Most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are strategically involved in supplier base rationalization and increased consciousness of sustainable development. This reinforces need for accurately considering sustainability in supplier selection to improve organizational
performance. In real industrial case, problems are unavoidable and pose huge challenge to
accurately incorporate sustainability factors into supplier selection. Such problems include
imprecise data, ambiguity of human judgment, uncertainty among sustainability factors and the
need to capture all subjective and objective criteria
A BENCHMARK MODEL FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRY USING FUZZY TOPSIS APPR...ijmech
Internal assessment is one of the most important factor of an industry, needs appropriate improvement
planning between the departments with development of Benchmark model among them. The proposed study
applies Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to rank different alternatives.
The preliminary results indicate that the proposed model is capable of determining appropriate
competition between departments which are Human Resource, Finance, Production, Quality Assurance. To
remove the subjectivity, the linguistic data about the attributes is converted into a crisp score by using
fuzzy numbers and then the different alternatives are evaluated based on attributes by TOPSIS approach to
find the best alternative according to the industry’s requirement. Thus the endeavor has been made by the
authors to give a simple model for the evaluation of internal assessment of an industry
A NALYSIS O F S UPPLIER’S P ERFORMANCE T HROUGH F PIR /F NIR A ND M EM...csandit
In today’s highly competitive business environment,
evaluation of suppliers is the prime function
of the purchasing department of the organization. I
t is due to the fact that high percentage of the
material cost for manufacturing of a product is inv
olved. Identification of decision criteria and
methods for supplier evaluation are appearing to be
the important research area in the
literature. In this paper, hybrid methodology of Fu
zzy positive Ideal rating /Fuzzy Negative
Ideal rating and Membership Degree Transformation-
M (1, 2, 3) is proposed for evaluation of
supplier’s performance. A wide literature review is
made and six selection criteria namely:
Cost, Quality, Service, Business performance, Techn
ical Capability and Delivery performance
are considered for evaluation. A detailed applicati
on of the proposed methodology is illustrated.
The proposed methodology is useful not only to judg
e the overall performance of the supplier
but also to know which criteria/sub-criteria need t
o be improved
Selection of Best Supplier in Furniture Manufacturing Company by Using Analyt...IJERA Editor
The selection of supplier is one of the most critical decisions in the design and development of a successful production environment. In this study, a user friendly decision support system is proposed for supplier selection. This system guides the decision maker in selecting proper supplier via effective algorithms, such as the Analytic Hierarchy process (AHP) Cost analysis helps the user evaluate the results based on economical considerations. Selection of supplier is a time consuming process which needs extensive data exploitation. The process of supplier selection is a multi- criteria decision-making problem with conflicting and diverse objectives. In this work a systematic methodology is presented under the consideration of multiple factors and objectives that are witnessed to be crucial to the construction process. The model includes building an analytic hierarchy structure with a tree of hierarchical criteria and alternatives to ease the decision-making.
FACTORS AFFECTING GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as new management
strategy for automobile organizations to become more environmental friendly, cost
effective and competitive. The study focuses on green supply chain management
practices in Automotive Industry in India. Globally business environment is very
volatile in nature and is featured by uncertainties. Due to rising environmental issues,
awareness on environmental pollution issues combined with industrial development
should be addressed by supply chain management. Therefore Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) is an emerging agenda for the industrial organization to
improve their performance on different dimensions such as economic and
environment. GSCM has a parallel development to push green products in context to
the ever growing environmental concerns among the organizations .The objective of
the paper is to explore the factors affecting the Green supply Chain Management in
Automotive Industry in India
An analysis of drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain man...eSAT Journals
Abstract The supply chain consists of those activities associated with manufacturing from raw material acquisition to final product delivery. Because of the recently changed environmental requirements that affect manufacturing operations and transportation systems, growing attention is given to the development of environment management strategies for supply chains. A green supply chain aims at confining the wastes within the industrial system so as to conserve energy and prevent the dissipation of harmful materials into the environment. Frequently researches in study on drivers of Green Supply Chain Management are criticized for its narrow perspectives and lack of industrial relevance. So, it is a real need to find improved processes for adoption and implementation of Green practices Green image in Manufacturing Industries. In the current competitive scenario, the driver of Green Supply Chain Management assumes a significant importance and call for serious research attention. The aim of this paper is to examining the Green practices in the selected Indian Manufacturing Companies. The main objectives of this paper are to gain critical and crucial drivers for implementation of Green Supply Chain Management in Indian Manufacturing Industries in various sectors likewise, two wheeler, four wheeler, and General Manufacturing sector wise companies. This paper has attempted to fill the gaps in the contemporary research in the study on drivers of Green Supply Chain Management in selected Indian corporate sectors. It is observed that Driver, DF10 i.e. ‘Employees Motivation, health & Safety’ have more important and crucial for adoption of GSCM for 2-wheeler industries. It is also observed that Driver DF1 i.e. ‘Government rules & legislation’ have more important and crucial for adoption of GSCM for 4-wheeler industries. But it is also observed that Driver DF2 i.e. ‘environmental concerns and legislation; DF7 i.e. customer awareness, pressure & support; DF12 i.e. organizational capabilities and awareness; and DF14 i.e. global climate pressure and ecological; respectively have equal importance and crucial for adoption of GSCM for general manufacturing companies. Keywords: Driving Factors (DF), Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), Manufacturing Industries.
Relationships among Supplier Selection Criteria using Interpretive Structural...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A BENCHMARK MODEL FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRY USING FUZZY TOPSIS APPR...ijmech
Internal assessment is one of the most important factor of an industry, needs appropriate improvement
planning between the departments with development of Benchmark model among them. The proposed study
applies Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to rank different alternatives.
The preliminary results indicate that the proposed model is capable of determining appropriate
competition between departments which are Human Resource, Finance, Production, Quality Assurance. To
remove the subjectivity, the linguistic data about the attributes is converted into a crisp score by using
fuzzy numbers and then the different alternatives are evaluated based on attributes by TOPSIS approach to
find the best alternative according to the industry’s requirement. Thus the endeavor has been made by the
authors to give a simple model for the evaluation of internal assessment of an industry
A NALYSIS O F S UPPLIER’S P ERFORMANCE T HROUGH F PIR /F NIR A ND M EM...csandit
In today’s highly competitive business environment,
evaluation of suppliers is the prime function
of the purchasing department of the organization. I
t is due to the fact that high percentage of the
material cost for manufacturing of a product is inv
olved. Identification of decision criteria and
methods for supplier evaluation are appearing to be
the important research area in the
literature. In this paper, hybrid methodology of Fu
zzy positive Ideal rating /Fuzzy Negative
Ideal rating and Membership Degree Transformation-
M (1, 2, 3) is proposed for evaluation of
supplier’s performance. A wide literature review is
made and six selection criteria namely:
Cost, Quality, Service, Business performance, Techn
ical Capability and Delivery performance
are considered for evaluation. A detailed applicati
on of the proposed methodology is illustrated.
The proposed methodology is useful not only to judg
e the overall performance of the supplier
but also to know which criteria/sub-criteria need t
o be improved
Selection of Best Supplier in Furniture Manufacturing Company by Using Analyt...IJERA Editor
The selection of supplier is one of the most critical decisions in the design and development of a successful production environment. In this study, a user friendly decision support system is proposed for supplier selection. This system guides the decision maker in selecting proper supplier via effective algorithms, such as the Analytic Hierarchy process (AHP) Cost analysis helps the user evaluate the results based on economical considerations. Selection of supplier is a time consuming process which needs extensive data exploitation. The process of supplier selection is a multi- criteria decision-making problem with conflicting and diverse objectives. In this work a systematic methodology is presented under the consideration of multiple factors and objectives that are witnessed to be crucial to the construction process. The model includes building an analytic hierarchy structure with a tree of hierarchical criteria and alternatives to ease the decision-making.
FACTORS AFFECTING GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN PRACTICES IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN INDIAIAEME Publication
Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as new management
strategy for automobile organizations to become more environmental friendly, cost
effective and competitive. The study focuses on green supply chain management
practices in Automotive Industry in India. Globally business environment is very
volatile in nature and is featured by uncertainties. Due to rising environmental issues,
awareness on environmental pollution issues combined with industrial development
should be addressed by supply chain management. Therefore Green Supply Chain
Management (GSCM) is an emerging agenda for the industrial organization to
improve their performance on different dimensions such as economic and
environment. GSCM has a parallel development to push green products in context to
the ever growing environmental concerns among the organizations .The objective of
the paper is to explore the factors affecting the Green supply Chain Management in
Automotive Industry in India
An analysis of drivers affecting the implementation of green supply chain man...eSAT Journals
Abstract The supply chain consists of those activities associated with manufacturing from raw material acquisition to final product delivery. Because of the recently changed environmental requirements that affect manufacturing operations and transportation systems, growing attention is given to the development of environment management strategies for supply chains. A green supply chain aims at confining the wastes within the industrial system so as to conserve energy and prevent the dissipation of harmful materials into the environment. Frequently researches in study on drivers of Green Supply Chain Management are criticized for its narrow perspectives and lack of industrial relevance. So, it is a real need to find improved processes for adoption and implementation of Green practices Green image in Manufacturing Industries. In the current competitive scenario, the driver of Green Supply Chain Management assumes a significant importance and call for serious research attention. The aim of this paper is to examining the Green practices in the selected Indian Manufacturing Companies. The main objectives of this paper are to gain critical and crucial drivers for implementation of Green Supply Chain Management in Indian Manufacturing Industries in various sectors likewise, two wheeler, four wheeler, and General Manufacturing sector wise companies. This paper has attempted to fill the gaps in the contemporary research in the study on drivers of Green Supply Chain Management in selected Indian corporate sectors. It is observed that Driver, DF10 i.e. ‘Employees Motivation, health & Safety’ have more important and crucial for adoption of GSCM for 2-wheeler industries. It is also observed that Driver DF1 i.e. ‘Government rules & legislation’ have more important and crucial for adoption of GSCM for 4-wheeler industries. But it is also observed that Driver DF2 i.e. ‘environmental concerns and legislation; DF7 i.e. customer awareness, pressure & support; DF12 i.e. organizational capabilities and awareness; and DF14 i.e. global climate pressure and ecological; respectively have equal importance and crucial for adoption of GSCM for general manufacturing companies. Keywords: Driving Factors (DF), Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), Manufacturing Industries.
Relationships among Supplier Selection Criteria using Interpretive Structural...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Selection of Supplier by Using Saw and Vikor MethodsIJERA Editor
Now a days, Lean manufacturing becomes a key strategy for global competition. In this environment the most important process is the efficient selection of suppliers. In any organization various criteria such as quality, cost, location etc are used for the selection of supplier which plays a vital role in the industry. In the present work multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used such as SAW method and VIKOR method. It is used to select the best supplier for implementing the spring manufacturing industry. Choice of the efficient supplier could be a complicated and is a complex problem and this draw back associate degreed a key success for an organization. In this paper linguistic fuzzy data is used to search out the ratings and weights and also the introduced methodologies employed to pick the efficient supplier
Service Quality, Patient Satisfaction, Word Of Mouth, and Revisit Intention i...YogeshIJTSRD
This study investigates the relationship between service quality, patient satisfaction, word of mouth WOM , and revisit intention among dental patients in a clinic, Thailand. The research employed a quantitative approach in data collection for statistical analysis. Quota sampling equally among four age groups was used, and 352 completed copies of self administered questionnaires were returned. The proposed theoretical framework was identified the model adopting PLS SEM. Findings reveal that patient satisfaction is a mediator between service quality and its outcomes of WOM and revisit intention. Referring to elements of service quality, empathy is the highest factor influencing patient satisfaction Beta=0.411, p 0.001 , followed by reliability Beta=0.183, p 0.05 , tangibles Beta=0.119, p 0.05 , assurance Beta=0.077, p 0.05 , and responsiveness, Beta=0.053, p 0.05 at R square 0.556. Revisit intention can be predicted by patient satisfaction by 53.4 percent Beta=0.731, p 0.001,R2=0.534 , and WOM can be explained by patient satisfaction by about 42.9 percent Beta=0.655, p 0.001, R2=0.429 . The study was limited to private dental practice a dental clinic . Thus, the extension to clinics around this area should be considered. Moreover, the researcher suggested comprehensive coverage of other predictors in further research. The implications are managers would emphasize healthcare service quality management to satisfy their patients because it creates positive word of mouth and a revisit intention among dental clinic’s patients. Supaprawat Siripipatthanakul "Service Quality, Patient Satisfaction, Word-Of-Mouth, and Revisit Intention in A Dental Clinic, Thailand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/43943/service-quality-patient-satisfaction-wordofmouth-and-revisit-intention-in-a-dental-clinic-thailand/supaprawat-siripipatthanakul
A Qualitative Research Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction and Loyalty A C...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aims to identify factors affecting patient satisfaction and loyalty in private dental practice using Smile Family Dental Clinic as a case study Convenience Sampling . The researcher identified the factors dental practice related factors which affect patient satisfaction and loyalty regarding their efforts to increase dental practice quality to respond to patients demands and needs, influencing patient satisfaction and loyalty. The literature review indicated that previous studies in the healthcare sector confirmed the relationship mainly are from the quantitative design. Still, few support the dental care services private dental practice sector in the qualitative approach. The researcher developed the theoretical framework from high valid sources of previous research and the consumer behavior model of Kotler and Keller 2016 . The elements of dental practice related factors include Prices, Facilities, Dentist Services, and Staff Services, whic based on Kim et al. 2012 , patient satisfaction and patient loyalty were based on previous research. Purposive Sampling in a total of 10 respondents from 3,689 cases of the clinics population was in a data collection process through online Semi structured interviews and content analysis adopting NVivo software. The results showed that patients perceptions of dentist services are essentially the most, followed by staff services, prices, and facilities. Satisfaction on factors effect on patient loyalty Revisit and Recommendation Intention . Recommendation from peers or relatives influencing them to choose a clinic. A dentists reputation is the most recommendation. Patients are satisfied with dentist and staff services responding to their needs and expectations. The reasonable price and the costs are not high, influencing their satisfaction. Facilities are the least important factor. Further research may help the decision manager develop a marketing plan and strategies in the private dental healthcare sector. The results could be applied to improve quality management and increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty in any company services sector. Supaprawat Siripipatthanakul | Dr. Mamata Bhandar "A Qualitative Research Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case Study of Smile Family Dental Clinic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44975.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/44975/a-qualitative-research-factors-affecting-patient-satisfaction-and-loyalty-a-case-study-of-smile-family-dental-clinic/supaprawat-siripipatthanakul
Quantitative Research Modelling: Hard and Soft Criteria of Total Quality Serv...inventionjournals
The major intend of this research study is on hard and soft criteria of Total Quality Service (TQS) in ISO 9001 certified SME’s in TamilNadu. The nature of the research is exploratory method, and the sample size is 401 respondents from purposively selected ISO 9001 certified SME’s companies in TamilNadu with regard to the hard and soft criteria of TQS. First the analysis of the general profile of SME’s is given and data collection method used in the research is ―Questionnaire Method‖. Data has been analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 & Smart PLS 3.0. Findings, suggestions and conclusions were made by keeping an eye on the research objectives.
Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Performance of Conglomerate and Indust...YogeshIJTSRD
Sustainability reporting remains a continuing concern as stakeholders demand for firms to be more socially, environmentally, and economically responsible continues to increase especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Thus, the study examined the effect of sustainability reporting disclosures of conglomerate and industrial goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria on their market share and return on assets. The study employed an ex post facto research design as data were obtained from the annual report of firms for a period of ten years 2010 2019 . Multiple regression analytical tools with the help of SPSS version 23 were used in analyzing the data for 16 conglomerate and industrial goods firms selected using the purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that sustainability reporting has positive effect on market share and return on assets of firms studied. Based on the findings, it was concluded that sustainability reporting affects the performance of manufacturing firms and it was recommended that standard setters and government should develop a standard mandatory disclosure framework to ensure consistency and uniformity in reporting and also, companies are encouraged to disclose their economic, social and environmental information all geared to help stakeholders make informed decision. Okoye, Ezinne Chimaram | Ezeagba, Charles Emenike "Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Performance of Conglomerate and Industrial Goods Firms in Nigeria: An Empirical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44977.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/44977/sustainability-reporting-and-corporate-performance-of-conglomerate-and-industrial-goods-firms-in-nigeria-an-empirical-study/okoye-ezinne-chimaram
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPPLIER SELECTION MODEL FOR MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT OF A THA...IAEME Publication
The purpose of this research is to establish a supplier selection model for
maintenance operations in the petrochemical industry in Thailand. The research
identifies six factors that could be relevant to supplier selection success, including cost,
quality, time, reliability, flexibility, and human resources. A survey was conducted of
experts in maintenance supplier management in one of Thailand’s large petrochemical
firms (n = 113). Results were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and
structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings showed that there were significant
effects of cost, quality, flexibility, and human resources on the supplier selection
success. However, factors including time and reliability were not significant. The
implication of this research is that cost, quality, flexibility and human resources should
be used to select appropriate suppliers in petrochemical maintenance operations.
Limitations and opportunities for further research are also discussed for the findings.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
Green supply chain management in Indian Electronics & Telecommunication IndustryIJESM JOURNAL
The study investigates the Green Supply Chain Management practices adopted by the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry in India. Study focuses on the impact of environmental collaboration in the supply chain on manufacturing and environmental performance. This paper used inductive and qualitative approaches to explore the salient factors that simultaneously enhance the “greening the supply chain” as well as maximizing the customer reach while maintaining the efficiency of the supply chain system of Electronics & Telecommunication Industry. A survey was conducted with key informants across many divisions of the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry to investigate how well these environmental and customer reach in the supply chain are in synchronized with the top management’s commitment towards environmental responsiveness and maximizing customer orientation. The responses to the survey were statistically analyzed and a relationship model was constructed with Market orientation as the dependent variable and independent variables as: environmental policies, supplier policies, commitment to human capital and diversity, sustainability and market orientation. The paper proposes to measure the performance of the corporation with respect to greening the supply chain, maximizing the reach of consumers and operational efficiency with a view of re-engineering the existing supply chain. The key indicators identified were environmental policies, supplier policies, sustainability, market orientation and commitment to human capital and diversity.
The importance of quality practices has considerably increased over the last years, on both a
practical and theoretical level. In competitive and global business environment, companies should create a need
for managers in manufacturing sector to effectively and continually improve quality, capability and process
efficiency. This paper presents the findings from the survey on the current status of measurement system on
CSR capability by using SQC and DMAIC method (Define-Measure-Analyze, Improve and Control) in fulfilled
the standard of quality product in home industries based. Case study was one of growth home industries
supported by CSR of PT. Pertamina Gas (Pertagas) in Prabumulih, South Sumatera. The chosen of industry as
they contribute in absorption of local content raw materials produce by using the vacant land along the yard.
The aims are to determine whether the essential quality measurement such as SQC snf DMAIC as have a
significant contribution to reduce the production reject and increasing the utility of raw material from local
content and develop the value added in the future. This paper outlines the results of the research conducted on
the industries under CSR programme, it was found that the CSR program by Pertagas was effective in reducing
product reject and give good contribution in spread the local product into the market, either local and national
area as shown by ANOVA test. The main finding from the study proved that suitable program of CSR was give
positive contribution on quality improvement.
Optimal Alternative Selection Using MOORA in Industrial Sector - A ijfls
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern
lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The
organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and
development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective
decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly
simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for
selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold
manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for
selecting optimal alternative, followed by extending MOORA with interval grey numbers, crisp and interval
grey number and whitening coefficient and future scope of the present work concentrate on highlighting the
scope and gap between MOORA, Multiplicative form of MOORA(MULTIMOORA) and Multi objective
optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis (MOOSRA) for numerous manufacturing and service
applications.
The Simulation of the Supply Chain in an Investment Company by Genetic Algori...Mohammad Ali Arjamfekr
Nowadays, the supply chain is considered as the most effective element among the economic and manufacturing enterprises and the reason of its foundation is the increase of the pressures by the customer demands on high quality and quick service. Time management in the supply chain causes quick service and the enhancement of customers’ satisfaction level that is the most important component for managing waiting reduction time. After the selection of the suitable supplier, the amount of optimal order of each one of the suppliers must be obtained, implementing using the multi-objective planning models. Thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of the supply chain in an investment company by genetic algorithm and PSO. This work is done using the multi-objective model design, with the purposes of reducing existing costs in chain, as well as maximizing the purchased materials’ quality from the suppliers.
Inventory management system which is helpful for the business operators, where shopkeeper keep the records of purchase and sales. This inventory management system will have the ability to track sales and available inventory, tells a shopkeeper when its time to reorder and how much to purchase. K Ravi Sai | Dr. P. Jaya Rami Reddy "A Study on Inventory Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44968.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/44968/a-study-on-inventory-management/k-ravi-sai
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Selection of Supplier by Using Saw and Vikor MethodsIJERA Editor
Now a days, Lean manufacturing becomes a key strategy for global competition. In this environment the most important process is the efficient selection of suppliers. In any organization various criteria such as quality, cost, location etc are used for the selection of supplier which plays a vital role in the industry. In the present work multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used such as SAW method and VIKOR method. It is used to select the best supplier for implementing the spring manufacturing industry. Choice of the efficient supplier could be a complicated and is a complex problem and this draw back associate degreed a key success for an organization. In this paper linguistic fuzzy data is used to search out the ratings and weights and also the introduced methodologies employed to pick the efficient supplier
Service Quality, Patient Satisfaction, Word Of Mouth, and Revisit Intention i...YogeshIJTSRD
This study investigates the relationship between service quality, patient satisfaction, word of mouth WOM , and revisit intention among dental patients in a clinic, Thailand. The research employed a quantitative approach in data collection for statistical analysis. Quota sampling equally among four age groups was used, and 352 completed copies of self administered questionnaires were returned. The proposed theoretical framework was identified the model adopting PLS SEM. Findings reveal that patient satisfaction is a mediator between service quality and its outcomes of WOM and revisit intention. Referring to elements of service quality, empathy is the highest factor influencing patient satisfaction Beta=0.411, p 0.001 , followed by reliability Beta=0.183, p 0.05 , tangibles Beta=0.119, p 0.05 , assurance Beta=0.077, p 0.05 , and responsiveness, Beta=0.053, p 0.05 at R square 0.556. Revisit intention can be predicted by patient satisfaction by 53.4 percent Beta=0.731, p 0.001,R2=0.534 , and WOM can be explained by patient satisfaction by about 42.9 percent Beta=0.655, p 0.001, R2=0.429 . The study was limited to private dental practice a dental clinic . Thus, the extension to clinics around this area should be considered. Moreover, the researcher suggested comprehensive coverage of other predictors in further research. The implications are managers would emphasize healthcare service quality management to satisfy their patients because it creates positive word of mouth and a revisit intention among dental clinic’s patients. Supaprawat Siripipatthanakul "Service Quality, Patient Satisfaction, Word-Of-Mouth, and Revisit Intention in A Dental Clinic, Thailand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/43943/service-quality-patient-satisfaction-wordofmouth-and-revisit-intention-in-a-dental-clinic-thailand/supaprawat-siripipatthanakul
A Qualitative Research Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction and Loyalty A C...YogeshIJTSRD
This study aims to identify factors affecting patient satisfaction and loyalty in private dental practice using Smile Family Dental Clinic as a case study Convenience Sampling . The researcher identified the factors dental practice related factors which affect patient satisfaction and loyalty regarding their efforts to increase dental practice quality to respond to patients demands and needs, influencing patient satisfaction and loyalty. The literature review indicated that previous studies in the healthcare sector confirmed the relationship mainly are from the quantitative design. Still, few support the dental care services private dental practice sector in the qualitative approach. The researcher developed the theoretical framework from high valid sources of previous research and the consumer behavior model of Kotler and Keller 2016 . The elements of dental practice related factors include Prices, Facilities, Dentist Services, and Staff Services, whic based on Kim et al. 2012 , patient satisfaction and patient loyalty were based on previous research. Purposive Sampling in a total of 10 respondents from 3,689 cases of the clinics population was in a data collection process through online Semi structured interviews and content analysis adopting NVivo software. The results showed that patients perceptions of dentist services are essentially the most, followed by staff services, prices, and facilities. Satisfaction on factors effect on patient loyalty Revisit and Recommendation Intention . Recommendation from peers or relatives influencing them to choose a clinic. A dentists reputation is the most recommendation. Patients are satisfied with dentist and staff services responding to their needs and expectations. The reasonable price and the costs are not high, influencing their satisfaction. Facilities are the least important factor. Further research may help the decision manager develop a marketing plan and strategies in the private dental healthcare sector. The results could be applied to improve quality management and increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty in any company services sector. Supaprawat Siripipatthanakul | Dr. Mamata Bhandar "A Qualitative Research Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case Study of Smile Family Dental Clinic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44975.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/44975/a-qualitative-research-factors-affecting-patient-satisfaction-and-loyalty-a-case-study-of-smile-family-dental-clinic/supaprawat-siripipatthanakul
Quantitative Research Modelling: Hard and Soft Criteria of Total Quality Serv...inventionjournals
The major intend of this research study is on hard and soft criteria of Total Quality Service (TQS) in ISO 9001 certified SME’s in TamilNadu. The nature of the research is exploratory method, and the sample size is 401 respondents from purposively selected ISO 9001 certified SME’s companies in TamilNadu with regard to the hard and soft criteria of TQS. First the analysis of the general profile of SME’s is given and data collection method used in the research is ―Questionnaire Method‖. Data has been analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 & Smart PLS 3.0. Findings, suggestions and conclusions were made by keeping an eye on the research objectives.
Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Performance of Conglomerate and Indust...YogeshIJTSRD
Sustainability reporting remains a continuing concern as stakeholders demand for firms to be more socially, environmentally, and economically responsible continues to increase especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Thus, the study examined the effect of sustainability reporting disclosures of conglomerate and industrial goods manufacturing firms in Nigeria on their market share and return on assets. The study employed an ex post facto research design as data were obtained from the annual report of firms for a period of ten years 2010 2019 . Multiple regression analytical tools with the help of SPSS version 23 were used in analyzing the data for 16 conglomerate and industrial goods firms selected using the purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that sustainability reporting has positive effect on market share and return on assets of firms studied. Based on the findings, it was concluded that sustainability reporting affects the performance of manufacturing firms and it was recommended that standard setters and government should develop a standard mandatory disclosure framework to ensure consistency and uniformity in reporting and also, companies are encouraged to disclose their economic, social and environmental information all geared to help stakeholders make informed decision. Okoye, Ezinne Chimaram | Ezeagba, Charles Emenike "Sustainability Reporting and Corporate Performance of Conglomerate and Industrial Goods Firms in Nigeria: An Empirical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44977.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/44977/sustainability-reporting-and-corporate-performance-of-conglomerate-and-industrial-goods-firms-in-nigeria-an-empirical-study/okoye-ezinne-chimaram
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPPLIER SELECTION MODEL FOR MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT OF A THA...IAEME Publication
The purpose of this research is to establish a supplier selection model for
maintenance operations in the petrochemical industry in Thailand. The research
identifies six factors that could be relevant to supplier selection success, including cost,
quality, time, reliability, flexibility, and human resources. A survey was conducted of
experts in maintenance supplier management in one of Thailand’s large petrochemical
firms (n = 113). Results were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and
structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings showed that there were significant
effects of cost, quality, flexibility, and human resources on the supplier selection
success. However, factors including time and reliability were not significant. The
implication of this research is that cost, quality, flexibility and human resources should
be used to select appropriate suppliers in petrochemical maintenance operations.
Limitations and opportunities for further research are also discussed for the findings.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
Green supply chain management in Indian Electronics & Telecommunication IndustryIJESM JOURNAL
The study investigates the Green Supply Chain Management practices adopted by the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry in India. Study focuses on the impact of environmental collaboration in the supply chain on manufacturing and environmental performance. This paper used inductive and qualitative approaches to explore the salient factors that simultaneously enhance the “greening the supply chain” as well as maximizing the customer reach while maintaining the efficiency of the supply chain system of Electronics & Telecommunication Industry. A survey was conducted with key informants across many divisions of the Electronics & Telecommunication Industry to investigate how well these environmental and customer reach in the supply chain are in synchronized with the top management’s commitment towards environmental responsiveness and maximizing customer orientation. The responses to the survey were statistically analyzed and a relationship model was constructed with Market orientation as the dependent variable and independent variables as: environmental policies, supplier policies, commitment to human capital and diversity, sustainability and market orientation. The paper proposes to measure the performance of the corporation with respect to greening the supply chain, maximizing the reach of consumers and operational efficiency with a view of re-engineering the existing supply chain. The key indicators identified were environmental policies, supplier policies, sustainability, market orientation and commitment to human capital and diversity.
The importance of quality practices has considerably increased over the last years, on both a
practical and theoretical level. In competitive and global business environment, companies should create a need
for managers in manufacturing sector to effectively and continually improve quality, capability and process
efficiency. This paper presents the findings from the survey on the current status of measurement system on
CSR capability by using SQC and DMAIC method (Define-Measure-Analyze, Improve and Control) in fulfilled
the standard of quality product in home industries based. Case study was one of growth home industries
supported by CSR of PT. Pertamina Gas (Pertagas) in Prabumulih, South Sumatera. The chosen of industry as
they contribute in absorption of local content raw materials produce by using the vacant land along the yard.
The aims are to determine whether the essential quality measurement such as SQC snf DMAIC as have a
significant contribution to reduce the production reject and increasing the utility of raw material from local
content and develop the value added in the future. This paper outlines the results of the research conducted on
the industries under CSR programme, it was found that the CSR program by Pertagas was effective in reducing
product reject and give good contribution in spread the local product into the market, either local and national
area as shown by ANOVA test. The main finding from the study proved that suitable program of CSR was give
positive contribution on quality improvement.
Optimal Alternative Selection Using MOORA in Industrial Sector - A ijfls
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern
lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The
organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and
development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective
decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly
simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for
selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold
manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for
selecting optimal alternative, followed by extending MOORA with interval grey numbers, crisp and interval
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scope and gap between MOORA, Multiplicative form of MOORA(MULTIMOORA) and Multi objective
optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis (MOOSRA) for numerous manufacturing and service
applications.
The Simulation of the Supply Chain in an Investment Company by Genetic Algori...Mohammad Ali Arjamfekr
Nowadays, the supply chain is considered as the most effective element among the economic and manufacturing enterprises and the reason of its foundation is the increase of the pressures by the customer demands on high quality and quick service. Time management in the supply chain causes quick service and the enhancement of customers’ satisfaction level that is the most important component for managing waiting reduction time. After the selection of the suitable supplier, the amount of optimal order of each one of the suppliers must be obtained, implementing using the multi-objective planning models. Thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the simulation of the supply chain in an investment company by genetic algorithm and PSO. This work is done using the multi-objective model design, with the purposes of reducing existing costs in chain, as well as maximizing the purchased materials’ quality from the suppliers.
Inventory management system which is helpful for the business operators, where shopkeeper keep the records of purchase and sales. This inventory management system will have the ability to track sales and available inventory, tells a shopkeeper when its time to reorder and how much to purchase. K Ravi Sai | Dr. P. Jaya Rami Reddy "A Study on Inventory Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44968.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/44968/a-study-on-inventory-management/k-ravi-sai
Factors that Influence the Supplier Selection of Manufacturing BusinessesQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The objective of this study is to find out the factors that influence businesses in manufacturing industry while selecting suppliers. The data used in the study were obtained from 80 small and medium sized enterprises in Samsun organized industrial site and small industrial areas by using face-to-face questionnaire method. KMO and Barlett’s test were used to find out whether the data set used in the study was suitable for factor analysis. According to the results, KMO and Barlett’s test results (0.761) show that the sample size is sufficient for factor analysis. Factor analysis gave a 4 factor structure that explained 84.48% of the total variance. The names of these factors and their rates of explaining the total variance were quality 33.08%, delivery 20.29%, price 18.72% and criteria about the supplier 12.39%, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficients of these four factors and their sub-components were 0.978, 0.967, 0.920 and 0.602, respectively. As a conclusion, it was found that the businesses in manufacturing industry placed great importance on the quality and delivery of the product provided by the supplier. In addition, manufacturing businesses aim to supply quality products from the supplier with the lowest cost within the same period of time in accordance with their objectives.
Supplier Selection and Order Allocation Models in Supply Chain Management: A ...IJERA Editor
Supplier selection decisions are an important component of production and logistics management for many
firms. Such decisions entail the selection of individual suppliers to employ and the determination of order
quantities to be placed with the selected suppliers. This paper reviews supplier selection and order allocation
models based on an extensive search in the literature (170 paper during 2000-2016) and tries to show their
contribution to supply chain management. After discussing different methods and their applications, the most
prevalently used approaches and criteria are presented. In the second step, different attributes of these papers are
defined and finally issues for future research are recommended
Success in supply begins with the right choice of suppliers and in the long run is directly related to how suppliers are managed, because suppliers have a significant impact on the success or failure of a company. Multi-criteria decisions are approaches that deal with ranking and selecting one or more suppliers from a set of suppliers. Multi-criteria decisions provide an effective framework for comparing suppliers based on the evaluation of different criteria. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-survey based on the nature and method of the research. In the present study, two library and field methods have been used to collect information. According to the objectives of this study, suppliers will be evaluated using two methods of fuzzy hierarchical analysis with D-numbers. In order to better understand these two methods, a case study is presented in which suppliers are ranked using two methods and then the results are compared with each other. For manufacturing companies, 4 categories of parts were considered and based on the classification, the suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and analyzed. In the results of suppliers of type A and B components in hierarchical analysis, D and fuzzy methods have many differences in the evaluation and ranking of suppliers, and this shows the lack of expectations of experts in D and fuzzy analysis. On the other hand, in type C and D components, the classification and ranking of suppliers have been matched in two ways and shows that the opinions in the evaluation of these suppliers are the same.
https://utilitasmathematica.com/index.php/Index
Our Journal has recently transitioned to becoming a fully open-access journal. This transition marks a significant shift in the landscape of academic publishing, aiming to provide numerous benefits to both authors and readers. Open access has the potential to democratize knowledge, enhance research impact, and foster greater collaboration within the academic community.
https://utilitasmathematica.com/index.php/Index
Our Journal is now readily available to researchers, educators, policymakers, and the general public worldwide. This broader access facilitates interdisciplinary research and real-world applications of mathematical and statistical knowledge. It’s Journal as an open-access publication, fostering collaboration, innovation, and the democratization of mathematical and statistical knowledge.
The leadership of the Utilitas Mathematica Journal commits to strengthening our professional community by making it more just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive. We affirm that our mission, Promote the Practice and Profession of Statistics, can be realized only by fully embracing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity in all of our operations. Published in association with the Utilitas Mathematica Academy. This journal is the official publication of the Utilitas Mathematica Academy, Canada. It enjoys a good reputation and popularity at the international level in terms of research papers and distribution worldwide.
Our journal has to a fully open-access format is a significant step toward advancing the principles of open science and equitable access to knowledge. However, this transition also brings challenges, such as ensuring sustainable funding models and maintaining rigorous peer-review standards.
Running head TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT .docxtodd521
Running head: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 1
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 5
Total Cost of Ownership
Zachary T. Trigger
UMCG
Purchasing Management
Professor James Swaim
2/8/2020
Balanced scorecard
A balanced scorecard is a concept used by managers to analyze their business using four different perspectives. It helps to provide a customer’s perspective, the organization’s internal perspective, the innovation and learning perspective and the financial perspective. The advantage for this measure is that it reduces the data overload by minimizing the number of required measures.
The mission statement of the organization is used to determine the customer perspective. This is helps to frame how the customer views the organization. The mission for the organization is to become a leader in delivering products used in laboratory testing. The concerns of the customer deal with time, quality, cost and performance and service. The company has been able to deliver orders made by customers within a short lead time except for few instances when suppliers had failed to deliver the raw materials within the stipulated time. The quality of the products it delivers has been undisputed. The cost of the products is also competitive in the market when compared to those of the competitors. This has helped the organization to gain a substantial market base. Convenience has been created for the customers by carrying out delivery to their preferred destination. Under this goals and achievements, it can be concluded that the organization is preferred by many customers (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Company based measures are important as they dictate how the organization meets the customer’s needs. Quality is the main concern for the organization’s customers and therefore, measures should be put in place to ensure that the final products are of good quality. This can be achieved through the selection of the best suppliers based on the quality of their raw materials rather than the price. This was achieved in the process of supplier selection and the continuous evaluation of the suppliers to ensure that they maintain the quality. The processes undertaken to produce the products used in laboratory settings are also meticulously monitored and improvements made over time. This means that the quality increases with time and this ensures that the internal metric of quality is achieved (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Innovation and learning is part of the culture within the organization. There is a research and development department within the organization whose sole purpose is to carry out research and come up with new and improved products. These are aimed at meeting the ever changing needs of the consumer. The financial perspective of the organization is also promising since the profitability has increased. The company has experie.
Running head TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 1
TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP REPORT 5
Total Cost of Ownership
Zachary T. Trigger
UMCG
Purchasing Management
Professor James Swaim
2/8/2020
Balanced scorecard
A balanced scorecard is a concept used by managers to analyze their business using four different perspectives. It helps to provide a customer’s perspective, the organization’s internal perspective, the innovation and learning perspective and the financial perspective. The advantage for this measure is that it reduces the data overload by minimizing the number of required measures.
The mission statement of the organization is used to determine the customer perspective. This is helps to frame how the customer views the organization. The mission for the organization is to become a leader in delivering products used in laboratory testing. The concerns of the customer deal with time, quality, cost and performance and service. The company has been able to deliver orders made by customers within a short lead time except for few instances when suppliers had failed to deliver the raw materials within the stipulated time. The quality of the products it delivers has been undisputed. The cost of the products is also competitive in the market when compared to those of the competitors. This has helped the organization to gain a substantial market base. Convenience has been created for the customers by carrying out delivery to their preferred destination. Under this goals and achievements, it can be concluded that the organization is preferred by many customers (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Company based measures are important as they dictate how the organization meets the customer’s needs. Quality is the main concern for the organization’s customers and therefore, measures should be put in place to ensure that the final products are of good quality. This can be achieved through the selection of the best suppliers based on the quality of their raw materials rather than the price. This was achieved in the process of supplier selection and the continuous evaluation of the suppliers to ensure that they maintain the quality. The processes undertaken to produce the products used in laboratory settings are also meticulously monitored and improvements made over time. This means that the quality increases with time and this ensures that the internal metric of quality is achieved (Kaplan & Norton, 1992).
Innovation and learning is part of the culture within the organization. There is a research and development department within the organization whose sole purpose is to carry out research and come up with new and improved products. These are aimed at meeting the ever changing needs of the consumer. The financial perspective of the organization is also promising since the profitability has increased. The company has experie.
FGIC2019FGIC 2nd Conference on Governance and Integrity 2019ChereCheek752
FGIC2019
FGIC 2nd Conference on Governance and Integrity 2019
Volume 2019
Conference Paper
An Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach in
Decision-Making for Material Selection in an
Automotive Company: A Case Study
Cheng Jack Kie, Ahmed Khalif Hassan, Norhana Mohd Aripin, and Rafiuddin
Mohd Yunus
Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300
Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang
Abstract
This study is an approach to investigate and to choose the suitable material for the
fabrication of tools trolley to ensure the good quality of the product. The project team
of an automotive manufacturing company is planning to fabricate 100 sets of tools
trolley in the assembly shop. This study was developed to describe an approach based
on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that can assist decision-makers and continuous
improvement engineers in determining the most suitable material to be employed in
fabrication process at the early stage of the product development to reduce the cost.
The selected main criteria are Material Strength, Material Cost, Procurement Lead Time
and Duration of Fabrication Process while the four materials that will be considered in
this study are Aluminium, Steel Tube, and Square Tube. Finally, the results show that
Square Tube is recommended as the most suitable material for the in-house tools for
trolley fabrication.
Keywords: analytic hierarchy process, decision-making, continuous improvement,
fabrication process.
1. Introduction
Material process selection is a method to determine the most suitable material to
fabricate a product. Many researchers have agreed on the importance of material
selection process, especially during the early stage of the product development phase.
Determining the most suitable and appropriate material in the early stage can avoid
additional cost if changes are needed to be carried out after the early stage of the
product development process (Ravisankar, Balasubramanian & Muralidharan, 2004).
However, it is a difficult task with a complex decision because various factors have to
be considered during the process.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a tool that can be used at the conceptual
design stage in the product development process (Hambali et al., 2010; Subramanian &
How to cite this article: Cheng Jack Kie, Ahmed Khalif Hassan, Norhana Mohd Aripin, and Rafiuddin Mohd Yunus, (2019), “An Analytic Hierarchy
Process Approach in Decision-Making for Material Selection in an Automotive Company: A Case Study” in FGIC 2nd Conference on Governance
and Integrity 2019, KnE Social Sciences, pages 472–484. DOI 10.18502/kss.v3i22.5067
Page 472
Corresponding Author:
Cheng Jack Kie
[email protected]
Received: 5 August 2019
Accepted: 14 August 2019
Published: 18 August 2019
Publishing services provided by
Knowledge E
Cheng Jack Kie et al. This
article is distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use and
redistribu ...
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My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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A Decision Support Tool for Sustainable Supplier Selection in Manufacturing Firms
1. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management
JIEM, 2014 – 7(5): 1293-1315 – Online ISSN: 2013-0953 – Print ISSN: 2013-8423
http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1203
A Decision Support Tool for Sustainable Supplier Selection in
Manufacturing Firms
Ifeyinwa Juliet Orji, Sun Wei
Dalian University of Technology (China)
ifyorji09@yahoo.com, sunwei@dlut.edu.cn
Received: July 2014
Accepted: November 2014
Abstract:
Purpose: Most original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are strategically involved in supplier
base rationalization and increased consciousness of sustainable development. This reinforces
need for accurately considering sustainability in supplier selection to improve organizational
performance. In real industrial case, problems are unavoidable and pose huge challenge to
accurately incorporate sustainability factors into supplier selection. Such problems include
imprecise data, ambiguity of human judgment, uncertainty among sustainability factors and the
need to capture all subjective and objective criteria
Design/methodology/approach: This study develops a model based on integrated multi-
criteria decision making (MCDM) methods to solve such problems. The developed model
applies Fuzzy logic, DEMATEL and TOPSIS to effectively analyze the interdependencies
between sustainability criteria and to select the best sustainable supplier in fuzzy environment
while capturing all subjective and objective criteria. A case study is illustrated to test the
proposed model in a gear manufacturing company, an OEM to provide insights and for
practical applications.
Findings: Results show that social factors of sustainability ranks as the most important in
sustainable supplier selection. RFP ranks as the most important sub- criterion with score of 3.
7442. Also, the highest net causers are WS and quality with scores of 1.2818 and 0.3409
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respectively. This implies that during sustainable supplier selection, it is suggested that emphasis
should be placed on work safety and quality of the respective suppliers. A6 is identified as the
best possible sustainable supplier with a relative closeness to the ideal solution Li of 0.527. This
is as a result of A6 being closest to the positive ideal solution and farthest from the negative-
ideal solution during implementing sustainable supplier selection in the case study.
Originality/value: The model is capable of capturing all subjective and objective criteria in
fuzzy environment to accurately incorporate sustainability factors in supplier selection. Work
safety and quality necessitates the most emphasis during implementing sustainable supplier
selection because they highly influence all other sub- criteria.
Keywords: supplier selection, sustainability, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)
1. Introduction
Globally, manufacturing firms compete in a complex and rapidly changing environment.
Currently, the supply market of the gear manufacturing company as an original equipment
manufacturer (OEM) is shifting from one sector to another (Radke, 2008). Industries consider
how to manage supply chain operations more efficiently to improve organizational
performance. Supplier selection is a crucial supply chain operation having great impact on
integration of the supply chain relationship and able to enhance organizational performance.
Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are strategically involved in supplier base
rationalization and increased consciousness of sustainable development. This reinforces the
need to embed sustainability factors into supplier selection. Sustainability is an emerging trend
that has been incorporated in agriculture, manufacturing and business development.
Sustainability is also an emerging issue linked with supplier selection (Upadhyay, 2012).
Globally, companies are increasingly acknowledging the importance of incorporating
sustainability factors in supplier selection. There still exists a necessity to incorporate
sustainability factors such as respect for policy and employee health in supplier selection
problems (Bai & Sarkis, 2009). In particular, a challenge remains to ensure that sustainability
considerations are embedded within all sourcing processes of original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs).
Sustainable supplier selection involves analyzing interdependencies between sustainability
criteria relevant to supplier selection and determining supplier performance with respect to the
criteria. However, imprecise data, ambiguity of human judgment and uncertainty among
sustainability factors are unavoidable and pose huge challenge to accurately implement
sustainable supplier selection in an OEM. Also, it is necessary to consider conflicting subjective
and objective factors during implementing sustainable supplier selection in an OEM. In efforts
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towards implementing sustainable supplier selection in real industrial case, researchers have
started to employ multi- criteria decision making (MCDM) method for supplier selection in
fuzzy environment (Bottani & Rizzi, 2008; Chen, 2009; Awasthi, Chauhan & Goyal, 2010;
Amindoust, Ahmed, Saghafinia & Bahreininejad, 2012). Their works applied fuzzy logic to solve
the challenges of imprecise data and ambiguous human judgment. However, no literature
exists on model capable of capturing all subjective and objective criteria in fuzzy environment
to accurately implement sustainable supplier selection. Hence, a novel model based on
integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods is developed in this study. The
model is capable of capturing all objective and subjective criteria in other to accurately
implement sustainable supplier selection in fuzzy environment. DEMATEL is a preferred
decision making technique because it can pragmatically visualize complicated casual
relationship among factors. To handle imprecise input data and ambiguous human judgments,
fuzzy logic is preferred. Thus, the developed novel model employs DEMATEL (Wu & Lee, 2007)
and fuzzy logic (Chang, Chang & Wu, 2011) to find the mutual relationships and strengths of
interdependencies within sustainability factors relevant to supplier selection in fuzzy
environment. Also, TOPSIS (Bhutia & Phipon, 2012) most preferred for capturing all objective
and subjective criteria is applied in this work to choose the best possible sustainable supplier.
The objectives of study are three- folds:
(a) to investigate the present supplier selection structure in a gear manufacturing company
and to deduct the relevant sustainability sub- criteria therein, (b) to develop a novel model
based on multi- criteria decision making (MCDM) methods to accurately implement sustainable
supplier selection and (c) to apply the developed model to analyze interdependencies among
sustainability criteria relevant to supplier selection and choose the best sustainable supplier in
the named case study.
It is thus expected that the result of this work will help decision makers to effectively analyze
the interdependencies between relevant subjective and objective criteria and to select the best
possible sustainable supplier in fuzzy environment in other to improve organizational
performance.
2. Literature Review
Traditional methods of supplier selection consider only economic aspects. They cannot meet
the requirements of businesses in today’s competitive environment, hence social and
environmental aspects should also be included in supplier selection to improve organization
performance. Even though many publications exist on supplier selection, the research on
supplier selection with sustainability considerations is not adequate (Amindoust et al., 2012).
The sustainability attributes relevant for supplier selection as obtained from the literature are
summarized in Table 1. Multi-criteria decision making methods, such as analytic hierarchy
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process (AHP), analytic network process (ANP), data envelopment analysis (DEA), DEMATEL,
TOPSIS and mathematical programming have been applied to supplier selection problems (Wu
& Oslon, 2008; Kheljani, Ghodsypour & Brien, 2009; Lin, Chen & Ting, 2011). AHP has being
applied to vendor selection (Wang, Huang & Dismukes, 2004; Kumar & Roy, 2010). The
supplier selection problem was structured as an integrated lexicographic goal programming
and AHP model including both quantitative and qualitative conflicting factors (Cebi & Bayraktar,
2003). AHP Approach was applied for Supplier Evaluation and Selection in a Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing Firm in Ghana (Asamoah, Annan & Nyarko, 2012). A study which applied
TOPSIS and fuzzy multi-objective model integration was proposed for supplier selection
problem (Jadidi, Hong, Firouzi, Yusuff & Zulkifli, 2008). An integrated analytic hierarchy
process (AHP) and preemptive goal programming (PGP) was suggested for the supplier
selection problem (Wang et al., 2004). Multi Choice Goal Programming (MCGP) was proposed
for supplier selection (Chang, 2007). Most of the above stated approaches did not consider all
subjective and objective factors relevant for implementing sustainable supplier selection. Also,
the approaches did not solve challenges of data imprecision and ambiguous human judgment.
To solve the problems of imprecise data and ambiguous human judgments in supplier
selection, fuzzy theory is most preferred (Chang et al., 2011). Bottani and Rizzi (2008)
integrated fuzzy with cluster analysis and MCDM to solve the supplier selection problem.
Awasthi et al. (2010) in their work integrated fuzzy with TOPSIS to evaluate environmental
performances of suppliers. However, their approaches did not consider all sustainability factors
relevant to sustainable supplier selection; they did not consider social aspects of sustainability.
Amindoust et al. (2012) in their work proposed Fuzzy inference system for implementing
sustainable supplier selection. Their work solved the problems of imprecise data and
ambiguous human judgments. It also solved the problem of uncertainty amongst sustainability
criteria by employing DEMATEL. However, it did not effectively capture all the subjective and
objective factors relevant to sustainable supplier selection.
DEMATEL is most preferred to find the mutual relationships of interdependencies and strength
of interdependence within sustainability factors (Wu & Lee, 2007). DEMATEL approach is
considered as one of the best tools for dealing with the importance and casual relationships
among the evaluation criteria (Chiu, Chen, Shyu & Tzeng, 2006; Liou, Tzeng & Chang, 2007;
Tzeng, Chiang & Li, 2007; Wu & Lee, 2007; Lin et al., 2009). One of the major advantages of
DEMATEL method is that it can confirm interdependence among variables and aid in the
development of a directed graph to reflect the interrelationships between variables. DEMATEL
is useful for visualizing the structure of complicated causal relationships with matrices or
digraphs. Hence, the DEMATEL model can convert the relationship between the causes and
effects of criteria into an intelligible structural model of the system. It is able to verify
interdependence among the unpredictable features or attributes thus revealing the
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characteristic trend and reflects the interrelationship between variables by improving the
directed graph (Hori & Shimizu, 1999; Tamura, Nagata & Akazawa, 2002).
Criteria/Sub- criteria References
Kuo,WangandTien
(2010)
Keskin,Ihanand
Ozkan(2010)
Tseng&Chiu
(2010)
YehandChuang
(2010)
Awasthietal.
(2010)
WeberandCurrent
(1993)
Wang&Hu(2005)
Changetal.(2011)
Humphrey,Wong
andChan(2003)
Hsu,Kuo,Chen
andHu(2013)
Lee,Kang,Hsuand
Hung(2009)
Zhu,DouandSarkis
(2010)
Bai&Sarki(2009)
Economic
Price
On time delivery
Service & Relationship
Flexibility
Quality
Financial ability
Production facilities
Organization
Social
Rights of stakeholders
Work safety
Information disclosure
Respect for policy
Environmental
Green supply chain management
Recycling
Waste electrical equipments
Ozone depleting chemicals
Green R & D
Green design
Environmental management system
Environmental competencies
Innovation
Resource consumption
Green product
Pollution control
Table 1. Sustainability attributes relevant to supplier selection
TOPSIS is most preferred for capturing all objective and subjective criteria (Bhutia & Phipon,
2012). TOPSIS involves two artificial alternatives being defined as positive- ideal and negative-
ideal solution. The positive- ideal solution is a solution that maximizes the benefit criteria and
minimizes the cost criteria, whereas the negative- ideal solution maximizes the cost criteria
and minimizes the benefit criteria (Wang & Elhag, 2006). The positive- ideal solution has the
best level for all attributes considered, whereas the negative ideal solution has the worst
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attribute values. TOPSIS approach selects the alternative that is closest to the positive ideal
solution and farthest from the negative- ideal solution.
Thus, this paper intends to adopt the integrated Fuzzy, DEMATEL and TOPSIS method for
implementing sustainable supplier selection. It is expected that the proposed model will solve
the problems of imprecise data, ambiguous human judgment and uncertainty amongst
sustainability criteria while considering all subjective and objective criteria during implementing
sustainable supplier selection.
3. Methodology
The longitudinal and cross-wise designs were adopted to collect data on supplier selection
based on sustainability factors in a gear manufacturing company in this work. The focus was to
deduct sustainability factors relevant to the case study and subsequent ranking of suppliers
with respect to the sustainability factors. A gear manufacturing company in China was used as
the sample population from which the purchasing unit was selected. This is because of
accessibility and all sourcing activities were carried out in the purchasing unit. The information
used for the study was gathered from archival records and interviews with personnel. The
personnel considered in this study were 12 experts/ purchasing managers. The gear
manufacturing company under study produces 2MW wind power gear box and sources for gear
wheel shaft as its main raw material. For this study, 7 suppliers are considered as alternatives
for providing the gear wheel shaft.
3.1. Model formulation
Specific to this model is that a distinction was made between the different levels of
sustainability criteria: (1) Sustainability criteria were outlined as social, economic and
environmental attributes; and (2) Sustainability sub- criteria represent criteria linked to each
alternative supplier (e.g. quality of a particular supplier). Figure 1 shows the proposed model
for sustainable supplier selection.
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Figure 1. Integrated model for implementing sustainable supplier selection
Within the development of the model, the sustainability factors/ sub- criteria relevant to case,
linguistic scale and alternatives were progressively defined.
3.1.1. Sustainability factors
All input data on sustainability factors were obtained from a Chinese gear manufacturing
company within the period of May 2013 and December 2013 and expressed in numbers/
scores using linguistic scale. The sustainability factors include economic, environmental and
social factors. Economic factors consists of cost, quality, OTD, S&R; Environmental factors
consists of EMS, EC, GD and PC while Social factors include RFP, WT, ID, ROS and WS.
3.1.2. Linguistic scale
This is defined as a qualitative scale used to collect evaluator’s judgment. In this work, two
kinds of linguistic scales are applied. The first is the fuzzy linguistic scale having linguistic
terms of no influence, very low influence, low influence, high influence and very high influence
with respective scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and triangular fuzzy numbers of (0,0,0.25),
(0,0.25,0.50), (0.25, 0.50, 0.75), (0.50, 0.75, 1.00) and (0.75,1.00, 1.00) respectively. The
second is the linguistic scale for the performance of alternatives with respect to the various
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sustainability factors; having linguistic terms of very weak, weak, medium, good and very
good with scores of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
3.1.3. Alternatives
In this model, an alternative was defined as any supplier in the gear manufacturing company.
A high level of detail (i.e., alternatives defined as suppliers of specific parts) was used.
In the model, it is assumed that (a) due to standard measurement restrictions, total influence
of sustainability criteria should remain constant; (b) expert judgments are ambiguous;
(c) input data are imprecise and (d) uncertainty exists among sustainability elements.
3.2. Fuzzy- DEMATEL based calculations
This comprises of the computation of direct- relation matrix, generalized relation matrix,
total-relation matrix and degree of importance of the deducted sustainability sub- criteria.
The direct- relation matrix is computed by considering the influence of each sustainability sub-
criterion on other sub- criteria. To obtain the information on the influence of each criterion on
other criteria, fuzzy design questionnaires were administered to experts in the company under
study and the direct- relation matrix, shown in Table 2, with element Bij was obtained. Where
i, j = 1, 2, 3..........n. It should be noted that the membership function of the fuzzy set is applied
in triangular form to obtain ideal solutions from group decisions. A triangular fuzzy number can
be shown as q = (a, b, c) and the triangular membership function ữq is defined as Equation (1).
A diffuzification process known as CFCS process which is based on the determination of
maximum and minimum fuzzy number range was used to diffuzify the fuzzy set into crisp
values. It is deemed to be more effective by researchers for arriving at crisp values when
compared to the centroid method (Opricovic & Tzeng, 2003; Gharakhani, 2012).
(1)
According to the membership function ữq, the total score is calculated with the weighted
average. Given that U represents a fuzzy set, the fuzzy evaluation is given by ữij
d
= (ad
ij, bd
ij,
cd
ij) for decision makers d = (1, 2,... n) for the degree of influence of sub- criterion i on
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sub- criterion j. The CFCS method involves a five- step algorithm described as follows
(Gharakhani, 2012):
Step 1: Normalization:
xan
ij = (an
ij – mincn
ij) / ∆max
min (2)
xbn
ij = (bn
ij – mincn
ij) / ∆max
min (3)
xcn
ij = (cn
ij – mincn
ij) / ∆max
min (4)
Where ∆max
min = maxan
ij – mincn
ij (5)
Step 2: Compute right (as) and left (cs) normalized values:
xasn
ij = xan
ij / (1 + xan
ij – xbn
ij) (6)
xcsn
ij = xbn
ij / (1+ xbn
ij – xcn
ij) (7)
Step 3: Compute total normalized crisp values:
xn
ij = [xcsn
ij (1 – xcsn
ij) + xasn
ij X xasn
ij] / [1 – xcsn
ij + xasn
ij] (8)
Step 4: Compute crisp values:
un
ij = mincn
ij + xn
ij X ∆max
min (9)
Step 5: Integrate crisp values:
uij = 1/p (u1
ij + u2
ij + … + up
ij) (9)
Sub- criteria Sub- criteria
S1 S2 Sn
S1 B11 B12 Bn1
S2 B21 B22 Bn2
Sn Bn1 Bn2 Bnn
Table 2. Direct- relation matrix
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It should be noted that the influence of each sub- criterion on others in the case study are
calculated from the fuzzy linguistic scale shown in Table 3 below.
Linguistic Term Score Triangular fuzzy numbers
No influence 0 (0, 0, 0.25)
Very low influence 1 (0, 0.25, 0.50)
Low influence 2 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75)
High influence 3 (0.50, 0.75, 1.00)
Very high influence 4 (0.75, 1.00, 1.00)
Table 3. Fuzzy linguistic scale for sustainability criteria
A generalized direct- relation matrix was developed as Table 4 with information on Table 2 and
has an element αij representing the mean score influence of each sub- criterion divided by the
summation of its influence on other sub- criteria in the case study. It is computed as:
(11)
α = [αij]nxn (12)
B = [Bij]nxn
(13)
Sub- criteria Sub- criteria
S1 S2 Sn
S1 α11 α12 α1n
S2 α21 α22 α2n
Sn αn1 αn2 αnn
Table 4. Generalized direct- relation matrix
A total- relation matrix was developed in Table 5 below having element Rij.
Sub- criteria Sub- criteria
S1 S2 Sn
S1 R11 R12 Rn1
S2 R21 R22 Rn2
Sn Rn1 Rn2 Rnn
Table 5. Total- relation matrix
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Rij is computed as:
R = α (I – α) –1 (14)
R = [Rij]nxn (15)
The degree of central role matrix was developed as shown on Table 6.
Sub- criteria W H W+H W-H
S1 W1 H1 (W + H)1 (W – H)1
S2 W2 H2 (W + H)2 (W – H)2
Sn Wn Hn (W + H)n (W – H)n
Table 6. Degree of central role matrix
Where,
W and H represent the sum of rows and sum of columns respectively. They are calculated as:
(16)
(17)
W + H denote the degree of central role used to evaluate the criteria of significance for each
sub criterion. W – H denotes the degree of relation used to evaluate the most influential
criteria for each sub- criterion. A casual and effect graph can then be drawn with W + H on the
horizontal axis and W – H on the vertical axis.
3.3. TOPSIS based calculations
The supplier performance with respect to the sustainability criteria were ranked by the experts
in the gear manufacturing company under study using the linguistic scale shown in Table 7
below:
Linguistic Term Score
Very weak 1
Weak 2
Medium 3
Good 4
Very good 5
Table 7. Linguistic scale for alternatives
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The experts then compare the alternative suppliers under each criterion to establish the
decision matrix. Table 8 is developed from the established decision matrix with element Pij
which represents the normalized evaluation index for the alternative suppliers as shown above:
Alternatives Sub- criteria
S1 S2 S3 Sn
A1 P11 P12 P13 P1n
A2 P21 P22 P23 P2n
Am Pm1 Pm2 Pm3 Pmn
Table 8. Normalized decision matrix
Pij is computed as:
(18)
Where, gij is the performance of each alternative with respect to each criterion. The weighted
normalized decision matrix Vij is calculated as:
Vij = Pij x αij (19)
The ideal (Vj
+
) and negative ideal (Vj
-
) solutions are determined as:
Vj
+
= {vi
+
… vn
+
} = [(max vij│i Є I’), (min vij│i Є I’’)] (20)
Vj
-
= {vi
-
… vn
-
} = [(min vij│i Є I’), (max vij│i Є I’’)] (21)
Where I’ is associated with advantage criteria, and I’’ is associated with cost criteria.
The separation measures (di
+
and di
-
) are computed using the n- dimensional Euclidean
distance for the alternatives as:
(22)
Where i = 1, 2, …, m; vj (in Equation 12) = vj
+
(23)
Where i = 1, 2, …, m; vj (in Equation 13) = vj
-
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The relative closeness of the alternatives (aj) to the ideal (A*) solution is computed as:
(24)
Where I’ is associated with advantage criteria, and I’’ is associated with cost criteria. Finally,
the alternative suppliers are ranked with respect to their relative closeness to the ideal solution
in order of preference.
4. Results and Discussion
Data collected in this work were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MATLAB. Table 9 shows the
direct- relation matrix of sustainability sub- criteria in the case study.
WT GD EMS ROS WS Quality RFP Cost ID EC PC OTD S&R
WT 0 2.666 3.583 1.916 0.583 0.666 2.916 0.416 0.083 0.416 0.416 0.75 1.833
GD 3.583 0 3.583 1.833 0.083 1.916 1.583 0.416 0.166 0.583 0.916 0.833 2.916
EMS 2.666 3.833 0 2.833 0.666 0.416 1.916 0.583 0.666 0.083 1.833 0.416 2.083
ROS 2.833 2.417 3.583 0 0.416 0.583 0.416 0.083 1.916 2.666 3.583 2.916 3.666
WS 1.916 1.083 0.916 1.916 0 1.083 2.333 2.417 2.167 2.083 3.167 3.167 2.833
Quality 1.083 0.083 0.083 0.666 0.583 0 0.583 0.583 0.083 2.833 1.916 2.666 1.916
RFP 0.416 1.916 2.083 2.333 1.916 0.083 0 3.333 1.916 3.083 2.916 2.666 0.416
Cost 0.083 0.583 0.083 0.416 0.666 0.166 0.75 0 1.583 2.417 3.166 1.833 3.083
ID 0.916 1.066 2.666 1.916 0.416 0.833 1.083 0.75 0 3.333 0.008 0.583 2.666
EC 1.833 0.416 0.583 1.583 0.916 0.916 0.666 0.333 0.583 0 2.666 0.083 0.416
PC 0.583 0.666 0.416 0.916 0.083 0.583 0.916 0.833 0.666 0.417 0 0.666 3.833
OTD 0.416 0.083 0.916 2.333 1.066 0.666 2.066 0.583 0.333 0.833 0.916 0 2.916
S&R 0.666 0.083 0.416 1.916 0.583 0.083 0.666 0.916 0.416 0.333 0.583 1.083 0
Table 9. Direct- relation matrix
The data collected from experts in the case study using fuzzy questionnaires were diffuzified
using Equations (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) and (10) into crisp values. A simple
average method was used to calculate the averages of the crisp values of the influence of each
sub- criterion on other sub- criteria for all the experts/ purchasing managers in the gear
manufacturing company under study to give Table 9. A total- relation matrix as shown in Table
10 was developed using Equations (11), (12), (13), (14) and (15). Table 10 which shows the
degree role matrix was also calculated with elements W, H, W + H and W – H.
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The sum of each row of the sub- criteria (W) and sum of each column of sub- criteria (H) were
calculated using Equations (16) and (17) respectively. Then, the degree of importance/ central
role (W + H) and the degree of influence/ relation (W – H) were likewise calculated for the
different sub- criteria in the case study.
Using the degree of significance (W + H) as depicted on Table 11, the order of significance/
importance of the sub- criteria in the company under study are identified as follows: RFP>
ROS> EC > EMS> WT> GD> WS> PC> OTD> S&R> Cost> ID> Quality. Respect for Policy
(RFP) ranks as the most important sub- criterion with score 3. 7442. RFP represents what the
company under study stands for with respect to human and workplace rights. The company
formally endorsed the UN guiding principles on Business and Human rights thus the emphasis
of RFP in the company. In the case study, RFP places a check on child labor, migrant labor and
other vices that could lead to court cases thereby destroying company image and causing
money loss. Other significant criteria for sustainable supplier selection as shown in the case
study are ROS, EC, EMS and WT with scores of 3.5627, 3.3313, 3.0224 and 2.7662
respectively. In the case study, ROS involves the company being fair and transparent to its
owners, thereby carrying out operations not to waste or deteriorate the company but for the
highest benefits of the stakeholders. Also, ROS covers social participation by supporting and
promoting activities which maintain good tradition and culture e.g. providing scholarships.
Thus, in the case study ROS assists the company in image- building and is very important.
Figure 2 shows the degree of importance of sustainability criteria in the company.
Figure 2. Degree of importance of sustainability criteria in the case study
In the case study, environmental competencies include knowledge towards effective
environmental management. The system to reflect the environmental action plan set by the
management and provides feedback on the results of their actions to management is termed
the Environmental management system in the case study. Quality and cost are the least
important criteria in the case study. This could be as a result of the company operating to
serve different categories of customers who can afford different quality and price ranges. As
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shown in Figure 2, Social criteria have the highest percentage of 42% and are ranked the most
important criteria. This could be as a result of the company regarding respect of policy, rights
of stakeholders, worker’s training, work safety and information disclosure as very essential to
its image- building and avoidance of money loss.
However, the degree of significance does not provide managers with insights during
implementing sustainable supplier selection. It should be noted that (W – H)i shows the net
effect that a sub- criterion i contributes to the system in the case study. Thus, the degree of
influence provides managers the insight needed during implementing sustainable supplier
selection. It is assumed that a sub- criterion i is a net causer when (W – H)i is positive and a
net receiver when (W – H)i is negative. A casual and effect graph shown in Figure 3 was drawn
with W+H on the horizontal axis and W-H on the vertical axis to show the influence of the
different sub- criteria on others.
Figure 3. A casual and effect graph of sub- criteria for sustainable
Supplier Selection in the company under study
The highest net causers as shown in Figure 3 above are WS and quality with scores of 1.2818
and 0.3409 respectively. The highest net causers are invariably the most influential criteria in
the case study, although they have been ranked low with regards to degree of significance/
importance. This implies that to select the best sustainable supplier in the gear manufacturing
company under study, it is suggested that emphasis should be placed on work safety and
quality of the respective suppliers. This is because, quality and work safety highly influences all
the other sustainability criteria although they are not the most important sub- criteria.
The normalized decision matrix shown below in Table 12 was drawn using Equation (18). The
purchasing managers in the gear manufacturing company did not disclose the real data of the
supplier performance with regards to the sustainability sub- criteria. The data on supplier
performance was generated and evaluated using the linguistic scale on Table 7. The supplier
performances were the average performance as evaluated by the purchasing managers. A
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The positive- ideal solution is a solution that maximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes the
cost criteria, whereas the negative- ideal solution maximizes the cost criteria and minimizes
the benefit criteria (Wang & Elhag, 2006). The positive- ideal solution has the best level for all
attributes considered, whereas the negative ideal solution has the worst attribute values. The
separation measures (di
+
and di
-
) were computed using the n- dimensional Euclidean distance
for the alternatives using Equations (22) and (23). The relative closeness to the ideal solutions
Li (TOPSIS index) were calculated using Equation (24). The final performance indices for the
sustainable supplier alternatives were computed as shown in Table 15 and used to rank the
respective suppliers.
di
+
di
-
di
+
+ di
-
Li Ranking
A1 0.069 0.067 0.137 0.496 4
A2 0.113 0.045 0.158 0.286 7
A3 0.100 0.067 0.168 0.403 6
A4 0.071 0.075 0.147 0.512 2
A5 0.082 0.081 0.164 0.496 3
A6 0.082 0.091 0.174 0.527 1
A7 0.065 0.055 0.121 0.461 5
Table 15. Final performance indices of sustainable suppliers
The final performance indices of the alternative suppliers were used to rank the suppliers in the
gear manufacturing company under study; A6 is identified as the best possible sustainable
supplier with a relative closeness to the ideal solution Li of 0.527. This is as a result of A6 being
closest to the positive ideal solution and farthest from the negative- ideal solution.
5. Conclusion
Globally, manufacturing firms compete in a complex and rapidly changing environment. An
effective supplier selection process is a critical success factor for manufacturing firms in a
complex environment. Although capturing all subjective and objective criteria in a system
seems crucial to ensure accurate calculations in decision making, no literature exists at the
moment on model capable of capturing all subjective and objective criteria in fuzzy
environment to accurately incorporate sustainability factors in supplier selection.
In this work, a novel model based on integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)
methods capable of capturing all objective and subjective criteria is developed to accurately
incorporate sustainability in supplier selection in fuzzy environment. The developed novel
model employs DEMATEL and fuzzy logic to find the mutual relationships of interdependencies
and strength of interdependence within sustainability factors relevant to supplier selection in
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19. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1203
fuzzy environment. Then, TOPSIS most preferred for capturing all objective and subjective
criteria is applied to choose the best possible sustainable supplier. A gear manufacturing
company, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) was proposed as a case study to provide
insights to the developed model and for practical applications.
RFP ranks as the most important sub- criterion with 3. 7442. RFP represents what the
company under study stands for with respect to human and workplace rights. The company
under study formally endorsed the UN guiding principles on Business and Human rights thus
placing high importance of RFP in the company. RFP places a check on child labor, migrant
labor and other vices that could lead to court cases thereby destroying company image and
causing money loss in the case study. Other important criteria for sustainable supplier
selection in the case study are ROS, EC, EMS and WT with scores of 3.5627, 3.3313, 3.0224
and 2.7662 respectively. Quality and cost are the least important criteria in the company under
study. This could be as a result of the company operating to serve different categories of
customers who can afford different quality and price ranges. Social criteria have the highest
percentage of 42% and are termed the most important criteria. This could be a result of the
company regarding social sub- criteria including respect of policy, rights of stakeholders,
worker’s training, work safety and information disclosure as very essential to its image-
building and avoidance of money loss.
However, degree of influence provides managers the insight needed during implementing
sustainable supplier selection. The highest net causers are work safety (WS) and quality with
scores of 1.2818 and 0.3409 respectively. The highest net causers are invariably the most
influential criteria, although they are not the most important sub- criteria. This implies that to
select the best sustainable supplier, it is suggested that emphasis should be placed on work
safety and quality of the respective suppliers; quality and work safety influences all the other
sustainability criteria although they are not the most important sub- criteria. The final
performance indices of the alternative suppliers were used to rank the suppliers in the gear
manufacturing company under study; A6 is identified as the best possible sustainable supplier
with a relative closeness to the ideal solution Li of 0.527. This is as a result of A6 being closest
to the positive ideal solution and farthest from the negative- ideal solution during
implementing sustainable supplier selection in the case study.
It should be noted that the proposed model is precise given its level of details. Model
complexity due to the level of detail of components and assumptions makes it suitable to be
applied in other supply chains.
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20. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management – http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1203
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Appendix A
Nomenclature:
CFCS Converting Fuzzy data into Crisps Scores.
DEMATEL Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Model.
TOPSIS Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution.
ROS Rights of stakeholders
WS Worker’s safety
ID Information disclosure
RFP Respect for policy
WT Worker’s training
GD Green design
EC Environmental competencies
EMS Environmental management system
PC Pollution control
OTD On time delivery
S&R Service and relationship
OEM Original equipment manufacturers
Si,j Sustainability sub- criterion where i,j = 1, 2, …, n
Ai Alternative suppliers where i = 1, 2, …, m
Bij Mean score influence of a sub- criterion on other sub- criteria.
αij Mean score influence of each sub- criterion divided by the summation of its influence on other sub-
criteria.
Rij Element of the total- relation matrix
I Identity matrix.
W Sum of rows on the total- relation matrix
H Sum of columns on the total- relation matrix
W +H Degree of central role
W-H Degree of relation.
Pij Normalized evaluation index for the alternative suppliers
gij Performance of each alternative with respect to each sub- criterion.
Vij Weighted normalized decision matrix
Vj
+
Positive ideal solution.
Vj
-
Negative ideal solution
I’ Advantage criteria
I’’ Cost criteria.
di
+
Positive separation measure
di
-
Negative separation measure
Li Relative closeness of the alternatives to the ideal solution
Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 2014 (www. jiem. org)
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