Myostatin
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Myostatin, also called GDF-8, is a protein that inhibits muscle growth. It was discovered in 1997 and is encoded by the Mstn gene. Myostatin is synthesized in skeletal muscle cells and acts by binding to activin receptors, which then activate transcription factors that inhibit muscle growth. Inhibiting myostatin causes increased muscle growth, as seen in "double muscled" cattle breeds that have mutations impairing myostatin. Natural inhibitors of myostatin include the myostatin propeptide, follistatin, and GASP-1, which bind to myostatin to prevent it from interacting with activin receptors.
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Excitotoxins their role in neurodegeneration
Excitotoxins can lead to neuronal cell death through overexcitation of neurons. They act by increasing cation influx, especially calcium ions, into neurons. Both endogenous and exogenous excitotoxins are involved in neurodegeneration through multiple mechanisms including altering mitochondrial function, increasing reactive oxygen species, and activating enzymes that damage neurons. Specific excitotoxins found in certain foods can be avoided to reduce risks, but widespread excitotoxins like MSG and aspartame in processed foods may contribute to neurodegenerative conditions when consumed long-term or in susceptible individuals.
Growth hormone
The document discusses the hypothalamus and its key roles in regulating the endocrine system. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the pituitary. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary and directly secretes hormones to regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Some of the major hormones it regulates include growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and gonadotropins. Disorders like acromegaly and gigantism can result from issues with growth hormone regulation.
Mmp 2
1. Metaloproteinase matriks-2 (MMP-2) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase encoded by the MMP2 gene that degrades gelatin, collagen types IV, V, VII, IX and X, and plays a role in tissue remodeling.
2. MMP-2 is secreted as an inactive proenzyme and can be activated extracellularly by proteases or intracellularly via S-glutathiolation without protease removal of its prodomain.
3. Mutations in the MMP2 gene have been associated with Winchester syndrome and Nodulosis-Arthropathy-Osteolysis syndrome.
NSAIDS-pharma ppt med.ppt
This document provides an overview of autacoids and the arachidonic acid cascade that produces inflammatory mediators. It defines autacoids as locally-acting substances produced by cells that have biological activity. The main classes of autacoids - amine, lipid, peptide and others - are described. The document then focuses on the arachidonic acid cascade, outlining the enzyme pathways, key players like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and how NSAIDs inhibit parts of this cascade. The roles of these inflammatory mediators in various body systems and processes like inflammation are summarized.
Neurosteroids and neuropeptides
neurosteroid and neuropeptide biosynthetic pathway mechanism of action marketed formulation applications classifications recent findings refrences prepred by jonaid ali a student of m pharm 2nd sem jamia hamdard new delhi.
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) attenuates brain tumour growth (Feb.01,2013)
1) The study examined the role of MMP-2 in astrocytoma growth and found that MMP-2 surprisingly attenuates brain tumour growth, in contrast to previous beliefs.
2) MMP-2 was found to promote macrophage recruitment and vascular repair in brain tumours, limiting their growth. Lack of MMP-2 reduced macrophage recruitment and promoted tumour growth.
3) MMP-2 is not involved in vascular destabilization commonly associated with malignant brain tumours, but rather is part of a tissue repair response that constrains tumour growth. Therefore, MMP-2 is not a suitable target for brain cancer treatment.
growth hormone action
Growth hormone is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts directly on tissues throughout the body to stimulate growth. Growth hormone stimulates bone and cartilage growth in children through increasing the production of insulin-like growth factors. It also has effects on protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Disorders of growth hormone secretion or action can result in abnormalities of growth.
Sk
Inflammatory mediators are substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions. There are two types of mediators: cell-derived mediators and plasma protein-derived mediators. Mediators include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor. Histamine is stored in mast cells and basophils and is released during inflammatory or allergic reactions. It increases vascular permeability and contracts smooth muscle. Prostaglandins are produced in response to inflammatory stimuli and play a modulatory role in inflammation. Leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid and contribute to bronchial hyperactivity in asthma. Platelet-activating factor is secreted by various cells and produces
Receptors
1) There are two main types of cholinergic receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic. Muscarinic receptors have subtypes M1-M5 and recognize muscarine, while nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five subunits.
2) Muscarinic receptors are located in the peripheral and central nervous systems and on effector organs like the heart and glands. M1/M3 activation leads to phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and calcium increases, while M2 inhibits adenylate cyclase.
3) Nicotinic receptors are located in the CNS, adrenal medulla, autonomic ganglia, and neuromus
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BROWNING OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE BY GUT-MICROBIOTA.pdf
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Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) attenuates brain tumour growth (Feb.01,2013)
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Myostatin
- 2. Myostatin • Also called as GDF-8 • Discovered by Dr. Se-Jin Lee and Alexandra McPherron in 1997 • Encoded by the gene Mstn, locted on chromosome 2 • Synthesized in skeletal muscle cells • Inhibits myogenesis • Myostatin mutants found in whippets, humans, and cows • Restricted to Skeletal muscle in embryogenesis but can also be found in the heart, mammary glands, and adipose tissue in adults • Inhibition causes Double Muscles in cattles 2
- 4. How does myostatin inhibit growth? Myostatin is like IGF-1 a protein that is secreted by muscle cells and myostatin dimers bind so-called activin receptors. These receptors then phosphorylate and activate the transcription factor Smad2/3. A simplified version of the events is shown below. Activin type I and II receptors SMAD2,3 P SMAD2,3 P Growth inhibition P Myostatin dimer
- 5. Myostatin inhibitors Researchers have identified natural myostatin inhibitors that regulate the receptor binding of myostatin in the organism. These binding-proteins form so-called myostatin heterodimers. Inhibitor proteins are myostatin propeptide, follistatin and GASP-1. Myostatin-gasp1 or myostatin-follistatin heterodimers can not bind receptor Activin type I and II receptors P Myostatin homodimer can bind receptor
- 6. 6 Cachexia: Loss of weight, muscle mass, appetite, and feelings of weakness and fatigue that cannot be reversed by the uptake of nutrients. Muscular Dystrophy: Recessive mutation in the dystrophin gene in the X chromosome. Double muscled cattle: animals have mutations in that myostatin gene, cattle breeds the muscle cells multiply rather than enlarge.