Now a days, Lean manufacturing becomes a key strategy for global competition. In this environment the most important process is the efficient selection of suppliers. In any organization various criteria such as quality, cost, location etc are used for the selection of supplier which plays a vital role in the industry. In the present work multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used such as SAW method and VIKOR method. It is used to select the best supplier for implementing the spring manufacturing industry. Choice of the efficient supplier could be a complicated and is a complex problem and this draw back associate degreed a key success for an organization. In this paper linguistic fuzzy data is used to search out the ratings and weights and also the introduced methodologies employed to pick the efficient supplier
Success in supply begins with the right choice of suppliers and in the long run is directly related to how suppliers are managed, because suppliers have a significant impact on the success or failure of a company. Multi-criteria decisions are approaches that deal with ranking and selecting one or more suppliers from a set of suppliers. Multi-criteria decisions provide an effective framework for comparing suppliers based on the evaluation of different criteria. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-survey based on the nature and method of the research. In the present study, two library and field methods have been used to collect information. According to the objectives of this study, suppliers will be evaluated using two methods of fuzzy hierarchical analysis with D-numbers. In order to better understand these two methods, a case study is presented in which suppliers are ranked using two methods and then the results are compared with each other. For manufacturing companies, 4 categories of parts were considered and based on the classification, the suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and analyzed. In the results of suppliers of type A and B components in hierarchical analysis, D and fuzzy methods have many differences in the evaluation and ranking of suppliers, and this shows the lack of expectations of experts in D and fuzzy analysis. On the other hand, in type C and D components, the classification and ranking of suppliers have been matched in two ways and shows that the opinions in the evaluation of these suppliers are the same.
Relationships among Supplier Selection Criteria using Interpretive Structural...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Selection of Best Supplier in Furniture Manufacturing Company by Using Analyt...IJERA Editor
The selection of supplier is one of the most critical decisions in the design and development of a successful production environment. In this study, a user friendly decision support system is proposed for supplier selection. This system guides the decision maker in selecting proper supplier via effective algorithms, such as the Analytic Hierarchy process (AHP) Cost analysis helps the user evaluate the results based on economical considerations. Selection of supplier is a time consuming process which needs extensive data exploitation. The process of supplier selection is a multi- criteria decision-making problem with conflicting and diverse objectives. In this work a systematic methodology is presented under the consideration of multiple factors and objectives that are witnessed to be crucial to the construction process. The model includes building an analytic hierarchy structure with a tree of hierarchical criteria and alternatives to ease the decision-making.
There is an increasing trend in competition on the global market and this has compelled many manufacturing and service companies to revise their understanding of quality. Customers today make informed choices and patronize products and services based on their quality. There are also regulations which are established by government agencies to ensure that products and services are of expected quality that satisfies the needs of the customer. This demand from customers has triggered a need for manufacturing companies to always provide quality products to stay in competition. Provision of quality products has a cost element attached to it. The study was a case study and focused on the assessment of cost of quality and its effect on manufacturing performance. There have been several researches that have shown the relevance of cost of quality assessment in a manufacturing firm. This research looks at cost of quality with specific emphasis on the classical P-A-F (Prevention-Appraisal-Failure) cost model and tries to ascertain its effects on manufacturing performance. The study focused on Special Ice Company Limited as a case study. The study employed three categories namely, cost of prevention, cost of appraisal and cost of failure as a proxy for cost of quality on the manufacturing performance. A sample of 80 participants was randomly selected for this study. Primary data was collected and analyzed. The findings show that the cost of quality element like cost of external failure and cost of appraisal had a statistically significant impact on the manufacturing performance of the company. A semi-structured interview was also conducted with the Manager Director to further understand the posturing of the top management with regards to the study. The study recommended that the organization make a conscious effort to sensitize employees to understand the cost of quality and its implications on the manufacturing performance of the company and also appraise their production processes at all times and ensure their entire staff adhere to accepted procedures. Again, the study also recommended that top management get actively involved and make a conscious effort to incorporate the cost of quality in their decision-making process and get all staff to align and adhere to it and also pay close attention to customer complaints act on it to improve on the products.
One of the most important issues concerning the designing a supply chain is selecting the supplier. Selecting proper suppliers is one of the most crucial activities of an organization towards the gradual improvement and a promotion in performance. This intricacy is because suppliers fulfil a part of customer’s expectancy and selecting among them is multi-criteria decision, which needs a systematic and organized approach without which this decision may lead to failure. The purpose of this research is proposing a new method for assessment and rating the suppliers. We have identified several evaluation criteria and attributes; the selection among them was by the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method, then we have specified the connection and the influence of the criteria on each other by DEMATEL method. After that, suppliers were graded by using the Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (FANP) approach and the most efficient one was selected. The innovation of this research is combining the SMART method, DEMATEL method, and Analytical Network Process in Fuzzy state which lead to more exact and efficient results which is proposed for the first time by the researchers of this study.
Success in supply begins with the right choice of suppliers and in the long run is directly related to how suppliers are managed, because suppliers have a significant impact on the success or failure of a company. Multi-criteria decisions are approaches that deal with ranking and selecting one or more suppliers from a set of suppliers. Multi-criteria decisions provide an effective framework for comparing suppliers based on the evaluation of different criteria. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-survey based on the nature and method of the research. In the present study, two library and field methods have been used to collect information. According to the objectives of this study, suppliers will be evaluated using two methods of fuzzy hierarchical analysis with D-numbers. In order to better understand these two methods, a case study is presented in which suppliers are ranked using two methods and then the results are compared with each other. For manufacturing companies, 4 categories of parts were considered and based on the classification, the suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and analyzed. In the results of suppliers of type A and B components in hierarchical analysis, D and fuzzy methods have many differences in the evaluation and ranking of suppliers, and this shows the lack of expectations of experts in D and fuzzy analysis. On the other hand, in type C and D components, the classification and ranking of suppliers have been matched in two ways and shows that the opinions in the evaluation of these suppliers are the same.
Relationships among Supplier Selection Criteria using Interpretive Structural...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Selection of Best Supplier in Furniture Manufacturing Company by Using Analyt...IJERA Editor
The selection of supplier is one of the most critical decisions in the design and development of a successful production environment. In this study, a user friendly decision support system is proposed for supplier selection. This system guides the decision maker in selecting proper supplier via effective algorithms, such as the Analytic Hierarchy process (AHP) Cost analysis helps the user evaluate the results based on economical considerations. Selection of supplier is a time consuming process which needs extensive data exploitation. The process of supplier selection is a multi- criteria decision-making problem with conflicting and diverse objectives. In this work a systematic methodology is presented under the consideration of multiple factors and objectives that are witnessed to be crucial to the construction process. The model includes building an analytic hierarchy structure with a tree of hierarchical criteria and alternatives to ease the decision-making.
There is an increasing trend in competition on the global market and this has compelled many manufacturing and service companies to revise their understanding of quality. Customers today make informed choices and patronize products and services based on their quality. There are also regulations which are established by government agencies to ensure that products and services are of expected quality that satisfies the needs of the customer. This demand from customers has triggered a need for manufacturing companies to always provide quality products to stay in competition. Provision of quality products has a cost element attached to it. The study was a case study and focused on the assessment of cost of quality and its effect on manufacturing performance. There have been several researches that have shown the relevance of cost of quality assessment in a manufacturing firm. This research looks at cost of quality with specific emphasis on the classical P-A-F (Prevention-Appraisal-Failure) cost model and tries to ascertain its effects on manufacturing performance. The study focused on Special Ice Company Limited as a case study. The study employed three categories namely, cost of prevention, cost of appraisal and cost of failure as a proxy for cost of quality on the manufacturing performance. A sample of 80 participants was randomly selected for this study. Primary data was collected and analyzed. The findings show that the cost of quality element like cost of external failure and cost of appraisal had a statistically significant impact on the manufacturing performance of the company. A semi-structured interview was also conducted with the Manager Director to further understand the posturing of the top management with regards to the study. The study recommended that the organization make a conscious effort to sensitize employees to understand the cost of quality and its implications on the manufacturing performance of the company and also appraise their production processes at all times and ensure their entire staff adhere to accepted procedures. Again, the study also recommended that top management get actively involved and make a conscious effort to incorporate the cost of quality in their decision-making process and get all staff to align and adhere to it and also pay close attention to customer complaints act on it to improve on the products.
One of the most important issues concerning the designing a supply chain is selecting the supplier. Selecting proper suppliers is one of the most crucial activities of an organization towards the gradual improvement and a promotion in performance. This intricacy is because suppliers fulfil a part of customer’s expectancy and selecting among them is multi-criteria decision, which needs a systematic and organized approach without which this decision may lead to failure. The purpose of this research is proposing a new method for assessment and rating the suppliers. We have identified several evaluation criteria and attributes; the selection among them was by the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method, then we have specified the connection and the influence of the criteria on each other by DEMATEL method. After that, suppliers were graded by using the Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (FANP) approach and the most efficient one was selected. The innovation of this research is combining the SMART method, DEMATEL method, and Analytical Network Process in Fuzzy state which lead to more exact and efficient results which is proposed for the first time by the researchers of this study.
The Simulation of the Supply Chain in an Investment Company by Genetic Algori...Mohammad Ali Arjamfekr
Nowadays, the supply chain is considered as the most effective element among the economic and manufacturing enterprises and the reason of its foundation is the increase of the pressures by the customer demands on high quality and quick service. Time management in the supply chain causes quick service and the enhancement of customers’ satisfaction level that is the most important component for managing waiting reduction time. After the selection of the suitable supplier, the amount of optimal order of each one of the suppliers must be obtained, implementing using the multi-objective planning models. Thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of the supply chain in an investment company by genetic algorithm and PSO. This work is done using the multi-objective model design, with the purposes of reducing existing costs in chain, as well as maximizing the purchased materials’ quality from the suppliers.
Factors that Influence the Supplier Selection of Manufacturing BusinessesQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The objective of this study is to find out the factors that influence businesses in manufacturing industry while selecting suppliers. The data used in the study were obtained from 80 small and medium sized enterprises in Samsun organized industrial site and small industrial areas by using face-to-face questionnaire method. KMO and Barlett’s test were used to find out whether the data set used in the study was suitable for factor analysis. According to the results, KMO and Barlett’s test results (0.761) show that the sample size is sufficient for factor analysis. Factor analysis gave a 4 factor structure that explained 84.48% of the total variance. The names of these factors and their rates of explaining the total variance were quality 33.08%, delivery 20.29%, price 18.72% and criteria about the supplier 12.39%, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients of these four factors and their sub-components were 0.978, 0.967, 0.920 and 0.602, respectively. As a conclusion, it was found that the businesses in manufacturing industry placed great importance on the quality and delivery of the product provided by the supplier. In addition, manufacturing businesses aim to supply quality products from the supplier with the lowest cost within the same period of time in accordance with their objectives.
Single Or Multiple Sourcing: A Mathematical Approach To Decision Makinginventionjournals
ABSTRACT: There is often a tussle between choosing a right sourcing strategy which says, whether the buyer should go for single sourcing or multiple sourcing. In this paper we introduces quality as a parameter apart from other parameter such as economies of scale and specific knowledge or learning effect on sourcing strategy selection by taking into account the small number of interaction involving buyer and competing suppliers, formulated mathematically using Berndt Wood Model (Translog cost function). The objective is to find whether the difference function between the cost of production in single sourcing and Multiple (dual) sourcing is decreasing or increasing, when quality as parameter is introduced. Using the concept of maximization and minimization of a function, it is achieved, considering certain assumptions. Here the results indicates that in the long run multiple sourcing is definitely the better option, which able to cater quality as well as supplier opportunism and cost. This further established by the numerical illustration.
In recent years, management and, consequently, supply chain performance measurement, has attracted the attention of a large number of managers and researchers in the field of production and operations management. In parallel with the evolution of organizations from a single approach to a network and supply chain approach, performance measurement systems have also changed and moved towards network and supply chain performance measurement. Therefore, in order to face the storm of great change and transformation and not give in to the wave of competitive aggression, organizations have long had one thing in common, and that is to focus approaches and focus efforts towards achieving results. Results that lead to a competitive advantage and are more effective and decisive in the performance indicators of the organization, including earning more. In this study, in order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the supply chain in manufacturing companies, using indicators such as cost, timely delivery and procurement time to evaluate the supply chain efficiency is considered. And performance evaluation was performed at the manufacturer level. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of the supply chain using the AHP integration approach and the DEA method approach in the fuzzy environment, the suppliers and suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and ranked in terms of performance.
Quantitative Research Modelling: Hard and Soft Criteria of Total Quality Serv...inventionjournals
The major intend of this research study is on hard and soft criteria of Total Quality Service (TQS) in ISO 9001 certified SME’s in TamilNadu. The nature of the research is exploratory method, and the sample size is 401 respondents from purposively selected ISO 9001 certified SME’s companies in TamilNadu with regard to the hard and soft criteria of TQS. First the analysis of the general profile of SME’s is given and data collection method used in the research is ―Questionnaire Method‖. Data has been analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 & Smart PLS 3.0. Findings, suggestions and conclusions were made by keeping an eye on the research objectives.
Most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are strategically involved in supplier base rationalization and increased consciousness of sustainable development. This reinforces need for accurately considering sustainability in supplier selection to improve organizational
performance. In real industrial case, problems are unavoidable and pose huge challenge to
accurately incorporate sustainability factors into supplier selection. Such problems include
imprecise data, ambiguity of human judgment, uncertainty among sustainability factors and the
need to capture all subjective and objective criteria
Monitoring Of Water Logged Areas in Krishana Canal Command Using Gis TechniquesIJERA Editor
Degradation of land due to waterlogging in sugarcane track of western Maharashtra is a serious problem. Here researchers had understood the problem of the waterlogged areas by preparing an inventory using GIS and GPS techniques. Krishna Canal Command area is lies in Satara and Sangli districts. Total length of canal is 86 km, out of which 21 km length is comes under study area. The command area is divided in 4 segments, out of which, the present study deals with Segment IV. Water table map was prepared using water depth data at 231 well locations. The entire analysis was carried out in ArcGIS software. GIS – Spatial Analysis tool, point data was rasterised, and surfaces for water table were generated. Risk zonation maps were prepared using the critical limits given by IRD, Pune. Water table surface was intersected with village boundary layers. Risk zonation map of water table suggests that the two villages namely Nagral and Burli situated close to canal are most vulnerable due to high water table. Almost 36 % of the total study area of land covering partially the villages Nagral, Burli, Shirasgaon, Amnapur, Palus, and Yelavi were found under critical water table condition. In segment IV total area of 792 ha in villages Nagral, Burli, Amnapur, Yelavi, and Bhilawadi fall under the P1 category affected most badly by the waterlogging condition. Prioritization of villages based on AWI suggests that out of the total eight villages, five villages namely Amnapur, Burli, Bhilawadi, Nagral and Yelavi are falling under P1 priority category, need immediate attention for remedial measures
Efficient Planning Scheduling and Delay Analysis of Residential ProjectIJERA Editor
Planning and scheduling have become an essential part of any project for the timely and economical completion of the project. A proper construction schedule can be used for different purposes. By using construction schedule to predict project completion, contractors can adjust crew size, shifts or equipment to speed or slow the progress. All the construction projects will vary from each other in size. All the projects have time constraint. Delay in completion of project will increase the overall cost of the project. Small projects can be managed efficiently manually; whereas large projects are not so large projects can be better handled by the use of computers. Many types of software are available with the help of which project management can be done easily. Large quantities of different kinds of resources are also required for execution and the risk is more in the case of projects. So planning and scheduling of activities for construction of big projects is essential. In this study, an effort is made in planning, scheduling and delay analysis updating of various activities, which is done by using MS Project and MS Excel software, manpower of each activity is determined and allocation is done using the software. Labor requirement for each activity is calculated from standards obtained from site. An updated schedule, which helps to finish the project well in time with optimum resources and update helps in delay analysis, is under the scope of this study.
The Simulation of the Supply Chain in an Investment Company by Genetic Algori...Mohammad Ali Arjamfekr
Nowadays, the supply chain is considered as the most effective element among the economic and manufacturing enterprises and the reason of its foundation is the increase of the pressures by the customer demands on high quality and quick service. Time management in the supply chain causes quick service and the enhancement of customers’ satisfaction level that is the most important component for managing waiting reduction time. After the selection of the suitable supplier, the amount of optimal order of each one of the suppliers must be obtained, implementing using the multi-objective planning models. Thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of the supply chain in an investment company by genetic algorithm and PSO. This work is done using the multi-objective model design, with the purposes of reducing existing costs in chain, as well as maximizing the purchased materials’ quality from the suppliers.
Factors that Influence the Supplier Selection of Manufacturing BusinessesQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The objective of this study is to find out the factors that influence businesses in manufacturing industry while selecting suppliers. The data used in the study were obtained from 80 small and medium sized enterprises in Samsun organized industrial site and small industrial areas by using face-to-face questionnaire method. KMO and Barlett’s test were used to find out whether the data set used in the study was suitable for factor analysis. According to the results, KMO and Barlett’s test results (0.761) show that the sample size is sufficient for factor analysis. Factor analysis gave a 4 factor structure that explained 84.48% of the total variance. The names of these factors and their rates of explaining the total variance were quality 33.08%, delivery 20.29%, price 18.72% and criteria about the supplier 12.39%, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients of these four factors and their sub-components were 0.978, 0.967, 0.920 and 0.602, respectively. As a conclusion, it was found that the businesses in manufacturing industry placed great importance on the quality and delivery of the product provided by the supplier. In addition, manufacturing businesses aim to supply quality products from the supplier with the lowest cost within the same period of time in accordance with their objectives.
Single Or Multiple Sourcing: A Mathematical Approach To Decision Makinginventionjournals
ABSTRACT: There is often a tussle between choosing a right sourcing strategy which says, whether the buyer should go for single sourcing or multiple sourcing. In this paper we introduces quality as a parameter apart from other parameter such as economies of scale and specific knowledge or learning effect on sourcing strategy selection by taking into account the small number of interaction involving buyer and competing suppliers, formulated mathematically using Berndt Wood Model (Translog cost function). The objective is to find whether the difference function between the cost of production in single sourcing and Multiple (dual) sourcing is decreasing or increasing, when quality as parameter is introduced. Using the concept of maximization and minimization of a function, it is achieved, considering certain assumptions. Here the results indicates that in the long run multiple sourcing is definitely the better option, which able to cater quality as well as supplier opportunism and cost. This further established by the numerical illustration.
In recent years, management and, consequently, supply chain performance measurement, has attracted the attention of a large number of managers and researchers in the field of production and operations management. In parallel with the evolution of organizations from a single approach to a network and supply chain approach, performance measurement systems have also changed and moved towards network and supply chain performance measurement. Therefore, in order to face the storm of great change and transformation and not give in to the wave of competitive aggression, organizations have long had one thing in common, and that is to focus approaches and focus efforts towards achieving results. Results that lead to a competitive advantage and are more effective and decisive in the performance indicators of the organization, including earning more. In this study, in order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the supply chain in manufacturing companies, using indicators such as cost, timely delivery and procurement time to evaluate the supply chain efficiency is considered. And performance evaluation was performed at the manufacturer level. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of the supply chain using the AHP integration approach and the DEA method approach in the fuzzy environment, the suppliers and suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and ranked in terms of performance.
Quantitative Research Modelling: Hard and Soft Criteria of Total Quality Serv...inventionjournals
The major intend of this research study is on hard and soft criteria of Total Quality Service (TQS) in ISO 9001 certified SME’s in TamilNadu. The nature of the research is exploratory method, and the sample size is 401 respondents from purposively selected ISO 9001 certified SME’s companies in TamilNadu with regard to the hard and soft criteria of TQS. First the analysis of the general profile of SME’s is given and data collection method used in the research is ―Questionnaire Method‖. Data has been analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 & Smart PLS 3.0. Findings, suggestions and conclusions were made by keeping an eye on the research objectives.
Most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are strategically involved in supplier base rationalization and increased consciousness of sustainable development. This reinforces need for accurately considering sustainability in supplier selection to improve organizational
performance. In real industrial case, problems are unavoidable and pose huge challenge to
accurately incorporate sustainability factors into supplier selection. Such problems include
imprecise data, ambiguity of human judgment, uncertainty among sustainability factors and the
need to capture all subjective and objective criteria
Monitoring Of Water Logged Areas in Krishana Canal Command Using Gis TechniquesIJERA Editor
Degradation of land due to waterlogging in sugarcane track of western Maharashtra is a serious problem. Here researchers had understood the problem of the waterlogged areas by preparing an inventory using GIS and GPS techniques. Krishna Canal Command area is lies in Satara and Sangli districts. Total length of canal is 86 km, out of which 21 km length is comes under study area. The command area is divided in 4 segments, out of which, the present study deals with Segment IV. Water table map was prepared using water depth data at 231 well locations. The entire analysis was carried out in ArcGIS software. GIS – Spatial Analysis tool, point data was rasterised, and surfaces for water table were generated. Risk zonation maps were prepared using the critical limits given by IRD, Pune. Water table surface was intersected with village boundary layers. Risk zonation map of water table suggests that the two villages namely Nagral and Burli situated close to canal are most vulnerable due to high water table. Almost 36 % of the total study area of land covering partially the villages Nagral, Burli, Shirasgaon, Amnapur, Palus, and Yelavi were found under critical water table condition. In segment IV total area of 792 ha in villages Nagral, Burli, Amnapur, Yelavi, and Bhilawadi fall under the P1 category affected most badly by the waterlogging condition. Prioritization of villages based on AWI suggests that out of the total eight villages, five villages namely Amnapur, Burli, Bhilawadi, Nagral and Yelavi are falling under P1 priority category, need immediate attention for remedial measures
Efficient Planning Scheduling and Delay Analysis of Residential ProjectIJERA Editor
Planning and scheduling have become an essential part of any project for the timely and economical completion of the project. A proper construction schedule can be used for different purposes. By using construction schedule to predict project completion, contractors can adjust crew size, shifts or equipment to speed or slow the progress. All the construction projects will vary from each other in size. All the projects have time constraint. Delay in completion of project will increase the overall cost of the project. Small projects can be managed efficiently manually; whereas large projects are not so large projects can be better handled by the use of computers. Many types of software are available with the help of which project management can be done easily. Large quantities of different kinds of resources are also required for execution and the risk is more in the case of projects. So planning and scheduling of activities for construction of big projects is essential. In this study, an effort is made in planning, scheduling and delay analysis updating of various activities, which is done by using MS Project and MS Excel software, manpower of each activity is determined and allocation is done using the software. Labor requirement for each activity is calculated from standards obtained from site. An updated schedule, which helps to finish the project well in time with optimum resources and update helps in delay analysis, is under the scope of this study.
Life Cycle Energy Analysis of a Traditional Building in India (A Case Study)IJERA Editor
Some of the major environmental concerns of our time are the depletion of the ozone layer, the wastage of limited resources such as oil, gas and minerals, the loss of forested areas, toxic chemical manufacture and emissions, the obliteration of natural practice with the effluence of land, water and air. The environmental crisis has made us focus our attention on the impact buildings will have on the environment. Hence we need to be aware of the possibilities of saving energy by designing buildings according to vernacular architecture, which normally involves informal building compositions during the method of traditional building with local associates in addition to locally available materials. This paper discusses the consequence of material assortment and construction scheme with respect to its energy incurred throughout its existing sequence (Unrefined fabric acquisition, product manufacture & transportation, construction, operation and maintenance, renovation and demolition). It is all mainly related to the multi-faceted nature of environmental sustainable design.
The Use Of Permeable Concrete For Ground Water RechargeIJERA Editor
In order to develop Smart Cities in India, we need to develop smart technologies and smart construction materials. Permeable concrete an innovative material is environment friendly and a smart material which can be used for construction of several structures. In India, the ground water table is decreasing at a faster rate due to reduction in ground water recharge. These days, the vegetation cover is replaced by infrastructure hence the water gets very less opportunity to infiltrate itself into the soil. If the permeable concrete which has a high porosity is used for the construction of pavements, walking tracks, parking lots, well lining, etc. then it can reduce the runoff from the site and help in the ground water recharge. Such type of smart materials will play an important role for Indian conditions where government is putting lot of efforts to implement ground water recharging techniques. During the research work, the runoff for a particular storm was calculated for a bitumen pavement on a sloping ground. Later after studying the various topographical features, the traffic intensity and the rainfall for that particular area, the concrete was designed and tested for the different proportion and thus the mix design for the permeable concrete was finalized based upon its permeability and strength characteristics. Later by using this permeable concrete the infiltration and runoff for the same storm was compared and studied. The research paper will thus give an account of the properties of permeable concrete where it can be used over an existing road.
An Effective Security Mechanism for M-Commerce Applications Exploiting Ontolo...IJERA Editor
Health organizations are beginning to move mobile commerce services in recent years to enhance services and quality without spending much investment for IT infrastructure. Medical records are very sensitive and private to any individuals. Hence effective security mechanism is required. The challenges of our research work are to maintain privacy for the users and provide smart and secure environment for accessing the application. It is achieved with the help of personalization. Internet has provided the way for personalization. Personalization is a term which refers to the delivery of information that is relevant to individual or group of individuals in the format, layout specified and in time interval. In this paper we propose an Ontology Based Access Control (OBAC) Model that can address the permitted access control among the service providers and users. Personal Health Records sharing is highly expected by the users for the acceptance in mobile commerce applications in health care systems.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
Compression is playing a vital role in data transfer. Hence, Digital camera uses JPEG standard to compress the captured image. Hence, it reduces data storage requirements. Here, we proposed FPGA based JPEG encoder. The processing system is coupled with DCT and then it is quantized and then it is prepared for entropy coding to form a JPEG encoder
Optimization of Process Parameters And Dielectric Fluids on Machining En 31 B...IJERA Editor
The electric discharge machining is the one of the most desirable machining process for the materials which are having high hardness and good thermal conductivity. The EDM process surpassed through the technological barriers by overcoming limitations like processing speed, material conductivity, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish and so on. However, environmental impact due to release of toxic emissions aerosols during the process, poor operational safety due to fire hazard, electromagnetic radiation and non-bio degradable waste are the major problems concerned with conventional dielectric fluids (i.e. kerosene, hydro carbon, etc.,). To reduce the problems with conventional die electric fluids waste palm oil blended with kerosene is used. The process is mostly used in situations where intricate, complex shapes need to be machined in very hard materials. The objective of this work is to study the influence of four design factors current (I), voltage (V), pulse on(P on), and pulse off(P off) which are the most relevant parameters to be controlled by the EDM process over machining characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) characteristics of surface integrity such as average surface roughness (Ra). Multi Objective optimization of process parameters is done by using TOPSIS
Chosen Problems in Agro Logistics - a Proposals to the Use of Selected Indica...IJERA Editor
The article presents examples of tools which can effectively contribute to, among others, better selection of machines and coordination of their performance and the mass transport stream. The following formulae can be useful in practice: the number of necessary machine units, mass flow, intake capacity of storage facilities, duration of the transport cycle, load capacity utilization rate and performance measure of means of transport (or a set of means of transport). Their use, according to the authors, will allow agricultural producers to minimise various kinds of risks which for many reasons are extremely high in this industry.
The State of Analytical Instruments in Some Environmental Pollution Control L...IJERA Editor
The state of the environmental laboratories involved in monitoring environmental pollution control in Nigeria has been studied in this research. The research was undertaken by visiting four analytical laboratories involved in environmental pollution control in Nigeria. The analytical laboratories visited are those of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Kaduna, Ashaka cement factory, regional laboratory of the Federal Ministry of Water Resources Gombe, and the National Reference laboratory Lagos. In these laboratories results were collected in the laboratories, interviews were carried out and analytical instruments available were documented. It was discovered that, in these laboratories many standard analytical instruments needed for quality environmental pollution control and monitoring are lacking. Comparison of analytical instruments found in these laboratories with those found in literature revealed that many needed analytical instruments are missing. It is the position of this work that the gap between the environmental analytical instruments found in literature and that found in the research laboratories is very large and calls for concern
Effect of Weaknesses of the Internal Control Systems And NonCompliance With S...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this study was to see whether there is an influence of Weaknesses of the Internal Control System and Non-compliance With Statutory Provisions on the audit opinion of the audit board. The weakness of the internal control system measured by the audit findings Audit Board consisting of weaknesses of the accounting control system and reporting, and weaknesses of the budget implementation control system and weaknesses of the internal control structure. While non-compliance with statutory provisions are measured based on the audit findings Audit Board consisting of local loss, the potential loss of local , lack of receipt, administration, waste, inefficiency and ineffectiveness. This study is a survey of the region of the provincial government of DKI Jakarta and Banten for 2010 to 2014. Samples in this study were all the Local Government Unit that generate financial reports of local governments totaling nine units, so this study is census research, in the sense that the entire population sampled. Data analysis method used is the ordinal logistic regression because the dependent variable is the rank (category) and the data is not normal. From the results of the data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that the weaknesses of the internal control system and non-compliance with statutory provisions affect the audit opinion of the audit board either jointly or partially.
Cyclic Response of Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Beams Repaired with E...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the results of a quasi-static cyclic test carried out on a reinforced concrete special moment resisting beam to study the efficiency of traditional repair techniques in restoring the strength and stiffness capacity of damaged RC beams. The beam was tested in a cantilever mode and was subjected to a standard loading protocol with increasing amplitude of displacement cycles. The final damage state of the beam consisted of severe cracking and spalling of the cover concrete. The cracks were repaired with low-viscosity injection epoxy and the spalled concrete was repaired with early-strength grout. The repaired specimen was subjected to the same loading protocol as the original specimen to study the efficiency of the repair technique employed. It was observed that epoxy injection is not effective in restoring the strength and stiffness of beams with bar slip of longitudinal bars at the support end.
Total Ozone Content over Kathmandu from TOMS ObservationsIJERA Editor
This paper reports the trend of total ozone content (TOC) over Kathmandu for 10 years period from 1979-1988 derived from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite observations. The trends of daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations of TOC over Kathmandu have been analyzed. The result exemplifies that during the whole study period, the TOC is found to be maximum on February 11, 1979 with a value of 352 DU and the lowest ozone concentration is on January 18, 1980 with a value of 243 DU. Similarly, the minimum value of monthly average TOC is 260 DU in November, while the maximum values is 293 DU on May. The amplitude of variations of monthly average TOC is 12.7% in terms of the percentage from the mean value. The results also show that TOC is highly seasonal dependent with larger TOC in summer season compared to the equinox and winter seasons. The summer TOC on average is 7.5% higher than in winter season and only by 1.8% higher than in equinox. The TOC in equinox is higher than winter by 5.7% on average. The average annual value of TOC exhibits slightly variable with a maximum in 1979 (281 DU) and minimum in 1984 (274 DU), which differs only by 2.5%. The average value of TOC during the whole study period is 277 DU, which indicates good amount of stratospheric ozone content over Kathmandu.
Dielectric properties of Ni-Al nano ferrites synthesized by citrate gel methodIJERA Editor
Ni–Al ferrite with composition of NiAlxFe2-xO4 (x=0.2, 0.4 0.6, and 0.8, ) were prepared by citrate gel method. The Dielectric Properties for all the samples were investigated at room temperature as a function of frequency. The Dielectric constant shows dispersion in the lower frequency region and remains almost constant at higher frequencies. The frequency dependence of dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) is found to be abnormal, giving a peak at certain frequency for mixed Ni-Al ferrites. A qualitative explanation is given for the composition and frequency dependence of the dielectric loss tangent.
Research On Preserving User Confidentiality In Cloud Computing – Design Of A ...IJERA Editor
Cloud Computing creates a dynamic resource sharing platform. Using cloud technologies such as virtualization, data can be provided to the active users who are at high need to utilize the resources provided within the cloud. As this data (or service) is stored (or offered) outside the data owner's boundaries, they are skeptical for utilizing cloud technology in order to store or utilize their data or service. There are many issues for these active clients (companies or individuals) to be petrified at the thought of using cloud computing paradigm. Some of the main issues that make the clients not to choose cloud computing may be determined because of three important security aspects such as confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This research focused on the security models that relate confidentiality issues. A literature Review is performed for analyzing the existing confidentiality frameworks and security models in the area of grid computing, cluster computing and virtualization. A new theoretical framework is then designed to overcome confidentiality issues thereby improving the client‟sgeneric understanding of cloud computing services. The resulting framework when implemented in real world would motivate clients to transform their businesses on to cloud.
Applications and Properties of Unique Coloring of GraphsIJERA Editor
This paper studies the concepts of origin of uniquely colorable graphs, general results about unique vertex colorings, assorted results about uniquely colorable graphs, complexity results for unique coloring Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 05CXX, 05C15, 05C20, 37E25.
Performance Improvement Of Bengali Text Compression Using Transliteration And...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we propose a new compression technique based on transliteration of Bengali text to English. Compared to Bengali, English is a less symbolic language. Thus transliteration of Bengali text to English reduces the number of characters to be coded. Huffman coding is well known for producing optimal compression. When Huffman principal is applied on transliterated text significant performance improvement is achieved in terms of decoding speed and space requirement compared to Unicode compression
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
Running head TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT .docxtodd521
Running head: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 1
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 5
Total Cost of Ownership
Zachary T. Trigger
UMCG
Purchasing Management
Professor James Swaim
2/8/2020
Balanced scorecard
A balanced scorecard is a concept used by managers to analyze their business using four different perspectives. It helps to provide a customer’s perspective, the organization’s internal perspective, the innovation and learning perspective and the financial perspective. The advantage for this measure is that it reduces the data overload by minimizing the number of required measures.
The mission statement of the organization is used to determine the customer perspective. This is helps to frame how the customer views the organization. The mission for the organization is to become a leader in delivering products used in laboratory testing. The concerns of the customer deal with time, quality, cost and performance and service. The company has been able to deliver orders made by customers within a short lead time except for few instances when suppliers had failed to deliver the raw materials within the stipulated time. The quality of the products it delivers has been undisputed. The cost of the products is also competitive in the market when compared to those of the competitors. This has helped the organization to gain a substantial market base. Convenience has been created for the customers by carrying out delivery to their preferred destination. Under this goals and achievements, it can be concluded that the organization is preferred by many customers (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Company based measures are important as they dictate how the organization meets the customer’s needs. Quality is the main concern for the organization’s customers and therefore, measures should be put in place to ensure that the final products are of good quality. This can be achieved through the selection of the best suppliers based on the quality of their raw materials rather than the price. This was achieved in the process of supplier selection and the continuous evaluation of the suppliers to ensure that they maintain the quality. The processes undertaken to produce the products used in laboratory settings are also meticulously monitored and improvements made over time. This means that the quality increases with time and this ensures that the internal metric of quality is achieved (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Innovation and learning is part of the culture within the organization. There is a research and development department within the organization whose sole purpose is to carry out research and come up with new and improved products. These are aimed at meeting the ever changing needs of the consumer. The financial perspective of the organization is also promising since the profitability has increased. The company has experie.
Running head TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 1
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 5
Total Cost of Ownership
Zachary T. Trigger
UMCG
Purchasing Management
Professor James Swaim
2/8/2020
Balanced scorecard
A balanced scorecard is a concept used by managers to analyze their business using four different perspectives. It helps to provide a customer’s perspective, the organization’s internal perspective, the innovation and learning perspective and the financial perspective. The advantage for this measure is that it reduces the data overload by minimizing the number of required measures.
The mission statement of the organization is used to determine the customer perspective. This is helps to frame how the customer views the organization. The mission for the organization is to become a leader in delivering products used in laboratory testing. The concerns of the customer deal with time, quality, cost and performance and service. The company has been able to deliver orders made by customers within a short lead time except for few instances when suppliers had failed to deliver the raw materials within the stipulated time. The quality of the products it delivers has been undisputed. The cost of the products is also competitive in the market when compared to those of the competitors. This has helped the organization to gain a substantial market base. Convenience has been created for the customers by carrying out delivery to their preferred destination. Under this goals and achievements, it can be concluded that the organization is preferred by many customers (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Company based measures are important as they dictate how the organization meets the customer’s needs. Quality is the main concern for the organization’s customers and therefore, measures should be put in place to ensure that the final products are of good quality. This can be achieved through the selection of the best suppliers based on the quality of their raw materials rather than the price. This was achieved in the process of supplier selection and the continuous evaluation of the suppliers to ensure that they maintain the quality. The processes undertaken to produce the products used in laboratory settings are also meticulously monitored and improvements made over time. This means that the quality increases with time and this ensures that the internal metric of quality is achieved (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Innovation and learning is part of the culture within the organization. There is a research and development department within the organization whose sole purpose is to carry out research and come up with new and improved products. These are aimed at meeting the ever changing needs of the consumer. The financial perspective of the organization is also promising since the profitability has increased. The company has experie.
Benchmarking is an ongoing process involving industries from all walks of life and all categories of production
The principle is that no company is 100% perfect, and if you continuously search for better solutions, you will improve your efficiency and become an exceptional company, which can later form a benchmark for similar companies.
Benchmarking is a legal activity. Because benchmarking has been applied in a formal fashion (following strict rules) to all manner of technical and administrative procedures. There is legal authorities on information exchanges ( major area of antitrust concern applicable to benchmarking )
This lecture slide was prepared for my guest lecture session in Bina Nusantara University's undergraduate program of International Business Management. It discussed the role of procurement function in an organisation, and how the function has been continuously evolved to meet market expectation by engaging business partners, as well as intra-company stakeholders. It shares top tips of how buyer can create value-add to the business from the book “Value-Added Purchasing” written by Eberhard E. Schening, PhD. Enjoy this as a part of your learning journey!
https://utilitasmathematica.com/index.php/Index
Our Journal has recently transitioned to becoming a fully open-access journal. This transition marks a significant shift in the landscape of academic publishing, aiming to provide numerous benefits to both authors and readers. Open access has the potential to democratize knowledge, enhance research impact, and foster greater collaboration within the academic community.
https://utilitasmathematica.com/index.php/Index
Our Journal is now readily available to researchers, educators, policymakers, and the general public worldwide. This broader access facilitates interdisciplinary research and real-world applications of mathematical and statistical knowledge. It’s Journal as an open-access publication, fostering collaboration, innovation, and the democratization of mathematical and statistical knowledge.
The leadership of the Utilitas Mathematica Journal commits to strengthening our professional community by making it more just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive. We affirm that our mission, Promote the Practice and Profession of Statistics, can be realized only by fully embracing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity in all of our operations. Published in association with the Utilitas Mathematica Academy. This journal is the official publication of the Utilitas Mathematica Academy, Canada. It enjoys a good reputation and popularity at the international level in terms of research papers and distribution worldwide.
Our journal has to a fully open-access format is a significant step toward advancing the principles of open science and equitable access to knowledge. However, this transition also brings challenges, such as ensuring sustainable funding models and maintaining rigorous peer-review standards.
Supplier Selection and Order Allocation Models in Supply Chain Management: A ...IJERA Editor
Supplier selection decisions are an important component of production and logistics management for many
firms. Such decisions entail the selection of individual suppliers to employ and the determination of order
quantities to be placed with the selected suppliers. This paper reviews supplier selection and order allocation
models based on an extensive search in the literature (170 paper during 2000-2016) and tries to show their
contribution to supply chain management. After discussing different methods and their applications, the most
prevalently used approaches and criteria are presented. In the second step, different attributes of these papers are
defined and finally issues for future research are recommended
A concept based model for product development in the emerging marketeSAT Journals
Abstract Emerging market like Asia and Africa are opening a big room of opportunities to do business. The companies which are already globally recognized have started acknowledging this issue and they are making their product and business strategies according to the user perceptions of these growing markets. In these markets where the bigger players are already present, how the local players and new companies can survive and harness the market profits in this competitive environment. This research work provides a conceptual model which can help the local and new companies in increasing their market share and profits within a short time period. This model listen’s the voice of customer and it also accounts the market trend, while designing or planning a product. Multi-factor evaluation process (MFEP) is used in this product development model and an exploratory example of mobile product is also given to clarify the implementation of this model. Keywords= Product technical specifications, New product development, Product design strategy, Voice of customer, Multi- Factor evaluation process (MFEP)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Selection of Supplier by Using Saw and Vikor Methods
1. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 80 | P a g e
Selection of Supplier by Using Saw and Vikor Methods
1
P.Venkateswarlu, 2
DR. B. Dattatraya Sarma
1
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sreevenkateswara College of Engineering Nellore,
2
Principal, Sreevenkateswara College of Engineering, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Now a days, Lean manufacturing becomes a key strategy for global competition. In this environment the most
important process is the efficient selection of suppliers. In any organization various criteria such as quality, cost,
location etc are used for the selection of supplier which plays a vital role in the industry. In the present work
multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used such as SAW method and VIKOR method. It is used
to select the best supplier for implementing the spring manufacturing industry. Choice of the efficient
supplier could be a complicated and is a complex problem and this draw back associate degreed a key success
for an organization. In this paper linguistic fuzzy data is used to search out the ratings and weights and also the
introduced methodologies employed to pick the efficient supplier.
Keywords: lean manufacturing, supplier selection, fuzzy, VIKOR, SAW method.
I. INTRODUCTION
A system consists of organization, group of
people and their activities, resources like raw
materials, finished goods and information etc. A
system which involves in moving a finished product
or service from supplier to the customer is called the
supply chain. It is a network. It involves the major
three following network functions. Most important
one is supply of materials to manufacturer, second
thing is the manufacturing process and the last one is
the distribution of finished goods. Among the three
the most important thing is the distribution of
finished goods. In this a network of distributors and
retailers are used to distribute the finished goods to a
final customer. Any organization and its function are
marketing, planning, purchasing and finance etc.
Each department has shared their information with
suppliers and customers. This sharing of information
to all the parties enables to plan appropriately for the
current and future needs. In general, a product or
service of an item there are more number of
suppliers are available in the market. Tracing the
right supplier is more complex and becomes much
more burdensome. Hence, need of best supplier for
an organization is a success of the organization.
Through successful supply chain, the organization
can be achieved numerous goals such as inventory
can be minimized, cost can be reduced, delivery time
to market can be improved and flexibility can be
enhanced. In general, selection of best suppliers may
be depends on the several factors.
In any organization the supplier selection
process play a vital role and it follows certain
aspects. One of the important aspects is identifying a
supplier, it is important to gather the information
from the stake holder’s opinions. The list of stake
holders may include members from the departments
of purchasing, marketing, quality, finance and
research and development and other area related to
the organization. During this time, identify the few
suppliers based on their capabilities and compare
pricing. The selected supplier team can shared their
information to all the department members. Another
important aspect is measuring supplier performance;
another important aspect is developing the audit and
assessment program. The purpose of the audit and
assessment program me is to understand the
suppliers strength and weakness. It can minimize the
compliance from the customer and it can improve
the quality of the product or service.
In olden day’s Manufacturing Company,
they have selected supplier based on the price,
supplier location and preference. Now day’s
government and industry have introduced safety and
minimum standards and quality on manufacturing
company. Hence, in this regard evaluating and
selecting the right supplier has become much more
critical and complex.
In several manufacturing plants across the
world, lean manufacturing techniques are
implemented. They have to meet increasing demands
and stand up to within the world market. They
have expedited them to dramatically increase their
competitive edge. Implementing the lean
manufacturing techniques reduces the wastes and
improves the quality of the product in an
organization. Therefore, the product or service is
available in the market with low cost.
Several companies have enforced lean manufacturing
techniques to make a lot of economical work
flows. In a lean manufacturing setting the role of
supplier selection is significant as a result of they
play the role of implementing lean on the processing
line.
Several studies have reported for supplier
selection based on multi criteria decision making
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e
methods. A case study is conducted in cement
manufacturing industry by Rajeswara Reddy et.al. [1]
for supplier selection problem. It is chosen several
criteria like cost, quality, lead time, and serviceability
and payment terms with the recommendation of the
decision makers in their departments. The decision
makers involved in each departmental heads like
material, finance and commercial and operational
head. The choice is taken from recommendation of
the experts. Based on their recommendation further
investigation is carried out through Multi criteria
decision making methods such as AHP and TOPSIS
to evaluate the best supplier. Murali et.al [2] a case
study is conducted in Lanco industry at srikalahasthi
for selection of best suppliers by using TOPSIS and
PROMETHEE methods. It is conducted assessment
program me with each department in the organization
for evaluating the best suppliers. It is collected the
pool of suppliers selection criteria information from
the decision making team. Experts are recommended
the selected criteria, based on their opinions further
investigation is carried out through multi criteria
decision making methods. Finally, from the obtained
results and the rank has given to the best suppliers.
Parthiban et al. [3] a case study is conducted in
automotive component manufacturing industry in
southern part of the India. Interpretive structural
modeling and AHP methods are used for ranking of
the best supplier from the group of the supplier. It is
conducted the survey in each department. Data is
collected from the company and prepared the data
sheet in terms of linguistic variables. Finally, from
the obtained results and the rank has given to the
efficient suppliers.
In general, successful organization role is
improving the quality and reduce the cost and reduce
the waste. In addition, raw material procurement and
manufacturing process plays a key role in any
organization. Procurement of raw material plays in
several stages in the organization such as identify,
evaluate and contract with supplier. Financial
stability of the industry is also depends on the
procurement of raw material. Continuous supply of
raw material to the firm it effects the financial
stability of the firm. Moreover, it takes more time to
process. Therefore, selection of lean supplier is
critical task for manufacturing industry. With the
help of efficient lean supplier, it is possible to
improve the quality and reduce the cost of the
products. And it is also possible by continuous
improvement of the product value or services over a
period. And it is also able to meet the demands of the
customer.
One of the most important factors is
selection of lean supplier. Because it is a complex
multi criteria decision making problem to choose
among various suppliers. In the present study
suppliers is selected by using multi criteria decision
making methods such as SAW and VIKOR methods.
Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)
consigns to screening, prioritizing, ranking,
or choosing agroup of choicesunderneath sometimes
freelance, unequal or conflicting attributes [4]. Over
some years, the Multi-criteria decision-making
ways are featured. The ways take issue in several
areas theoretical surroundings , type of quarries
asked and therefore the type of results known. Some
ways are crafted significantly for one specific
drawback, and aren’t helpful for alternative issues.
Alternative ways are additional universal, and lots of
them have earned quality in numerous areas. The
foremost necessary plan for all the ways is to form a
additional formalized and better-informed decision-
making method. There are several attainable ways
that to classify the present MCDM ways.
Belton and Steward [5] classified them in
three broad classes, value measuring model like
multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT)and analytical
hierarchy method (AHP), outranking models like
Elimination and choice Translating Reality
(ELECTRE) and Preference Ranking Organization
technique for Enrichment analysis (PROMETHEE)
and at last, goal aspiration and reference level
models like Technique for Order Preference by
Similarity to Ideal solution (TOPSIS). The
elemental assumption in utility theory is that the
choice maker chooses the choice that the expected
utility price could be a most [6]. However,
it’s troublesome in several problems to get a
mathematical illustration of the choice maker’s
utility perform [7]. The analytic hierarchy method
(AHP) is wide used for endeavor multi attribute
decision-making issues in real things. In spite of
its quality and ease in concept, this technique
will cause by the choice maker’s inability to
translate his/her preferences for a few alternatives to
another into a completely consistent preference
structure.
The VIKOR methodology was developed
for multi-criteria optimization of advanced systems
[7]. This methodology focuses on ranking and
choosing from a collection of alternatives, and
determines compromise solutions for a retardant
with conflicting criteria, which may facilitate the
choice manufacturers to achieve a judgment. Here,
the compromise resolution could be a possible
resolution that is that the nearest to the perfect, and a
compromise means that an agreement established by
mutual concessions. It introduces the multi-criteria
ranking index supported the actual live of Closeness
to the ideal resolution. The VIKOR method uses
linear normalization, and the normalized value in the
VIKOR method does not depend on the evaluation
unit of criterion function.
3. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e
Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) which is
also known as weighted linear combination or
scoring methods is a simple and most often used
multi attribute decision technique. The method is
based on the weighted average. An evaluation score
is calculated for each alternative by multiplying the
scaled value given to the alternative of that attribute
with the weights of relative importance directly
assigned by decision maker followed by summing of
the products for all criteria. The advantage of this
method is that it is a proportional linear
transformation of the raw data which means that the
relative order of magnitude of the standardized scores
remains equal.
In the decision making method, the
decision maker is often faced with doubts, issues and
doubts. In different words usual language to specific
observation or judgment is often subjective,
unsure or unclear. To work out the unclearness,
ambiguity and judgment of human judgment,
fuzzy set theory [8] was introduced to specific the
linguistic terms in decision making process
(DM). Bellman and Zadesh [9] developed fuzzy
multi criteria decision methodology (FMCDM) to
resolve the lack of precision in distribution
importance weights of criteria and therefore
the ratings of alternatives concerning analysis
criteria. This logical tool that people can depend
on are generally measured the outcome of a bivalent
logic (yes/no, true/false), however the issues
expose by real-life things and human thought
processes and approaches to problem-solving are by
number means that bivalent. even as standard,
bivalent logic relies on classic sets, formal
logic relies on fuzzy sets. A fuzzy set could be a set
of objects during which there's no clear-cut or
predefined the boundary between the objects
that are or don't seem to be members of the set. The
key conception behind this definition is that of
membership any object could also be a member of a
collection to some degree, and a logical
proposition may hold true to some degree.
Every component during a set is related to a
worth indicating to what degree element is a member
of the set. This value comes inside the vary (0,
1), wherever zero and one, severally, indicate the
minimum and most degree of membership, whereas
all the intermediate values indicate degrees of partial
membership [10]. This approach helps decision
making solve advanced deciding issues during
a systematic, consistent and productive approach
[11] and has been wide applied to tackle
DM issues with multiple criteria and alternatives. In
short, fuzzy set theory offers a mathematically
precise approach Of modeling obscure preferences
asan example once it involves setting the weights of
performances scores on criteria.
The five point method proposed by Chen
and Hwang [12] first converts linquistic terms into
fuzzy numbers and then the fuzzy numbers into crisp
scores. The method is described below: This method
systematically converts linquistic terms into their
corresponding fuzzy numbers. It contains eight
conversion scales. To demonstrate the method, a 5-
point scale having the linquistic terms low, fairly
low, medium, fairly high, and high [12], is
considered. These linguistic terms can be equated to
other terms like low, below average, average, above
average and high.
The linguistic evaluations are converted
into fuzzy numbers by using Chan and Hwang Five
point scale as specified below.
Table.1.1 Five point conversion Scale
Linguistic term Fuzzy number Crisp score
Low M1 0.115
Below average M2 0.295
Average M3 0.495
Above average M4 0.695
High M5 0.895
II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY- SAW
A case study is conducted in spring
manufacturing unit at Anatapuram. The data is
collected for the current industry with the
recommendation of decision makers. In the
present study three decision makers are from
various departments.
In this section a methodical approach of the
SAW to solve the supplier selection problem under a
fuzzy environment. The magnitude weights of
various criteria and the ratings of qualitative criteria
measured as linguistic variables. Because linguistic
assessments merely about the good judgment of
decision makers.
Process of SAW consist of these steps:
Step 1:
1) Construct a pair-wise comparison matrix (n x n)
for criteria with respect to objective by using
Saaty’s 1-9 scale of pair-wise comparisons
shown in Table 2.1. In other words, it is used to
compare each criterion with each other criterion,
one-by-one.
Table2.1. Saaty’s [13] 1-9 Scale of Pair-wise
comparisons
Scale
points
Definition Explanation
1 Equal
Importance
Two activities contribute
Equally to the Objective
2 Weak or
Slight
3 Moderate
Importance
Experience and judgment
slightly favour one
activity over another
4. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e
4 Moderate
Plus
5 Strong
Importance
Experience and judgment
strongly
favour one activity over
another
6 Strong
Plus
7 Very
Strong
An activity is favored
very strongly over
another
8 Very, very
strong
9 Extreme
Importance
The evidence favoring
one activity over another
is of the highest possible
order of affirmation
2) For each comparison, we will decide which of
the two criteria is most important, and then
assign a score to show how much more
important it is.
3) Compute each element of the comparison
matrix by its column total and calculate the
priority vector by finding the row averages.
4) Weighted sum matrix is found by multiplying
the pair-wise comparison matrix and priority
vector.
5) Dividing all the elements of the weighted sum
matrix by their respective priority vector
element.
6) Compute the average of this value to obtain max
7) Find the consistency Index, CI, as follows:
CI = ( ʎmax –n)/(n-1) (2.1)
Where n is the matrix size.
8) Calculate the consistency ratio, CR, as follows:
CR = CI/RI (2.2)
9) Judgment consistency can be checked by taking
the consistency ratio (CR) of CI with the
appropriate value in Table 2.2. The CR is
acceptable, if it does not exceed 0.10. If it is
more, the judgment matrix is inconsistent. To
obtain a consistent matrix, judgments should be
reviewed and improved.
Table 2.2 Average Random Consistency (RI)
Size of matrix Random Consistency
1 0
2 0
3 0.58
4 0.9
5 1.12
6 1.24
7 1.32
8 1.41
9 1.45
10 1.49
Step 2: Construct a decision matrix (m x n) that
includes m personnel and n criteria. Calculate the
normalized decision matrix for positive criteria:
/ ; i=1,2,3..m;j=1,2,3……n (2.3)
The normalized decision matrix for negative criteria
= / ;i=1,2,3……m;j=1,2,3……n.. (2.4)
Where =maximum number of r in the column
of j.
=minimum number of r in the column of j
Step 3: Evaluate each alternative, A by the
following formula:
(2.5)
Where xij is the score of the ith
alternative
with respect to the jth
criteria, wj is the weighted
criteria.
The way of data collection that is applied
for this phase is questionnaire. By using comparison
matrix the weights of criteria will be computed.
After computing weights of criteria, specifying of
consistency rate will be executed. If consistency of
data is more than 0.1, revision of pair-wise
comparison must be done. So we will continue it
until consistency Rate reach to less than 0.1. After
CR is less than 0.1, it indicates sufficient
consistency. In that time, we use SAW method for
ranking personnel. The procedure of methodology
has been shown in Fig. 2.1.
5. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 84 | P a g e
Fig. 2.1. Flow chart of the research frame work
By using the same set of criteria which has
chosen for supplier selection using VIKOR method
is applied in the present study. And the weights of
criteria have been computed by using comparison
matrix. The table 2.3 is shown as name of the
criteria.
Table 2.3 Criteria’s name.
C1 performance
C2 Financial position
C3 Management organization
C4 Just in time
C5 Technical capability
The weights of the criteria have been
computed by using comparison matrix mean while
data was gathered from three experts of the opinion
with questioner in one of the spring manufacturing
unit by using saaty[11] scale values as shown in the
table.2.4
Table 2.4 specifying the scale values of 1-5
Intensity of
importance
Definition
1 Equal Importance
2 Moderate Importance
3 Strong Importance
4 Very Strong
5 Extreme Importance
The comparison matrix is shown in table
2.5. it indicating the relative importance of the
criterion in the columns compared to the criterion in
the rows.
2.1 Test of consistency for selected set of
criteria
The consistency Rate calculated was 0.010
that is less than 0.1, indicating sufficient consistency.
The following steps will show how the test of
consistency will be done.
Step 1: In order to calculate computing
Weighted Sum Vector (WSM):
CI C2 C3 C4 C5 Weights
C1 1 1 2 2 2 0.276
C2 1 1 2 2 2 0.276
C3 0.5 0.5 1 1 2 0.16
C4 0.5 0.5 1 1 2 0.16
C5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.10
Total 3.5 3.5 6.5 6.5 9 1
Table 2.5 Weights of criteria by Comparison matrix.
Table 2.6 computing weighted sum vector
By rounding off the number to three
decimal places, we will get Consistency vector
(CV). In following division, each corresponding
cell must be divided each other.
Table 2.7 consistency vector values (CV)
Consistency Index (CI) and consistency ratio are
calculated using equations 2.1 and 2.2.
CI = 5.109-5/(5-1) = 0.012
Consistency rate will be computed as
follows as the amount of Random Index (RI) could
be got by looking at Table 2.8, according to the value
of n (n is size of matrix).
1 1 2 2 2
X
0.27
6
=
1.392
1 1 2 2 2
0.27
6
1.392
0.5 0.5 1 1 2
0.16 0.790
0.5 0.5 1 1 2
0.16 0.790
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.
5
1
0.10 0.530
1.392
/
0.276
=
5.04
1.392 0.276 5.04
0.790 0.16 4.93
0.790 0.16 4.93
0.530 0.10 5.30
1.392
/
0.276
=
5.04
1.392 0.276 5.04
0.790 0.16 4.93
0.790 0.16 4.93
0.530 0.10 5.30
λ max = (5.04 + 5.04 + 4.93 + 4.93
+ 5.30)/5=5.048
6. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 85 | P a g e
CR = CI/RI = 0.012 /1.12 = 0.010
Table 2.8 Average stochastic uniformity index
target value of judgment matrix
So the Consistency Index is indicating
that the opinion of experts is sufficient. After
preparing collected data from experts, based on scale
values 1-9 in Table 2.4 and computing weights of
criteria in Table 2.5, following steps shows the
procedure of SAW method:
Table 2.9 Collected data based on scale values (1-9)
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
S1 7 6 6 6 6
S2 7 7 6 6 7
S3 6 7 6 5 6
S4 6 5 7 6 6
S5 7 6 7 7 6
C means Criteria and S means Supplier
Step 2: In this case study, criteria has been
taken as positive and normalized decision matrix for
positive criteria are calculated using equations 2.3
The results are as shown in Table 2.11
Table 2.10 Weighted Criteria
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
0.276 0.276 0.16 0.16 0.10
Table 2.11 Normalized decision matrix
Step 3: By using the equation 2.5, the
simple additive weighting method evaluates each
alternative, Ai and is presented in Table2.12
Table 2.12 Weighted Normalized Decision Matrix
Table 2.13 Ranked Personnel
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5.
0.867 0.924 0.840 0.810 0.915
Finally in SAW method, the best supplier is
S2 and then S3, S4, S5 and S1 will be respectively for
the selected first set of criteria. The rating of
suppliers using first set of criteria is shown in Fig.
5.1.
Fig: 2.1 Ratings of suppliers by SAW method
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY-
VIKOR METHOD
In this section a methodical approach of the
VIKOR to solve the supplier selection problem
under a fuzzy environment. The magnitude weights
of various criteria and the ratings of qualitative
criteria measured as linguistic variables. Because
linguistic assessments merely about the good
judgment of decision makers. Supplier
selection in lean manufacturing system first requires
the identification of decision attributes (criteria). For
this purpose, it is consider as group mulitple criteria
decision making problem. This is illustrated the
following set of terms.
Among various sets, two sets containing 5
criteria’s, C = (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5),S=(
S1,S2,S3,S4,S5), and another set containing 3
criteria’s DM= (D1,D2,D3).
Where DM- A set of decision makers, S-A
Set of possible supplier, C- A set of criteria’s.
The main aspects of the work are described;
the proposed model has been applied to a lean
supplier selection process of a firm working in the
field of spring manufacturing unit.
The following steps are
Step1: The company desires to select a
good supplier. After preliminary screening, five
suppliers (S1,S2,S3,S4,S5), remains further
evaluation.
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R
I
0 0 .8
5
.
9
1.
12
1.
24
1.3
2
1.
41
1.
45
1.
51
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
S1 0.276 0.234 0.136 0.136 0.085
S2 0.276 0.276 0.136 0.136 0.10
S3 0.234 0.276 0.136 0.11 0.085
S4 0.234 0.195 0.16 0.136 0.085
S5 0.276 0.234 0.16 0.16 0.085
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
S1 1 0.85 0.16 0.85 0.85
S2 1 1 0.85 0.85 1
S3 0.85 1 0.85 0.71 0.85
S4 0.85 0.71 1 0.85 0.85
S5 1 0.85 1 1 0.85
7. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 86 | P a g e
Step 2: Committee of three decision makers
(D1,D2,D3) have been formed to select the most
suitable supplier. The following first set of criteria
have been defined.
Table 3.1 Set of criteria’s
C1 performance
C2 Financial position
C3 Management organization
C4 Just in time
C5 Technical capability
Step3: Three decision makers use the
linguistic weighting variables to asses the
importance of the criteria. The importance weights
of the criteria determined by these three decision
makers are shown in table 3.2. Because to calculate
the weights of criteria, it requires the first weight
assessments from the experts of decision makers.
Table 3.2 Importance weight of criteria
Criteria DM1 DM2 DM3
C1 H H H
C2 H H AA
C3 AA A AA
C4 A AA A
C5 A A BA
The decision makers is also used the
linguistic rating variables to evaluate the ratings of
candidates with respect to each criterion. The ratings
of the five supplier by the decision makers under the
various criteria are illustrated in table 3.3 of each
decision makers opinion.
Table 3.3 Rating of suppliers of five suppliers under
each criterion in terms of linguistic variables
determined by DMs
Step 4: The linguistic evaluations shown
in Tables 3.2 and 3.3 are converted into fuzzy
numbers. Then the aggregated weight of criteria and
aggregated fuzzy rating of alternatives is calculated
to construct the fuzzy decision matrix and
determine the fuzzy weight of each
criterion, as shown in Tables 3.4.
Table 3.4 Decision Matrix in Crisp score for suppliers
Step 5: The values of S, R and Q are
calculated by using the equations, for all the
suppliers.
)]/
)]/
min)/(Si max –Si min))+(1-v)((Ri-
Rmin)/(Rimax-Rimin))
Where S=utility measure, R=Regret measure,
Q=Vikor index
Table 3.5 Maximum criterion function of facilitators
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
0.83 0.83 0.90 0.76 0.76
Table 3.6 Minimum criterion function of facilitators
C1 C2 C4 C5
0.56 0.63 0.63 0.56 0.56
Table 3.7 Utility Measure (s) value of facilitators
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
0.67 0.726 0.84 0.099 0.268
Table 3.8 Regret Measure (R) value of facilitators
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
0.248 0.198 0.267 0.0504 0.161
Table 3.9 VIKOR Index (Q) value of facilitators
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
0.835 0.753 1 0 0.368
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Weights 0.267 0.248 0.189 0.168 0.128
S1 0.70 0.63 0.83 0.56 0.63
S2 0.63 0.70 0.63 0.70 0.56
S3 0.56 0.63 0.70 0.63 0.63
S4 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.70 0.76
S5 0.76 0.70 0.90 0.76 0.70
Criteria C1 C2 C3 C4 Cs
Supplier D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3
S1 VG G F G G F G VG G G F F G G F
S2 G G F VG G F VG G F G G G G F F
S3 G F F G G F G G F G G F G G F
S4 VG VG G VG VG G VG VG G VG G F VG G G
S5 VG G G G G G VG VG VG VG G G G G G
8. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 87 | P a g e
Table 3.10 Ranking of the suppliers by S, R and Q
in order
Ranking of Lean Facilitators
By S S4 S5 S1 S2 S3
By R S4 S5 S2 S1 S3
By Q S4 S5 S2 S1 S3
C1 : Q (S5) – Q (S4) > 1/ (m-1)
(0.268-0.099) < (1/4)
Condition C1 is not satisfied.
C2 : Supplier S4 has been ranked as best in S and R.
Condition C2 is satisfied.
The ranking of the lean supplier by S, R
and Q in decreasing order is shown in Table 3.11,
the compromise solution for the decision for set-1 is
the supplier S4.
The advantage rate of facilitators by S, R
and Q are shown in the Figs. 3.1 to 3.3 respectively.
Figs. 3.1Advantage rate of facilitators by Utility
Measure (S)
Fig. 3.2. Advantage rate of facilitators by Regret
measure (R)
Fig. 3.3. Advantage rate of facilitators by VIKOR
INDEX (Q)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The present study explores the use of
SAW method and VIKOR methods in solving a
supplier selection problem and the results
obtained can be valuable to the decision maker in
framing the supplier selection strategies. For the
selected criteria, S2, S5, Sl, S3, S4 and S4, S5, S2,
S1, S3 are the ranking sequence according to SAW
and VIKOR method respectively. The best ranked
suppliers S4 have 36.8%, 75.3%, 83.5%, 100%
advantage rate over the alternatives S5
S2, S1, S3 as shown in figure 3.3. Thus,
these popular MCDM methods can be successfully
employed by the decision makers for the process of
supplier selection in the spring manufacturing
domain.
REFERENCES
[1]. Rajeswara Reddy P., Naga Raju I, Dr.
Diwakar Reddy V, and Dr. Krishnaiah G,
“Lean supplier selection based on hybrid
MCGDM approach using interval valued
neutrosophic sets: A case study”
International journal of innovate research
and development, vol 5 issue4 page no.291-
296,2016.
[2]. P.Murali, V. Diwakar Reddy, and A. Naga
Phaneendra, “Supplier Selection by Using
Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods”
International Journal of Engineering
Research and General Science Volume 2,
Issue 6, October-November, 2014
[3]. Dr. P. Parthiban, H.Abdul Zubar and
Chinatamani P.Garge “A Multi Criteria
Decision Making approach for supplier
selection” Procedia Engineering 38 ( 2012 )
2312 – 2328.
[4]. Hwang CL and Yoon K, “ Multi attribute
decision making: methods and
applications”, Springer –Verlag, New York,
1981.
9. P.Venkateswarlu.Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 9, (Part -3) September 2016, pp.80-88
www.ijera.com 88 | P a g e
[5]. Belton V and Stewart T , “Multi criterion
decision analysis: An integrated approach”,
Kulwer academic publishers, Boston,
MA,2002.
[6]. Keeney and Raffia, “Evaluating
interdisciplinary academic programmes:
Applications to U.S. graduate decision
programmes”, Operations research, Vol. 17,
pp. 1- 16.2006.
[7]. Opricovic S and Tzeng G.H, “Extended
VIKOR method in comparison with
outranking methods” European Journal of
Operational Research, Vol. 178, No. 2, pp.
514–529,2007.
[8]. Zadeh, “Fuzzy sets – Information and
control”, Vol. 8, pp. 338-358,1965.
[9]. Bellman, and Zadeh, “Decision making in a
fuzzy environment”, Journal of
management science, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.
59-74, 1970.
[10]. Bevilacqua M, ciarapica FE and Giacchetta,
“A fuuzy – QFD approach to the supplier
selection”, Journal of purchasing and
supplier management, Vol. 12, pp. 14-27,
2006.
[11]. Carlsson and Fuller, “Fuzzy multi criteria
decision making: Recent developments”,
Journal of Fuzzy sets and systems, Vol. 78,
pp. 139-153, 1996.
[12]. Chen SJ and Hwang CL Fuzzy multiple
attribute decision making-methods and
applications. Lecture Notes in Economics
and Mathematical Systems, Springer, New
York, 1992.
[13]. Saaty TL, The analytical Hierarchy process
Newyork: McGraw-Hill, 1980.