the ZnT-2 zinc transporter in the small intestine compared to rats born to mothers fed an adequate zinc diet. Offspring of severely zinc-deficient mothers died or had spinal defects. The downregulation of the ZnT-2 transporter, which exports zinc out of cells, helps maintain zinc homeostasis in conditions of deficiency by reducing zinc efflux. The results emphasize the importance of adequate maternal zinc intake to prevent adverse outcomes in offspring such as stunted growth and mortality.
This study examined the effect of two missense mutations in the quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) gene on serotonin production in the nematode C. elegans. The researcher selected two mutant C. elegans strains, each containing a single amino acid substitution in the QDPR protein. Immunofluorescence staining for serotonin was performed on the mutant strains and compared to wild-type and a serotonin-deficient cat-4 mutant strain. The results showed that both QDPR mutant strains exhibited normal serotonin staining, similar to wild-type levels, indicating the mutations do not affect serotonin synthesis. This suggests that these particular amino acid changes in the QDPR protein do not significantly impact its
Myostatin, also called GDF-8, is a protein that inhibits muscle growth. It was discovered in 1997 and is encoded by the Mstn gene. Myostatin is synthesized in skeletal muscle cells and acts by binding to activin receptors, which then activate transcription factors that inhibit muscle growth. Inhibiting myostatin causes increased muscle growth, as seen in "double muscled" cattle breeds that have mutations impairing myostatin. Natural inhibitors of myostatin include the myostatin propeptide, follistatin, and GASP-1, which bind to myostatin to prevent it from interacting with activin receptors.
1. The document describes using transgenic livestock animals as bioreactors for producing pharmaceutical proteins in their milk.
2. Specifically, it details an experiment where researchers created transgenic sheep that produced the human protein alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in their milk by fusing the AAT gene to the regulatory sequences of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene.
3. The transgenic sheep were able to stably pass the transgene to offspring and produced over 1g of fully active, glycosylated human AAT per liter of milk.
Myostatin (MSTN) and its Applications in Animal BreedingWani Ahad
Characterising the variation of MSTN across livestock animals would be fundamental in identifying elite animals possessing the double muscling trait and bringing them in breeding policy for improved meat production
This study investigated protein-DNA interactions within the cAMP-responsive region of the murine steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein gene. The researchers found that:
1) Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) binds to an element at -95 bp (SF1-3) in the mouse StAR promoter and this site is required for full basal promoter activity.
2) SF-1 stabilizes protein-DNA interactions at the C/EBPβ/AP-1/nuclear receptor half-site (CAN) region located at -79 bp.
3) GATA-4 binds to the StAR promoter at -68 bp and contributes to approximately 20% of the cAMP-
This study investigated the role of histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) in maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. The researchers found that H3K18ac is highly enriched at stem cell genes in embryonic stem cells and levels decrease with differentiation. Expression of the E1A oncoprotein in mouse embryonic stem cells globally reduced H3K18ac and caused the cells to lose pluripotent characteristics, fail to activate stem cell enhancers, and suppress lineage-specific genes. Loss of pluripotency upon E1A expression required binding of E1A to the H3K18 acetyltransferases p300/CBP. This suggests H3K
This document discusses plant transcription factors. It begins with a brief history of transcription factor discovery, including the first identified in 1994. It then provides definitions of transcription factors and describes their main function of controlling gene transcription. The document outlines several major plant transcription factor families and the number of members in common plant species. It also reviews various methodologies used to study transcription factors, such as in vivo and in vitro techniques. Several scientific reviews and books on the topic are referenced. Statistics on transcription factor research output in various databases are presented. The document concludes by discussing future research prospects.
Nutrition Research - Decreased ZnT-2 transporter expression in offspring prod...Aroldo Trejo
Rats born to mothers fed a zinc-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation displayed stunted growth and decreased expression of the ZnT-2 zinc transporter in the small intestine compared to rats born to mothers fed an adequate zinc diet. Offspring of severely zinc-deficient mothers died or had spinal defects. The downregulation of the ZnT-2 transporter, which exports zinc out of cells, helps maintain zinc homeostasis in conditions of deficiency by reducing zinc efflux. The results emphasize the importance of adequate maternal zinc intake to prevent adverse outcomes in offspring such as stunted growth and mortality.
This study examined the effect of two missense mutations in the quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) gene on serotonin production in the nematode C. elegans. The researcher selected two mutant C. elegans strains, each containing a single amino acid substitution in the QDPR protein. Immunofluorescence staining for serotonin was performed on the mutant strains and compared to wild-type and a serotonin-deficient cat-4 mutant strain. The results showed that both QDPR mutant strains exhibited normal serotonin staining, similar to wild-type levels, indicating the mutations do not affect serotonin synthesis. This suggests that these particular amino acid changes in the QDPR protein do not significantly impact its
This document summarizes a study investigating the role of Set1-mediated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae survival under histidine starvation conditions. The study found that mono-methylation of H3K4 by Set1 is advantageous for optimal growth under these stressful conditions. New Set1 mutant strains, including ones capable of only mono-methylation or hyper methylation, were constructed to further examine the role of H3K4 methylation levels.
Integrin V can form heterodimers with several subunits to mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. During zebrafish gastrulation, V is expressed maternally and zygotically. Here, we used a morpholino-mediated V knockdown strategy to study V function. Although V morphants displayed vascular defects, they also exhibited left-right body asymmetry defects affecting multiple visceral organs. This was preceded by mislocalization of dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) and malformation of the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) laterality organ
This study examined the secretion and intracellular trafficking of apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) using transfected cell lines. The key findings were:
1) Only about 20% of newly synthesized apoA-V was secreted from cells within 3 hours, with about 65% undergoing degradation before secretion.
2) When cells were treated with oleic acid to stimulate triglyceride synthesis, apoA-V secretion decreased while cell-associated apoA-V increased and moved to cytosolic lipid droplets.
3) Expression of apoA-V in hepatoma cells inhibited triglyceride secretion by 50% and reduced the diameter of secreted VLDL particles, but did not impact apolip
1) Overexpression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in myeloid cells decreases osteoclast differentiation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1 proteins critical for osteoclastogenesis.
2) The researcher aims to evaluate the effects of overexpressing miR-146a specifically in myeloid cells in a mouse model of RA induced by mBSA and IL-1β injections using a genetic mouse model that allows tamoxifen-inducible overexpression of miR-146a in myeloid cells.
3) The researcher hypothesizes that overexpressing miR-146a in myeloid cells prior to RA induction will decrease osteocl
This document discusses advances in cereal genomics and its applications in crop improvement. It provides a history of genomic research, describing early DNA markers and sequencing technologies. It also summarizes genomic research on major cereal crops like rice, wheat and barley. Genomics approaches like marker-assisted selection and next generation sequencing are enabling the identification of genes for traits like yield, disease resistance and nutritional quality. Challenges remain in linking genomics to phenotypes. Overall, genomic technologies are producing DNA data that can be combined with phenotypic data to accelerate cereal breeding.
This study examined the effects of varying dietary crude protein levels on indices of lipid metabolism and gene expression in broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens were fed diets containing 12%, 21%, or 30% protein, or were subjected to daily changes between 12% and 30% protein. Birds fed higher protein diets (21-30%) had lower rates of in vitro lipogenesis and lower malic enzyme activity compared to those fed lower protein diets (12%). Expression of genes for malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were constant with 12-21% protein but decreased when fed 30% protein (acute or chronic). The results demonstrate that dietary protein regulates lipid metabolism and gene expression
Vishal H. Desai, Chirag N. Patel, Vijay P. Mehta, S. Prasanth Kumar, Yogesh T. Jasrai and Himanshu A. Pandya. Bioinformatic analysis on Maize sugary1 gene (Proceedings of the National Symposium on Evolving Paradigm to Improve Productivity from Dynamic Management and Value Addition for Plant Genetic Resources, Theme: Budding Researchers, pp. 173
This document summarizes the bifunctional role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) in regulating cell death pathways. GSK-3β can both promote and inhibit apoptosis depending on cell type and signaling environment. It promotes apoptosis by inhibiting pro-survival factors and facilitating pro-apoptotic factors like p53. However, it also inhibits apoptosis under basal conditions by promoting degradation of p53 through MDM2 and stabilizing NF-κB, which protects against tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death. Due to its complex roles in cell survival, GSK-3β is an important target for drug development in diseases like cancer.
Cre recombinase expression in cardiomyocytes using the αMHC-MerCreMer mouse model induces dose-dependent cardiac toxicity and lethality when higher doses of tamoxifen are used to increase recombination efficiency. Moderate and high tamoxifen doses caused heart failure and death in the mice through a DNA damage response leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis. Lower tamoxifen doses achieved near maximal 80% recombination rates without toxicity. The optimal dose for recombination while minimizing effects was determined to be 30 μg tamoxifen/g body weight injected over three days. The study provides insights into the cellular mechanisms of cardiac Cre toxicity and an improved protocol for the αMHC-MerCreMer system.
Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water r...ICRISAT
Drought (midseason or terminal)is a regular and recurring event in arid and semi-arid land, affected by approximately 30% of the world total area and are in habited by 20% of the total world population. The reduction in crop production and yield caused by drought has direct effecton livelihood of farmers(and their families)that inturn affects the yield from livestock (draft capacity/milching).Sorghum is a dual purpose drought resilient crop cultivated in Africa and Asia.
Science 2013-schuenemann-179-83 leprosy önemliHazal Sav
This study obtained near-complete genome sequences of Mycobacterium leprae from skeletal remains dating from the 11th to 14th centuries in Europe, as well as from recent patient biopsies. Genome comparisons revealed remarkable genomic conservation of M. leprae over the past 1000 years. The ancient genomes suggest a European origin for leprosy in the Americas and the presence of a genotype in medieval Europe now commonly associated with the Middle East. Exceptional DNA and mycolic acid preservation in the ancient skeletal remains provides insights into pathogen evolution and the disappearance of leprosy in Europe.
1) The researchers used whole genome sequence data from 43 stickleback genomes to choose SNP markers for genotyping candidate genes involved in body size divergence. 2) Their criteria for choosing SNPs included a minor allele frequency over 20%, spacing of at least 30 base pairs from other SNPs, and preferentially choosing conserved and size-divergent SNPs. 3) They selected 30 SNPs across 14 candidate genes to genotype 500 stickleback specimens using TaqMan OpenArray. They will analyze associations between genotypes and growth phenotypes to identify genes underlying natural body size variation.
Effect of regulating mating system on sexing of Rahmani lambing Faisal A. Alshamiry
Regulating the timing of mating in Rahmani ewes was found to impact sex ratio of offspring. 186 ewes were divided into three groups - one mated at estrus onset (Group 1), one mated 15 hours after onset (Group 2), and one mated 30 hours after onset (Group 3). Group 2 produced more female lambs (84.48%) while Group 3 produced more male lambs (85.92%). Overall, regulating mating time to be in the middle or late stages of estrus allows for some control over offspring sex, providing economic benefits to livestock producers.
Caat box of rabbit with the tata box of cattle,buffalo camel and ratKarlos Svoboda
The document summarizes a study that characterized the promoter region of the ovine αS1-casein gene. Key findings include:
1) The ovine αS1-casein gene promoter sequence was 2185 bp long and showed many differences compared to the bovine sequence, including deletions, substitutions, and a 12 bp addition.
2) Computational analysis identified various regulatory elements in the promoter region, including hormone responsive elements and mammary gland-specific transcription factor binding sites.
3) Comparison with other species showed the ovine sequence had high homology to goat and bovine αS1-casein gene promoters.
3 2011-comparative study of functional properties of commercial and membrane ...Bảo Dung Phan
Membrane processing of yellow pea protein isolates resulted in 28-68% lower phytic acid levels and generally enhanced functional properties compared to a commercial pea protein isolate. The membrane processed isolates had superior solubility, lower viscosity, better heat-induced gel formation, and lower gelling temperatures than the commercial isolate. Membrane purification using ultrafiltration and diafiltration is an effective way to improve the functional qualities of pea protein for use in foods.
1. The document describes using transgenic livestock animals as bioreactors for producing pharmaceutical proteins in their milk.
2. Specifically, it details an experiment where researchers created transgenic sheep that produced the human protein alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in their milk by fusing the AAT gene to the regulatory sequences of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene.
3. The transgenic sheep were able to stably pass the transgene to offspring and produced over 1g of fully active, glycosylated human AAT per liter of milk.
Gmr2301 Breeding Transgenic Cattle For Human Therapeutics Avi Dey
Small breed cattle & pigs now can be part of small farm new product development via emerging agribio technology with recent breakthroughs in bioscience/bioengineering.
A number of developments have been made in the molecular biology of oat (Avena spp.) in recent years. Many of these were recently described at the Fourth International Oat Conference, held on 18 to 23 October, in Adelaide, South Australia. These advances include a report of oat transformation and regeneration, the characterisation of J3-glucanase genes in oat, the further development of a molecular genetic map in oats, and the characterisation of genes encoding novel oat grain proteins. A technique for assessing pedigrees in the oat and other cereal crops has been reported using a modified electrophoretic technique.
Crimson publishers-5-MethylcytosineDNA Methylation Patterns among Gut Predomi...CrimsonpublishersMedical
5-MethylcytosineDNA Methylation Patterns among Gut Predominate Commensal Escherichia coli and Lactobacilli from the Balbas and Mazekh Domestic Sheep Breeds by Pepoyan AZ* in Research in Medical &Engineering Sciences
This document summarizes a study investigating the role of Set1-mediated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae survival under histidine starvation conditions. The study found that mono-methylation of H3K4 by Set1 is advantageous for optimal growth under these stressful conditions. New Set1 mutant strains, including ones capable of only mono-methylation or hyper methylation, were constructed to further examine the role of H3K4 methylation levels.
Integrin V can form heterodimers with several subunits to mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. During zebrafish gastrulation, V is expressed maternally and zygotically. Here, we used a morpholino-mediated V knockdown strategy to study V function. Although V morphants displayed vascular defects, they also exhibited left-right body asymmetry defects affecting multiple visceral organs. This was preceded by mislocalization of dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) and malformation of the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) laterality organ
This study examined the secretion and intracellular trafficking of apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) using transfected cell lines. The key findings were:
1) Only about 20% of newly synthesized apoA-V was secreted from cells within 3 hours, with about 65% undergoing degradation before secretion.
2) When cells were treated with oleic acid to stimulate triglyceride synthesis, apoA-V secretion decreased while cell-associated apoA-V increased and moved to cytosolic lipid droplets.
3) Expression of apoA-V in hepatoma cells inhibited triglyceride secretion by 50% and reduced the diameter of secreted VLDL particles, but did not impact apolip
1) Overexpression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in myeloid cells decreases osteoclast differentiation and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1 proteins critical for osteoclastogenesis.
2) The researcher aims to evaluate the effects of overexpressing miR-146a specifically in myeloid cells in a mouse model of RA induced by mBSA and IL-1β injections using a genetic mouse model that allows tamoxifen-inducible overexpression of miR-146a in myeloid cells.
3) The researcher hypothesizes that overexpressing miR-146a in myeloid cells prior to RA induction will decrease osteocl
This document discusses advances in cereal genomics and its applications in crop improvement. It provides a history of genomic research, describing early DNA markers and sequencing technologies. It also summarizes genomic research on major cereal crops like rice, wheat and barley. Genomics approaches like marker-assisted selection and next generation sequencing are enabling the identification of genes for traits like yield, disease resistance and nutritional quality. Challenges remain in linking genomics to phenotypes. Overall, genomic technologies are producing DNA data that can be combined with phenotypic data to accelerate cereal breeding.
This study examined the effects of varying dietary crude protein levels on indices of lipid metabolism and gene expression in broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens were fed diets containing 12%, 21%, or 30% protein, or were subjected to daily changes between 12% and 30% protein. Birds fed higher protein diets (21-30%) had lower rates of in vitro lipogenesis and lower malic enzyme activity compared to those fed lower protein diets (12%). Expression of genes for malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were constant with 12-21% protein but decreased when fed 30% protein (acute or chronic). The results demonstrate that dietary protein regulates lipid metabolism and gene expression
Vishal H. Desai, Chirag N. Patel, Vijay P. Mehta, S. Prasanth Kumar, Yogesh T. Jasrai and Himanshu A. Pandya. Bioinformatic analysis on Maize sugary1 gene (Proceedings of the National Symposium on Evolving Paradigm to Improve Productivity from Dynamic Management and Value Addition for Plant Genetic Resources, Theme: Budding Researchers, pp. 173
This document summarizes the bifunctional role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) in regulating cell death pathways. GSK-3β can both promote and inhibit apoptosis depending on cell type and signaling environment. It promotes apoptosis by inhibiting pro-survival factors and facilitating pro-apoptotic factors like p53. However, it also inhibits apoptosis under basal conditions by promoting degradation of p53 through MDM2 and stabilizing NF-κB, which protects against tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death. Due to its complex roles in cell survival, GSK-3β is an important target for drug development in diseases like cancer.
Cre recombinase expression in cardiomyocytes using the αMHC-MerCreMer mouse model induces dose-dependent cardiac toxicity and lethality when higher doses of tamoxifen are used to increase recombination efficiency. Moderate and high tamoxifen doses caused heart failure and death in the mice through a DNA damage response leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis. Lower tamoxifen doses achieved near maximal 80% recombination rates without toxicity. The optimal dose for recombination while minimizing effects was determined to be 30 μg tamoxifen/g body weight injected over three days. The study provides insights into the cellular mechanisms of cardiac Cre toxicity and an improved protocol for the αMHC-MerCreMer system.
Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water r...ICRISAT
Drought (midseason or terminal)is a regular and recurring event in arid and semi-arid land, affected by approximately 30% of the world total area and are in habited by 20% of the total world population. The reduction in crop production and yield caused by drought has direct effecton livelihood of farmers(and their families)that inturn affects the yield from livestock (draft capacity/milching).Sorghum is a dual purpose drought resilient crop cultivated in Africa and Asia.
Science 2013-schuenemann-179-83 leprosy önemliHazal Sav
This study obtained near-complete genome sequences of Mycobacterium leprae from skeletal remains dating from the 11th to 14th centuries in Europe, as well as from recent patient biopsies. Genome comparisons revealed remarkable genomic conservation of M. leprae over the past 1000 years. The ancient genomes suggest a European origin for leprosy in the Americas and the presence of a genotype in medieval Europe now commonly associated with the Middle East. Exceptional DNA and mycolic acid preservation in the ancient skeletal remains provides insights into pathogen evolution and the disappearance of leprosy in Europe.
1) The researchers used whole genome sequence data from 43 stickleback genomes to choose SNP markers for genotyping candidate genes involved in body size divergence. 2) Their criteria for choosing SNPs included a minor allele frequency over 20%, spacing of at least 30 base pairs from other SNPs, and preferentially choosing conserved and size-divergent SNPs. 3) They selected 30 SNPs across 14 candidate genes to genotype 500 stickleback specimens using TaqMan OpenArray. They will analyze associations between genotypes and growth phenotypes to identify genes underlying natural body size variation.
Effect of regulating mating system on sexing of Rahmani lambing Faisal A. Alshamiry
Regulating the timing of mating in Rahmani ewes was found to impact sex ratio of offspring. 186 ewes were divided into three groups - one mated at estrus onset (Group 1), one mated 15 hours after onset (Group 2), and one mated 30 hours after onset (Group 3). Group 2 produced more female lambs (84.48%) while Group 3 produced more male lambs (85.92%). Overall, regulating mating time to be in the middle or late stages of estrus allows for some control over offspring sex, providing economic benefits to livestock producers.
Caat box of rabbit with the tata box of cattle,buffalo camel and ratKarlos Svoboda
The document summarizes a study that characterized the promoter region of the ovine αS1-casein gene. Key findings include:
1) The ovine αS1-casein gene promoter sequence was 2185 bp long and showed many differences compared to the bovine sequence, including deletions, substitutions, and a 12 bp addition.
2) Computational analysis identified various regulatory elements in the promoter region, including hormone responsive elements and mammary gland-specific transcription factor binding sites.
3) Comparison with other species showed the ovine sequence had high homology to goat and bovine αS1-casein gene promoters.
3 2011-comparative study of functional properties of commercial and membrane ...Bảo Dung Phan
Membrane processing of yellow pea protein isolates resulted in 28-68% lower phytic acid levels and generally enhanced functional properties compared to a commercial pea protein isolate. The membrane processed isolates had superior solubility, lower viscosity, better heat-induced gel formation, and lower gelling temperatures than the commercial isolate. Membrane purification using ultrafiltration and diafiltration is an effective way to improve the functional qualities of pea protein for use in foods.
Similar to Sequence Characterization of Coding Regions of the Myostatin Gene (GDF8) from Bakerwal Goats (Capra hircus) and Comparison with the Sheep (Ovis aries) Sequence
1. The document describes using transgenic livestock animals as bioreactors for producing pharmaceutical proteins in their milk.
2. Specifically, it details an experiment where researchers created transgenic sheep that produced the human protein alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in their milk by fusing the AAT gene to the regulatory sequences of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene.
3. The transgenic sheep were able to stably pass the transgene to offspring and produced over 1g of fully active, glycosylated human AAT per liter of milk.
Gmr2301 Breeding Transgenic Cattle For Human Therapeutics Avi Dey
Small breed cattle & pigs now can be part of small farm new product development via emerging agribio technology with recent breakthroughs in bioscience/bioengineering.
A number of developments have been made in the molecular biology of oat (Avena spp.) in recent years. Many of these were recently described at the Fourth International Oat Conference, held on 18 to 23 October, in Adelaide, South Australia. These advances include a report of oat transformation and regeneration, the characterisation of J3-glucanase genes in oat, the further development of a molecular genetic map in oats, and the characterisation of genes encoding novel oat grain proteins. A technique for assessing pedigrees in the oat and other cereal crops has been reported using a modified electrophoretic technique.
Crimson publishers-5-MethylcytosineDNA Methylation Patterns among Gut Predomi...CrimsonpublishersMedical
5-MethylcytosineDNA Methylation Patterns among Gut Predominate Commensal Escherichia coli and Lactobacilli from the Balbas and Mazekh Domestic Sheep Breeds by Pepoyan AZ* in Research in Medical &Engineering Sciences
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. It provides examples of common PTMs like phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and discusses how they impact protein targeting, stability, function and activity regulation. The document also discusses how PTMs are studied, noting the Human Proteome Initiative aims to map all human protein modifications. Histone modifications and their impact on chromatin structure and gene expression are discussed in detail. Mitochondrial protein phosphorylation and its role in organelle regulation is also mentioned.
This document describes a study that investigated the seminal plasma proteome of Holstein bulls with low and high sperm freezability. Label-free mass spectrometry identified 1,445 seminal plasma proteins. There were 338 proteins differentially expressed between bulls with low and high freezability. Specific proteins were identified as markers of each phenotype, with BSP5 and seminal ribonuclease associated with high freezability and spermadhesin-1, gelsolin, and peroxiredoxin-5 associated with low freezability. Regression models found sperm freezability scores were related to levels of peroxiredoxin-5, spermadhesin-1, and their interaction. This research provides insights
Multigene cloning approach for crop improvement
This technology has been widely adopted by the life science research community especially for applications that require the transfer of thousands of DNA fragments into one type of plasmid. It provides a promising platform for developing gene stacking technologies for crops by which we can integrate many genes of interest simultaneously for crop improvement programs.Site-specific recombinases are the enzymes used for gateway cloning.They fall into one of the two specific families, namely Tyrosine and Serine family. The former includes Cre , FLP and R which bind to identical recombinase binding sites lox, FRT, and RS, respectively. The later includes phiC31 Integrase and phiC31 excisionase (Thorpe and Smith, 1998), which binds to non-identical sites attB/attP and attL/attR, respectively.
This research paper describes the generation of transgenic mice expressing plant-derived fatty acid desaturase (Fad) genes. The Fad2 and Fad3 genes from spinach and flax were introduced separately and together into mice via pronuclear microinjection. Mice expressing Fad3 alone or both Fad2 and Fad3 were able to endogenously synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, demonstrating that plant Fad genes can be functionally expressed in mammals. This establishes a method for in vivo production of these essential fatty acids without requiring them in the diet.
This study investigated the substrate specificity of the CYP1A enzyme from Pterygoplichthys sp., a species of catfish. The CYP1A gene from Pterygoplichthys sp. was expressed in yeast cells. The catalytic activity of the expressed enzyme was then tested against 15 potential substrates. Results showed that the enzyme had a much higher activity for coumarin derivatives than resorufin derivatives, unlike most other vertebrate CYP1As. The enzyme was also able to metabolize some flavones and ethoxyfluorescein but not resveratrol. These findings suggest the Pterygoplichthys sp. CYP1A has a divergent substrate
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes 3 studies that analyzed gene expression and behaviors related to puberty and reproduction in cattle. The first study used RNA sequencing to identify gene expression changes in the pituitary gland between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal beef heifers. The second study found that supplementing niacin to dairy cows before calving increased colostral immunoglobulin G levels. The third study observed changes in populations of immune cells in the mammary tissue of developing dairy heifers in relation to age, ovariectomy and estrogen treatment.
Phytase efficiency to increase phosphorus utilization in
poultry has been proven for decades. In addition,
phytase was demonstrated to improve growth
performance, meat breast weight, amino acids
digestibility and plasma myo-inositol concentration.
The objective of this work was to investigate potential
interactions between phytase supplementation, growth
performance and host gene expression to identify
potential associated biomarkers.
The document discusses an overview of livestock metabolomics. It defines metabolomics as the large-scale study of small molecules present in cells, biofluids, tissues and organs. Various techniques for metabolomic analysis are described including mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS and LC-MS. Applications of metabolomics in livestock include disease diagnosis, biomarker identification, monitoring drug and surgical impacts, and understanding gene-environment interactions. Specific examples include identifying metabolic biomarkers for mastitis resistance in dairy cows and detection of milk fever in cattle. The challenges and future prospects of metabolomics research are also outlined.
This document summarizes a study examining the expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -7, -9) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2, -3) in the chicken oviduct during maturation. The study found that these MMPs and TIMPs were differentially expressed in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and shell gland sections of the oviduct on the mRNA and protein levels. Expression levels generally decreased with maturation in most sections. Protein levels of MMP-9 decreased while MMP-7 and TIMP-3 increased in the maturing oviduct. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 protein levels remained constant with a slight MMP
1) The document discusses various genes related to sperm motility including AKAP4, SPAG6, SPAG11, GAPDS, SMCP, and CatSper.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Sequence Characterization of Coding Regions of the Myostatin Gene (GDF8) from Bakerwal Goats (Capra hircus) and Comparison with the Sheep (Ovis aries) Sequence
2. W. A. Ahad et al.
158
are able to identify 3 alterations on the presumed myostatin protein sequence as compared to non
double-muscled ovine sequences.
Keywords
Goat, GDF8, Myostatin, Bakerwal, Intron, Exon
1. Introduction
The Bakerwal goat (Capra hircus) is not only an important animal but is also a major meat and/or milk producer
but has been underutilized as compared to other stock animals used in husbandry, because these animals are
mainly reared by Gujjar and Bakarwal tribes of the J & K state. Bakerwal goats are good in size and have mas-
sive structure as compared to other goat breeds in Kashmir valley. This growth is due to the fact that these ani-
mals are highly adaptable to temperate climates and are resistant to ectoparasites and endoparasites and show
excellent nutritional efficiency combined with good productive and reproductive potential: characteristics that
render these animals an interesting alternative protein source especially for poor or developing countries.
The role of protein factors responsible in the development of muscle mass in goats has been best elucidated
by the study of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of genes, which encode important fac-
tors for the regulation of embryo development and tissue homeostasis in adult animals. Within this family,
growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) encodes the myostatin protein that is expressed during muscle develop-
ment and in adult skeletal muscle [1]. Myostatin, like other members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
family, is synthesized by a 376 amino acid precursor protein including three domains namely, a C-terminal do-
main or active molecule, an N-terminal propeptide domain which will be cleaved at the RSRR site during matu-
ration, and a signal sequence [1]. Proteasic digestion processing between the propeptide domain and the
C-terminal domain results in an N-terminal propeptide and the mature form of myostatin, a 12-kDa car-
boxy-terminal fragment. Both mature and unprocessed myostatin form disulfide linked dimers. Moreover, the
only active form of the protein is the processed myostatin dimer [2].
Over a decade has passed, since myostatin was first identified by McPherron in mice and its biological func-
tion as a negative regulator of muscle growth [1]. Since then, variations in myostatin have been found to be as-
sociated with the “double-muscled” phenotype in various species of animals including mice [1], cattle [3], hu-
mans [4], dogs [5], pigs [6], and sheep [7]. The presence of variation in myostatin in other species and its asso-
ciation with variation in muscling suggests that further naturally occurring variation in myostatinin. Bakerwal
goat can also affect muscle traits including skeletal muscle growth and meat yields. The GDF8 gene has been
extensively investigated in bovines and a large number of alleles have been identified [8]. Several mutations in
both the second and third exons strongly affect the phenotype and are described by [9] as responsible for mus-
clehypertrophy (double-muscled) and have been responsible worldwide for increased meat production in several
breeds.
Despite its important role in the control of muscle development, the Bakerwal goat myostatin gene has never
been characterized, and the objective of the work described in this paper is to characterize the myostatin coding
regions from Bakerwal and compare them to sheep in an effort to locate alterations in nucleotide and protein
sequences.
2. Materials and Methods
Whole blood samples were obtained from ten adult Bakerwal breed goats. The blood samples were collected in
Vacutainer tubes, homogenized and kept frozen once until needed for DNA extraction, which was performed by
using Phenol-Chloroform-Proteinase-K Method [10].
After quantification and dilution of the DNA samples, the regions corresponding to the three exons of the
Bakerwal goat GDF8 gene were amplified by PCR using primer pairs designed from Capra hircus DNA se-
quences (Table 1). Each 25 µL reaction contained 50 ng of sample DNA, 0.4 µM of each primer, 1X PCR buf-
fer (10 mMTris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl), 2.0 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM of each dNTP and 1 U of Taq DNA poly-
merase (Invitrogen). Amplification reactions were carried out in a thermocycler (Applied BioSystem), with 5
3. W. A. Ahad et al.
159
Table 1. Sequence of the forward (F) and reverse (R) primers used for the amplification and sequencing of Bakerwal goat
myostatin exons.
Exon Primers (5’ to 3’) Reference
1
F-TGGCGTTACTCAAAAGCAAA
R-AACAGCAGTCAGCAGAGTCG
[11]
2
F-TGGAGGCGTTCGTTCATT
R-GATGGTAGCCCTGTACCCAA
[9]
3
F-TCTTTAATAATGACTCCCTGCG
R-GAACACCCACAGCGATCTACT
[12]
min denaturation at 95˚C, 35 cycles of 94˚C for 1 min, 59˚C for 1 min and a 72˚C extension for 1 min, and a fi-
nal extension at 72˚C for 4 min.
Sequencing was performed at Macrogen Inc. Korea, with an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems)
(Figure 1). The resulting sequences were aligned using the BioEdit program (BioEdit v5.0.9) and the obtained
consensus sequences were used to compare it with GenBank caprine sequences using the BLAST algorithm [13].
The nucleotide sequences of exons 1, 2 and 3 of the GDF8 gene of Bakerwal goat were deposited in GenBank
under Accession No KU980201, KU991727 and KX171679 respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
The ten goats sequenced did not show polymorphisms among themselves but 3 nucleotide variations were found
when the goat myostatin gene was compared with the ovine myostatin gene. Exon 1 showed two alterations, the
first was an A→G transition located at position 14 from the start codon and was responsible for the substitution
of Glutamine with Arginine at position 5 of the protein chain. The second substitution was an A→G transver-
sion at position 178 of the nucleotide sequence leading to a Isoleucine being replaced by valine at position 60 in
the protein sequence. Exon 2 revealed the presence of one T→C transition at position 575 responsible for a
Leu192Pro substitution in the amino acid sequence. No changes were observed in exon 3. All alterations in the
presumed myostatin amino acids sequence as compared to ovine sequence are shown in Figure 2. And all alte-
rations in the myostatin amino acids sequence as compared to other species of livestock animal sequences are
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
The observation of amplified fragments of the expected sizes and subsequent analysis of the obtained se-
quences confirmed the amplification of the regions of interest, demonstrating the complete transferability of the
primer pairs developed for Ovis aries to Capra hircus. This is important in terms of reducing the costs of ge-
nome analysis of closely related species, as has been widely demonstrated for a large number of organisms, es-
pecially plants [14].
Our result shows a high degree of conservation in Bakerwal goat myostatin compared to the ovine protein.
The similarity and identity between the nucleotide and amino acid sequences from Ovis aries and Capra hircus
were, as expected, high due to the close proximity of the species which belong to the same family Bovidae. Of
the three alterations observed, none of the alteration could possibly represent a biological effect. Identifying
mutations in sequences of myostatin gene using molecular techniques is an effective solution for the survey of
double muscle phenotype and help the breeders to get important information in order to make the precise deci-
sion for management and selecting the best population for reproduction and it lets the breeders to have a lot of
data about genetic status of MSTN gene in livestock animals.
It could be inferred that the MSTN gene may be a major gene or linked to the major gene affecting the goat
growth traits. The polymorphic site could be a molecular marker-assisted selection program for body weight.
Mutations have effects on the MSTN protein structure and on the biological function of the MSTN protein [8]. In
addition, missense mutation (p.Lys to Thr) locus have a direct effect on the MSTN gene expression or be closely
correlated with traits affected by loci in the nearby region, but further verification is needed. Hadjipavlou et al.
[15] found that two SNPs in the MSTN gene have a significant association with the muscle depth of commercial
Charollais sheep. In two Norwegian sheep breeds, two different mutations in the MSTN coding region are asso-
ciated with carcass conformation and fatness [16]. In pigs, mutations identified in noncoding regulatory regions
affect the level of MSTN gene expression and/or are associated with growth, muscle mass and other carcass
traits [17]. Esmailizadeh et al. [18] found a SNP in the MSTN gene affecting birth, growth, carcass and beef
4. W. A. Ahad et al.
160
Figure 1. Sequencing results of exon-1 of MSTN gene.
Figure 2. Comparative alignment of the presumed myostatin amino acid sequence from non double muscled Ovis aries
(ENSOARG00000016285) and Capra hircus. Shaded amino acids indicate matching sequence consensus.
quality traits of Bos taurus. In cattle breeds, an 11-bp deletion in the coding sequence of the MSTN gene deter-
mines increased skeletal muscle mass, relevantly in shoulders and thighs, and the produced phenotype is known
as double-muscling [19]. This supports the notion that further investigation of the MSTN variation in different
goat breeds is needed. In goat breeds, a number of myostatin variants of different phenotypic consequence have
been described across a variety of breeds [20], but there is scarcity of reports on the association analysis of SNPs
with growth traits. The biochemical and physiological functions, indicate that the MSTN gene might play im-
portant roles in affecting the growth traits in goats and other species of productive livestock animals.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, we report the first characterization of the myostatin coding regions from Bakerwal goats present
5. W. A. Ahad et al.
161
Figure 3. Comparative alignment of the myostatin amino acid sequence from Bos taurus and Capra hircus. Shaded amino
acids indicate matching sequence consensus.
Figure 4. Comparative alignment of the myostatin amino acid sequence from Gallus gallus and Capra hircus. Shaded amino
acids indicate matching sequence consensus.
in Kashmir valley and also its comparison with other livestock species of animals.
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