Seoul internationalurbandevelopmentcollaboration 20140517
1. 1
Infrastructure Development for
Growth and Sustainability:
Experience of Seoul
KOTRA Global Project Plaza 2014
Seoul, Korea, May 20-22, 2014
Myounggu Kang, Ph.D.
Director-General, Int’l Urban Development Collaboration, Seoul Metropolitan Gov’t
Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Seoul
mk@uos.ac.kr kang1116@seoul.go.kr
2. 2
Outline
• Why City?
• Why Urban Infrastructure?
• Where to start?
• How to build?
• Total Solution from Seoul: Public and Private
• Concluding Remarks
3. 3
Why Cities? – Poverty & Climate
• Cities are the engine of growth to eradicate poverty
and key to sustainable world to solve climate change.
• Cities cover only 2 percent of land area of the world. However,
they hold 50 percent of population and are responsible for up to
70 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions [and production]. (UN-
HABITAT, 2011, Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on
Human Settlements )
• "Cities are responsible for the majority of our harmful greenhouse
gases. But they are also places where the greatest efficiencies
can be made. This makes it imperative that we understand the
form and content of urbanization so that we can reduce our
footprint," said Joan Clos Executive Director of UN-HABITAT.
6. 6
Perspective from Outside 1961
Unemployment is estimated at as high as 25 percent of the labor force. Gross national
product in 1960 was less than $2 billion and per capita income well under $100.
Electric generating capacity is only one-sixth that of for example, Mexico and annual
output is less than 70 kilowatt hours per capita. The only other source of energy is
coal, there being no oil or natural gas. Mineral resources are deficient in several
other vital categories. As much as three-fourths of the forest area is either denuded or
covered with scrub growth. Exports have averaged a scant $20,000,000 annually as
opposed to a volume of imports (exclusive of military items) amounting to
$200,000,000 per year. Thus it can easily be seen that there is no possibility of
an economic miracle being wrought in South Korea.
Unemployment Rate 25%,
Per Capita GNP well under U$ 100
Electric Generation Shortage
No Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources
Exports U$ 20M per year
Imports U$ 200M per year
Source: Foreign Affairs (October 1961)
7. 7May 20, 2014
A miracle that did happen
average GNP growth of 7.6% for 6 decades since 1950
Per-capita GDP $69 (1953) -> $20,000(2010)
transformed from a beneficiary to a prominent world player
8. 8
What are needed for Growth?
• Y = f ( K, L, I | N )
• K(Capital): Finance, Capital Goods,
Land, Buildings, Infrastructure, etc.
• L(Labor): Labor, Expertise, Creativity,
Entrepreneurship, Attitude, etc.
• I(Institution): Organization, Regulation,
Social Capital, Market, Equality, etc.
• N(Natural Endowment): Natural Resources,
Geographical Proximity, Climate, etc.
• Black: can be borrowed
• Red: should be built locally
• Orange: can be borrowed in early phase, later should be built locally
• Blue: little things to be done
8
9. 9
Where to Start?
Cities & Infrastructure
Resources Idea/Vision
Will
Action
Resources are Limited, Idea is Unlimited
資源有限 創意無限
- Taejun Park (Slogan of POSCO) circa 1968 -
Where to start? Building a STAGE where ideas can dance.
Cities and Infrastructure
10. 10
Why Infrastructure? Path to Success
Case of Gyeongbu Expressway
• Started in February 1968, the construction of the four-lane highway with a total length
of 428km was finished after 29 months in July 7, 1970.
• The construction cost estimated 650 billion won at its highest.
• The actual cost was 42.9 billion won (95.6% of fund was raised within Korea), making it
the cheapest and also the quickest in the history of highway construction at that time.
• The cost was equivalent to 23.6 % of the Korea’s annual budget..
• Expressway construction itself created more than 100,000 jobs.
• Outcome: Transportation time & cost reduction (13.5T won worth).
-> Business Boom (Supply-driven)
• Issues: Opposition
11. 11
London mid-1800’s Seoul 1960’s Urbanizing Cities 2010’s
Cities and Infrastructure begin with
Urban and Regional Planning
15. 15
Two ways to go
15
Explosion of
Pop.
Low- or hyper-density
Large land consumption
and/or Inefficiency
High-density
Small land consumption
Market (individual freedom)
Planning + Market
Personal vs. Social Interest
Tension btw landlords vs. tenants
Tension btw selected vs. non-selected
Sprawl and/or Chaotic Over-crowd
Not sustainable
Controlled Development
Uncontrolled Expansion
Compact
Transit-Oriented
Eco-Friendly
Figures from UN-HABITAT (2013)
Figure from UN(2011)
19. 19
Walkable City
• Spatial Framework
(Land Use, Density,
Location, Public
Space) does matter
19
Source: UN-HABITAT (2013)
20. 20
What Urban Planning does?
Activity
Building
District
Neighborhood
(Transit, Water)
(Energy, Waste, etc.)
Infrastructure
Urban Plan (Spatial Framework;
Land Use in order)
Nature
20
seen
unseen
ground
underground
What we can see is
the tip of an iceberg
What we cannot see
is crucial for
sustainability
private
public
남산 중턱 주택
한강변 호텔
Few People, Low Density
Old Days
Much freedom of individuals in land use and location is
acceptable.
21. 21
What Urban Planning does?
Activity
Building
Neighborhood
District
(Transit, Water, etc.)
(Energy, Waste, Internet, etc.)
Infrastructure
Urban Planning
(Spatial Framework; Land Use in order)
Nature
21
seen
unseen
ground
underground
What we can see
is the tip of an
iceberg
What we cannot
see is crucial for
sustainability of
community
private
public
남산 중턱 주택
한강변 호텔
Many People, High DensityFew People, Low Density
TodayOld Days
We need an interface between individual right of freedom
and sustainable development of city community – planning.
22. 22
Sustainable Spatial Framework:
Seoul Metro Area Master Plan 1965
22출처: 권영덕 (2013)
Visioning the future:
Time, space, people scope were
not limited by then situation
as was the future growth
23. 23
1965 Seoul Metro Area Master Plan:
Sustainable Development Guide to
Compact, Transit-oriented, Eco-Friendly Seoul
23
1960
1975
1990
Greenbelt
Old Center
Pop: 2.4M
Density: 91 인/ha
Area: 268 km2
Priority: Spatial Framework, Public Space, Water
Pop: 6.9M
Density: 110 인/ha
Area: 600 km2
Priority: Urban Land, Urban Rail, Sewage
Pop: 10.6M
Density: 175 인/ha (Net Density 265 인/ha)
Area: 600 km2 (developed Land 400 km2)
Priority: Compact, Smart, Urban Transit, e-Gov
(Density, Location)
Environment Protection by Proper Development
(Roads, Schools, Parks, etc.)
25. 25
Implementation - Land Readjustment:
Build Together, Benefit Together
25
1,300 W/㎡
36.8%
63.2%
6,200 W
9,750 W/㎡
26. 26
Sooyu Land Readjustment
26
Road is not only
surface for cars
but also artery
(public space for
public services)
for citizens,
community, and
businesses.
Water, Sewage
Energy , Gas,
Electricity,
Communication,
Heat, Cooling,
Subway, etc.
Resiliency:
emergency access,
space for escape
28. 28
Extension of Boundary
Date Area(㎢)
1946. 10. 18 136.00
1949. 08. 13 288.35
1963. 01. 01 613.04
1973. 07. 01 627.06
1988. 01. 01 605.40*
*the area did not shrink, but was merely
readjusted by survey
Seoul doubled its
administrative area in
1963 to resolve the
urban problems,
including southern area
of Han river
(In Korean, Gang means
river and Nam means
south)
Gangnam was a New Town outside of Seoul
28
Gangnam
29. 29
▲ 강남 1974년
Gangnam Development
• Envisioning vs. Forecasting
• 30 years of development from an idea to completion
Source: Lee (2006
▲ 강남 1988년▲ 강남 1957년
30. 30사진출처: 서울역사박물관, 2011, 강남 40년 영동에서 강남으로
▲ AID아파트 미국 국제개발처(AID)자금을 들여와 논현동과 삼성동에 아파트를 지어 분양함
▲1971. 12. 28 공무원아파트 준공(자료 : 국가기록원)
Gangnam Development
Phasing Issues
32. 32
Land Readjustment Projects
140㎢ (40% of Urban
Area in Seoul)
developed through
Land Readjustment
Sum By Gov’t By Association By Housing Corp
No of Sites Area(㎢) No of Sites Area(㎢) No of Sites Area(㎢) No of Sites Area(㎢)
Sum 58 140 51 131.2 4 5.8 3 3
Before 1960
1960s
1970s
1950. 1. Extension
1963. 8. Extension
33. 3333
1st
Phase Total
Area 50 K㎡
Pop 1.2 M
Housing
292,000
(Condo 281,000)
New Towns with Infra
In the late 1980s, as the
situation of housing
shortages became worse and
the existing available land for
large-scale urban
development was nearly
exhausted, the population
began to spillover beyond the
green belt.
Faced with limitations in
land supply for urban
development, the central
government began to build
several new towns in the
Seoul Metropolitan Region
including Bundang in
Sungnam, Ilsan in Goyang,
Pyeongchon in Anyang,
Sanbon in Gunpo, and
Jungdong in Bucheon.
38. 38
Smart and Sustainable Urbanization
Economic Growth, Social Inclusiveness, and Environmental Health
Urban
Land
Transp-
ortation
Water Energy
Communi-
cation
39. 39
Smart and Sustainable Urbanization
• With rapid growth of cities; proper urbanization
planning (spatial framework) is required
• “Urban planning is not about images but is a way to
make a difference; it is a framework that helps cities
transform a vision into reality using space as a key
resource for development and engaging stakeholders
along the way.” (UN-HABITAT, 2013)
• Urban planning is an important tool for cities to achieve
sustainable development.
• Leadership is crucial.
OutcomeImplementation
Production OutputConsensus
Leadership
Plan Result
Planning
40. 40
Subway #3,4 Opened (1985)
63-building & Olympic
Road constructed (1987)
World Cup (2002)
Cheonggyecheon
Covering (1960) Sewoon
Mixed-Use BLDG (1968)
Subway #1 opened(1974) Seoul Olympics (1988)
Cheonggyecheon Restoration
for Urban Regeneration (2005)
Cheonggyecheon
Elevated Rd.(1976)
Namsan Apt
Demolition (1994)
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Sampoong Department
Store Collapse (1995)
Sungsoo Bridge
Collapse(1994)
• Yeoido Development
Plan • Green Belt Designation
• Urban Planning Law
• Land Readjustment Law
• Housing Construction Promotion Act
• Act on the Utilization and
Management of the National Territory
• Housing Site Development Promotion Act
• Capital Region Master Plan Act
• Mapo Apt
• Sooyu Land Readjustment Project
• Yukchon Land Readjustment Project
• Seoul Metro Area Master Plan
• Yungdong (Gangnam) Development Complete
Mapo Apt.(1962)
• Youngdong (Gangnam) Land Readjustment Project
Uncontrolled Expansion ←|→ Controlled Development
1.6M 2.4M
79U$
3.8M 5.4M
254U$
6.9M 8.4M
1,645U$
9.6M 10.6M
6,147U$
11.0M
10,841U$ 20,045U$
41. 41
Lessons from Seoul and Korea
• Today’s Rapid Urbanization in the world should be
different from the past and west.
• Growth with Compact City (e.g., Higher Density),
Urban Infrastructure (e.g., Public Transportation), and
Healthy Environment (e.g. Natural Area Preservation).
• Timing and Speed are most critical.
(e.g., Population of Seoul increased by 270,000 per
year from 1960-1990)
• Government Leadership is crucial.
42. 42
Integrated Total Solution
of both Public and Private
• Seoul is the only city which has recently overcome the
extreme poverty and learned hands-on experiences in
Sustainable Growth through transforming from one of
poor cities to one of the high quality cities.
• Seoul is ready to share its experiences with all the cities
who want growth and sustainability.
Gov’t
Private Cities &
Infrastructure
in Urbanizing
WorldPlanning
Institution
Engineering
Construction
43. 43
Envisioning – Will – Action
Myounggu Kang, Ph.D.
Director-General, International Urban Development Collaboration,
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Seoul
mk@uos.ac.kr kang1116@seoul.go.kr
Seoul is ready to collaborate with your cities.
