We share a part of the documents of the knowledge seminar on solid waste management at the JICA Nepal office on June 21, 2018. In the documents, we show reports concerning the current situation of waste management in local cities and medical waste problems in Nepal from volunteers who are really working in local level. we also show reports on the future direction of waste administration in Nepal from the comparison of waste generation and economic indicators in Nepal and Asian countries.

1. Think about “Waste”
in Nepal
Local cases and international comparison
- JOCV -
Atsushi Takahashi
Taiki Nagira
Chizuru Matsuura
Yusuke Kawajiri
2018.6.21 JICA Nepal, Knowledge Management Seminar

2. Contents
1. Waste situation in local cases
(15 min)
・Baglung N.P.
・Vyas N.P.
・Resunga N.P.
2. What will be the waste in
Nepal in the future (5 min)
3. Waste situation in Japan to
keep in mind (5 min)

3. Waste situation in local cases
Pokhara SMPC
Butwal SMPC
1.5hour
3hour
5hour
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
Resunga N.P.
Baglung N.P.
Vyas N.P.
Kathmandu MPC
Kirtipur N.P.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
Vyas N.P.
Baglung N.P.
Pokhara SMPC
Resunga N.P.
Waste Generation
(tonnes/day)
Population
Kirtipur N.P.
Kathmandu MPC
10,03,285 people
466 tonnes/day

4. Waste management in Baglung
Introduce of private cooperative
Baglung Municipality
JICA Volunteers(2017-3)
Environmental Education
CHIZURU MATSUURA

5. Dhaulagiri Waste Management and Environment
Preservative Cooperative Society Ltd.
It is an organization that is entrusted with
waste collection from Baglung municipality.
・Established:2015 (3years ago)
・Established Volunteer 4 peoples
・Number of employee
Office 7 peoples ,
Waste collector 6 peoples
( 1Car 1driver,2helper × 2car)

6. Established reason
• The growth of Baglung bazaar’s population caused to
increase waste.
• There is waste at every intersection and shop, it is dirty.
• The work of waste collection at the municipality is
insufficient.
• So they want to solve this problem on their own.
• So they established Private Corporative.
• Collect money from 55pepoles by 100NRS.

10. Blood
Needle
Dhaulagiri Zonal Hospital (Public hospital)

12. Maludhunga Dumping Site (6km
away from bazar)

13. Separate waste according to type by wome’s hand.
Sale for Kathmandu once a month.
Bottle…
1NRS/1bottele
Plastic…
5NRS/1㎏
Cardboard…
5NRS/1㎏

14. Plan of future
Install composting machine on damping site.
To do so they need money.
First of all planning to start collecting waste
separately.
And they would like to sell more plastics and
glass bottles and increase profits.

15. Vyas-Municipality
Damauli Tanahun
Taiki Nagira
2017-1 JOCV
Public Health
Medical waste problem 15

16. <Collection area>
Ward No. Population
① 8932
② 7419
③ 3982
④ 6059
+ part of Ward No.⑤
Waste Collection System in Vyas Municipality
Dumping site
500m
①
④
③
②
⑤
16

17. Waste Collection System in Vyas Municipality
Worker : 19 people
(city employee)
Collection day : Sunday to Friday
Collection fee : 25 , 40 , 70 NRs /Month
(According to amount of waste)
×２
×２
３～４／Day
Dumping site 17

18. Medical waste -Syringe with needle-
18

19. IV tube with needle
(Dumping site)
IV tube with needle
(Hospital)
Dust bin(Hospital)
Medical waste -Intravenous(IV) drip tube with needle-
Needle
19

20. Catheter tubes with blood
Blood collection tubeMedical waste -Blood-
20

21. hospital
Dumping site
Needle Destroyer
Some hospitals and pharmacies
Sterilize
Autoclave sterilization
Direct
After the meeting of medical institutions
was held, we feel that medical waste has
decreased.
However, medical waste is still brought to
the dumping site.
needle
Recycle(plastic)
Recycle?(metal)
Syringe
IV tube
21

22. Needle
22
Safety box Dust bin
However… ↓

23. Piece of glass
Cut his finger on a piece of glass
Razor blade
Syringe needle
- Children are in danger -
Dumping site is dangerous place
23

24. - Some diseases are carried by flies -Dumping site is dangerous place
24

25. <Issued>
Gloves
Shoes
Cap
Mask
Socks
Seminar on infectious diseases by doctor
Workers
25

26. Waste picker -Dumping site-
They don’t wear gloves, masks and shoes
26

27. Dumping site
• Make a medical waste collection day once a week
• Separating recyclable waste(Build a sanitation center)
• Reconsider collection system and fee
• Build composting system (Separating garbage at households)
• Environmental education for public
Compost
Future plans - What to do next -
Medical
waste
＜Image＞
Recyclable
waste
(Sanitation
center)27

28. Medical
waste
Dumping
site
?
- Pokhara dumping site -
- Public hospital in Waling -
We must make a new medical waste
management plan referring to other places we’ve
visited. 28
Future task

29. 29
- Old dumping site -
We must protect our environment for our future generations.

30. 30
Resunga Municipality
Video Uploaded
https://youtu.be/aUpTwtRfFWc

32. Municipal Solid Waste Generation versus GDP by country in Asia
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013), The history and current state of
waste disposal in Japan(2018) , World Economic Outlook Database(2014), Environmental Statistics Collection of 2017 version
Indonesia
Nepal
India
Bngladesh
Phlippines
Lao PDR
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
VietNam
Tailand
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990 1995
2000
2005
20102015
2016
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP* per capita (current US$)
Wastegeneration(kg/capita/year)
Japan
The period of high
economic growth
Bubble economy period
*Gross Domestic Product: 国内総生産

33. Average Household Waste Generation by Monthly Expenditure Level
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
Average monthly Expenditure* (NRs / Households)
AveragedailyWasteGeneration
(kg/Households)
Nepal(2012)
n = 3,233 Households*
* Households：家庭 * Expenditure : 支出

34. Municipal Solid Waste Generation Estimate of Nepal in 2025
Source: What a Waste : A Global Review of Solid Waste Management(2012),
World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision(2017), World Economic Outlook Database(2018)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Population
GDP
27,650
682
31,814
1,335
Municipal Solid
Waste Generation
1,435
tonnes/day
7,385
tonnes/day
2012 2025
TotalPopulation(thousands)
GDPpercapita(currentUS$)
×5
Nepal

35. Municipal Solid Waste Generation Estimate of Nepal in 2025
In order to cope with this increase of
waste, the Government of Nepal
enacted the law; The Solid Waste
Management Act in 2011,
and started to support local
governments to formulate the waste
management plan.
Local governments have carried out
landfill projects, as final disposal.

36. Sanitary
landfill
6
Controlled
dumping
5
Open
dumping
25
Riverside
dumping
13
Open
dumping and
Riverside
dumping
6
Roadside
dumping
1
No municipal
collection
system
2
Final Disposal* Methods
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
Planning for Landfill Site
in Near Future
Yes
71%
No
29%
n = 58 Municipalities
Nepal(2012)
* Disposal : 処分, Sanitary : 衛生的な,
(covered with soil)
*

37. Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
Before
Federal Democratic Republic
After
Federal Democratic Republic
58
Metropolitan City
Sub-Metropolitan City
Municipality
293
4.5
Municipal
Population(2011)
(million)
16.5
1,435
Municipal Solid
Waste Generation
(2012) (tonnes/day)
5,238
Government
of Nepal
Solid Waste
Management
Budget
Local Bodies

38. Necessity of appropriate operation of Environmental Impact Assessment
Source: Created based on material of Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (2001)
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
100 to 1,000 tonnes
of waste per year
more than 1,000 tonnes
of waste per year
2 291
Filling of land
Scale Requirements for Waste Management Project
and Estimated number of municipalities that require IEE/EIA procedures
Current situations
• No waste management plan in Municipality
• Difficulty to implement the waste
management planning guidelines required
• Less staff and budget of Solid Waste
Management Technical Support Center
• Less knowledge on the environmental
impact assessment by municipality’s staff
• Less knowledge on the IEE/EIA guidelines by
municipality’s staff
• No guidelines published on the Internet
Increase of Landfill Site construction project
Environmental impact assessment is not
appropriately carried out.
Both the living environment and the natural
environment are badly affected.

39. Two Nippon Ichi © moja Creative Commons License (Display 4.0 International)

40. Municipal Solid Waste Generation versus GDP and
History of Waste Administration in Japan
Indonesia
Nepal
India
Bngladesh
Phlippines
Lao PDR
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
VietNam
Tailand
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990 1995
2000
2005
20102015
2016
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP per capita (current US$)
Wastegeneration(kg/capita/year)
Japan
1970 Enactment of Waste
Disposal and Public Cleaning
Law*1, Establish basic structure
of waste management
1960’s Introduction of fixed-time / fixed-point collection
system, promotion of mechanization of collection etc.
Pollution problem
1991 Amendment of Waste Disposal
and Public Cleansing Law, Addition of
reduce, segregation and recycling to
the purpose of law
2000 Enactment of The Basic Law for Establishing
the Recycling-based Society*2, Legislating the
priority of resource recycling and waste disposal
((1) Reduce, 2) Reuse, 3) Recycling, 4) Thermal
Recycle, 5) Appropriate Disposal)
1980’s Group Resource
collection spread nationwide
1945-1950 Waste dumped in the river and ocean
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013), The history and current state of
waste disposal in Japan(2018) , World Economic Outlook Database(2014), Environmental Statistics Collection of 2017 version
1995-2000 Enactment of
Various Recycling Law
*1: 廃棄物処理法
*2: 循環型社会形成推進基本法

41. I show a video created in 1960 in Tokyo
to know about the situation of Japan at that time.
It shows throwaway culture, collection system by human
power and open dumping site at Tokyo bay.

42. Source: Google Earth
Landfill amount (Since 1927)
109 million tonnes
207 years*
of Municipal Solid Waste
Generation amount in Nepal(2012)
* Municipal Solid Waste Generation amount in Nepal(2012) is 524,000 tones/year

43. Source:Google Earth
Yume no shima Park
Tropical Greenhouse Dome
Waste incineration plant
Stadium
Sports culture center
Marina
Sports ground
The landfill site in video is here.
Here has been called “Fly heaven” before and large scale
disinfection was done.
But Currently this landfill site is used for a park and stadium.

44. Source:Candidature file(2013)
At Tokyo Olympic 2020,
In Tokyo Bay, The old
landfill sites are going
to be used for
competition venue.

45. Source:Candidature file(2013)
I think, in Nepal ,
it would be better to think
landfill sites as resources
and promote investment in
landfill projects for the future.

46. References
• Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2013). Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy
Recommendations, https://www.adb.org/publications/solid-waste-management-nepal-current-status-
and-policy-recommendations
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)
(2015). Global Waste Management Outlook 2015, http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/september-
2015/unep-publications/global-waste-management-outlook
• Waste Atlas, http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/
• World Bank Group(2012), What a Waste : A Global Review of Solid Waste Management,
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388
• United Nations(2017), World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/
• International Monetary Fund(2018), World Economic Outlook Database April 2018 Edition,
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx
• World Bank Group, International Comparison Program database (2018/6/12),
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=NP
• Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Statistics Collection of FY2017 version,
http://www.env.go.jp/doc/toukei/h29tbl.html
• Ministry of the Environment(2014), The history and current state of waste disposal in Japan,
https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/circul/venous_industry/ja/history.pdf
• Ministry of the Environment (2018), Regarding general waste disposal and treatment situation etc.
(FY2008), https://www.env.go.jp/press/105322.html
• Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Bureau (2018), transition of waste landfill disposal site,
http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/faq/resource/chubou/rekishi/answer_01_04.html
• The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games(2013), Candidature file,
https://tokyo2020.org/jp/games/plan/

47. Municipal Solid Waste Generation versus income level by country
Source: Global Waste Management Outlook 2015 (2015), Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
GNI* per capita (current US$)
Wastegeneration(kg/capita/year)
Nepal(2012)
116 kg/capita/year
(317 g/capita/day)
Japan(2016)
339 kg/capita/year
(925 g/capita/day)
*Gross National Income: 国民総所得

48. Waste Collection Rates by Region
Source: What a Waste : A Global Review of Solid Waste Management(2012),
Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
OECD
MiddleEast&North
Africaregion
LatinAmerica
&theCaribbean
Europe&Central
Asiaregion
EastAsia&
Pacificregion
SouthAsia
region
Africaregion
Nepal(2012)
62.3%

49. Waste Collection Rates and Solid Waste Management Budget
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CollectionRates(%)
Solid Waste Management (SWM) Budget
(% of total municipal budget, 3-Year Average)
60-70%
Street
sweeping and
collection
20-30% Transport
The rest Final disposal
of Total SWM
Budget
Nepal(2012)
58 Municipalities
2,724 NRs/ton
SWM Cost

50. Indonesia
Nepal
India
Bngladesh
Phlippines
Lao PDR
Sri Lanka
Malaysia
VietNam
Tailand
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990 1995
2000
2005
20102015
2016
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Municipal Solid Waste Generation versus GNI by country in Asia
Source: Solid Waste Management in Nepal Current Status and Policy Recommendations(2013), The history and current state of
waste disposal in Japan(2018) , World Economic Outlook Database(2014), Environmental Statistics Collection of 2017 version
GNI* per capita (current US$)
Wastegeneration(kg/capita/year)
Japan
The period of high
economic growth
Bubble economy period
*Gross National Income: 国民総所得