Self-mutilation, also known as self-harm, refers to intentional acts of harming one's own body without suicidal intent. It is often associated with mental illnesses like borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Common forms include cutting, burning, scratching, and hair pulling. Treatment options include medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and group therapy. Assessment involves understanding psychiatric history, triggers, and monitoring behavior. Nursing interventions focus on safety, emotional and impulse control support, and addressing underlying causes.
This a brief presentation introducing self-harm. It looks at what self-harm is, symptoms of self-harm, possible causes of self-harm and how to respond to self-harm.
This a brief presentation introducing self-harm. It looks at what self-harm is, symptoms of self-harm, possible causes of self-harm and how to respond to self-harm.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Behavior therapy is a treatment approach originally derived from learning theory, which seeks to solve problems and relieve symptoms by changing behavior and the environmental contingencies which control behavior.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a natural emotional reaction to a deeply shocking and disturbing experience. It is a normalreaction to an abnormalsituation.
•Any human being has the potential to develop PTSD
•Cause external –Psychiatric Injury not Mental Illness
•Not resulting from the individual’s personality –Victim is not inherently weak or inferior
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
Behavior therapy is a treatment approach originally derived from learning theory, which seeks to solve problems and relieve symptoms by changing behavior and the environmental contingencies which control behavior.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a natural emotional reaction to a deeply shocking and disturbing experience. It is a normalreaction to an abnormalsituation.
•Any human being has the potential to develop PTSD
•Cause external –Psychiatric Injury not Mental Illness
•Not resulting from the individual’s personality –Victim is not inherently weak or inferior
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
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1
Running Head: Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Karanda Farmer
The University of Phoenix
BEH/225
March 31, 2013
Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Anxiety is a normal emotion experienced by every human being every now and then when faced with problems. However, excessive distress that interferes with a person’s ability to operate normally causes anxiety disorder. Constant overwhelming and crippling worry and fear characterize this mental illness. This paper chronicles the diagnosis and treatment of the following anxiety disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Separation Anxiety.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD, is characterized by excessive uneasiness, fear, and apprehension or worry caused by intrusive thoughts, either real or imagined. The individual experiencing this kind of disorder often exhibits ritualistic behaviors: hand-washing several times a day, eating certain foods at precise times, and opening or tapping on doors a number of times before entering. The current trends in the field of Psychiatry indicate that about a quarter of the population will suffer from this disorder in their lifetime. If an adolescent is diagnosed with OCD, the disorder will more than likely follow the teen into adulthood. Compared to men, women are affected by the disorder at a rate twice as high as men are affected. Source for this entire paragraph.
The current general criteria used in the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder requires that an individual must have either obsessions or compulsions, realize that they are excessive or unreasonable, and they interfere with the individual’s daily routine. The obsessions must be persistent and recurrent thoughts or images that are intrusive and cause great distress. The compulsions form specific criteria under which a repetitive behavior, which is meant to prevent or distress, keeps on driving the individual. Source?
Cognitive behavior therapy, medication, or both, are the evidence-based treatments for OCD. Studies conducted indicate that at least six months duration of treatment lowers the chances of a relapse, though no optimal duration has been given. Source? Too short to be a paragraph.
The trigger of Panic Disorder is mostly fear, stress, or an excessive exercise routine. This is characterized by apprehension and brief attacks of intense terror, and can lead to confusion, nausea, shaking, and trembling. A diagnosis of Panic Disorder is marked by persistent fear of future attack and their potential this is an incomplete sentence. The sufferer, who is mostly hyper-vigilant, often notices symptoms even outside a specific panic episode. The heightened perception in body changes is psychologically as life threatening leading to recurrent panic attacks. This last sentence reads like an incomplete sentence too.
When an individual undergoes.
What is self-harm?
Self harm is defined as the act of someone hurting themselves intentionally (on purpose)
Self-harm is commonly done by:
a. cutting
b. burning
c. hitting
d. picking at the skin
e. pulling hair
f. biting
g. carving
Most people who self harm are't attempting suicide. Self harm can be a way to express or control distressing thoughts or feelings.
Self harm can cause more damage to health and safety than the person may have intended.
Why do people self-harm?
1. to escape their feelings
2. to cope with life stressors
3. to express their pain
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Definition and Description
Self mutilation is defined as intentional, non-lethal, repetitive
self bodily harm or disfigurement that is considered socially
unacceptable such as cutting, carving, burning, scalding,
punching oneself, and breaking bones.
Self mutilation is a symptom of mental disorders such as:
borderline personality, bipolar, major depression, anxiety,
schizophrenia, and PTSD and it is not a mental disorder of it’s own.
Self mutilation acts are not to cause death; it usually begins in late
childhood or early adolescence and may continue for 10-15 years
after acts.
3. Classification in North
American Nursing Diagnosis
(NANDA)
SELF MUTILATION
SELF MUTILATION RELATED TO
1. borderline personality disorder
2. major depression
3. Eating disorder (anorexia nervosa)
4. Anxiety disorder,
5. schizophrenia
6. Post Trauma Stress Disorder
4. Etiology of Self-Mutilation
Social and Behavioral Considerations
2004 Study by Nock and Prinstein (89 adolescent inpatients surveyed)
To stop bad feelings (immediate relief)
To feel something, even if it was pain
To punish yourself
To relieve feeling numb or empty
To feel relaxed
Way of coping with intense internal emotions, or
even preventing suicide.
Social modeling – 82% of responders say at least
one friend self-injured in the last 12 months
5. Risk Factors of Self-Mutilation
History of physical or sexual abuse
Family neglect
Comorbid conditions such as depression, eating
disorders, personality disorders (BPD, antisocial,
histrionic), PTSD, and anxiety disorders
Alcoholism and illicit drug use
Female sex
6. Prevalence
Is on the rise with young adolescents in middle school.
It is expected that 8 million Americans will have one episode of self-
mutilation.
Most common in have history childhood sexual abuse
Prevalence rates in urban and suburban
Skin cutting is the most common form of self-mutilation
More common in females than males
More common in singles than married
Prevalent in all races and economic groups
Often associated with eating disorders(anorexia nervosa)and BPD and
prison
Found in homes in which communication is indirect and at times violent .
Found with a family history of mood disorders and other forms of addiction
7. Categories of Self-Mutilation
There are three types of self-mutilation behavior:
Major self- mutilation: extreme acts usually associated with a
psychotic state or acute intoxication that cause considerable
damage.
Stereotypic self-mutilation: repetitive, rhythmic self-injurious
behavior (such as head banging) carried out by individuals who
are autistic, mentally retarted, and those with Tourette’s
syndrome which has a strong biological component.
Moderate or superficial self-mutilation: more common form of
self-mutilation which includes hair pulling, skin scratching,
picking, cutting, burning, and carving.
8. (Moderate or superficial ) Self-Mutilation
Moderate or superficial self-mutilation is then further divided
into three groups:
Compulsive self-mutilation: repetitive, ritualistic, behavior that
occurs several times a day such as hair pulling and cut to the skin.
Episodic self-mutilation: periodical behavior that does not
preoccupation the individual. Is seen in clients who have
depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and most commonly in
borderline personality disorder.
Repetitive self-mutilation: a major preoccupation and consider it
an addiction they can’t stop. Most common in females and
appears in late childhood or early adolescence and continues for
many years.
9. Bauman, S. (2008). Self-mutilation. In N. Danner
(Ed.), Pearson custom education (pp. 33-58).
Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
10. Theoretical Views
Biological Theories: explain that there are low levels of serotonin in the
brains of self-mutilators.
Psychodynamic Theories: explain that real or anticipated loss is a
significant antecedent to self-mutilation.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory: explains that self-mutilation is strengthened
through positive and negative reinforcements in the individuals life .
Narrative Theory: explains that individuals who self-mutilate are seeking a
way to re-enact the childhood trauma they once experienced to prove that
they are incapable of self-protection because they were not protected as
children
11. Most common methods to self mutilation
Cutting: Scratches with sharp objects
Branding: Burning self with a hot object or friction
burn=rubbing a pencil or eraser on skin
Picking at skin or re-opening wounds
Hair pulling
Hitting
12. There are various treatment options for individuals who
self-mutilate, however, not one single one is more
effective than another.
Such option are:
Medication
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Manual Assisted Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Analytic Therapy
Narrative Therapy
Group Therapy
Impatient Treatment
Bauman, S. (2008). Self-mutilation. In N. Danner (Ed.), Pearson custom education (pp. 33-58).
Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.
13. Treatment
Manual Assisted Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: This therapy is
normally given in no more than six sessions. Can be very
practical because it can be given to patients via bibliotherapy.
Cognitive Analytic Therapy: used with repeat self-mutilators and
can be done in one session. It’s focus is on helping the client
understand self-mutilation behavior, teaching problem-solving
focus, help the client find alternatives to dealing with stress,
and analysis of reciprocal role relationships.
14. Treatment
Medication: SSRIs such as Prozac, Paxil, and Luvox are used
to reduce self-mutilation in individuals and is most successful in
conjunction with other forms of treatment.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy: An outpatient program that
includes weekly individual and group therapy for the duration of
a year that includes instruction in mindfulness, interpersonal
effectiveness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance.
15. Treatment Options
Narrative Therapy: sees symptoms of self mutilation as
“stories”, in which the problem is located outside the
individual. Three stages:
Outer: The counselor inquires about the context of the client’s
life with no focus on the self-mutilation.
Middle: The counselor inquires about the client’s trauma and
symptoms and encourages client to build a support system.
Inner: The counselor focuses on identifying the aspects of the
client that were internalized as a way to cope with the trauma or
abuse.
Group Therapy: used simultaneously with individual therapy. It
allows the client to feel that they are not alone in this problem.
Inpatient Treatment: usually for those who are not benefiting from
outpatient therapy.
16. Assessment
Self- report are more common
Assessment to child past life .
Assessment to any psychiatric disorder
Assessment to psychiatric family history.
Observation and direct questioning are the best ways to
assess an individuals level of self-mutilation behavior
When self-mutilation behavior is acknowledged, then it is
important for the counselor to follow up with more in depth
questioning
Counselors should refer patients to a physician to treat any
possible infections to sight
17. Nursing intervention
Monitor the patient behavior for anxiety status .
Determine emotional and situational triggers.
Help client recognize and understand the function and origin of the
behavior
Provide support for the recognition of feelings ,reality testing
impulse control.
Use therapeutic holding some might need special restraints
(helmets , mittens , special padding )
Use play and art therapy (swinging , drawing , singing).
18. References
Bauman, S. Self-mutilation. In N. Danner (Ed.), Pearson
custom education (pp. 33-58). Boston, MA: Pearson Custom
Publishing. (2008).
Varcarolis ,E, ,manual psychiatric nursing care
planning,4thed ,saunder , USA 2011