1) The document provides steps for selecting the right accelerometer for an application. It discusses different accelerometer technologies, types of measurements, and considerations for vibration, shock, and motion applications.
2) Key factors include determining the measurement type, technology selection between piezoelectric, piezoresistive, or variable capacitance, and general considerations like frequency response and operating environment.
3) Piezoelectric accelerometers are well-suited for most vibration measurements due to their wide frequency response and easy installation, while piezoresistive types are commonly used for automotive crash testing and shock applications.
Basic theory of accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. Newton’s law
of Classical Mech. Inertial and non inertial reference system: centrifugal,
Coriolis and Euler forces. IMU hardware description. Static IMU’s Noise
evaluation: mean and std deviation in all axis w.r.t. data sheet. Drift effect
in MATLAB. Sit-to-stand experiment with 2 IMUs: development of an
algorithm able to estimate the duration of stand-up, sit-down and variation
of the bending angles.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
This document discusses energy sensors. It defines energy and different types of sensors. It then describes various energy sensors including mechanical energy sensors like accelerometers and force sensors, thermal energy sensors like thermocouples and thermistors, and heat flux sensors. The document highlights key characteristics and applications of different energy sensors.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors. It defines temperature sensors as devices that measure changes in temperature by converting the temperature input into an electrical output signal. The document describes two main categories of temperature sensors: contact sensors that must physically touch the object being measured, and non-contact sensors that can measure temperature without direct contact. Examples of different contact and non-contact temperature sensor technologies are provided, including thermocouples, thermistors, infrared sensors, and more.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
Basic theory of accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. Newton’s law
of Classical Mech. Inertial and non inertial reference system: centrifugal,
Coriolis and Euler forces. IMU hardware description. Static IMU’s Noise
evaluation: mean and std deviation in all axis w.r.t. data sheet. Drift effect
in MATLAB. Sit-to-stand experiment with 2 IMUs: development of an
algorithm able to estimate the duration of stand-up, sit-down and variation
of the bending angles.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
This document discusses energy sensors. It defines energy and different types of sensors. It then describes various energy sensors including mechanical energy sensors like accelerometers and force sensors, thermal energy sensors like thermocouples and thermistors, and heat flux sensors. The document highlights key characteristics and applications of different energy sensors.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors. It defines temperature sensors as devices that measure changes in temperature by converting the temperature input into an electrical output signal. The document describes two main categories of temperature sensors: contact sensors that must physically touch the object being measured, and non-contact sensors that can measure temperature without direct contact. Examples of different contact and non-contact temperature sensor technologies are provided, including thermocouples, thermistors, infrared sensors, and more.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
This document discusses vibration sensors. It defines vibration sensors as sensors that measure linear velocity, displacement, proximity, or acceleration. Vibration sensors are used to detect problems in industrial machines early by measuring abnormal vibration. The document discusses different types of vibration sensors including velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, and proximity sensors. It provides examples of different technologies used in each type. The document also discusses characteristics to consider when selecting a vibration sensor like sensitivity range and frequency range. Finally, it provides a table matching industries to ideal sensor traits for different applications.
This document discusses different types of displacement, position, and proximity sensors. It describes various contact and non-contact sensors such as potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, capacitive sensors, Hall effect sensors, optical encoders, eddy current sensors, inductive sensors and microswitches. It provides details on their working principles, construction, applications in automation, metrology and other fields. Selection of appropriate sensors depends on factors like required accuracy, resolution, displacement size and cost.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
The document discusses various types of velocity and speed sensors. It describes tachometers, which measure rotational speed using AC or DC generators. A laser surface velocimeter uses the Doppler effect to measure speed on moving surfaces without contact. Piezoelectric sensors convert changes in velocity, pressure, or other factors into an electrical charge. Accelerometers measure proper acceleration by detecting changes in velocity over time.
Electrical safety risks include shock, arc flash, and arc blast. Shock can cause electrocution and death from contact with any live electricity source. An arc flash is created by a short circuit and passes current through ionized air, while an arc blast is the explosive result and causes hazards like heat, shock waves, and metal shrapnel. Transients from switching equipment can trigger an arc flash. Proper personal protective equipment and following guidelines like NFPA 70E can reduce risks when working with electricity. Test equipment must be rated for the voltage category of the circuit and independently certified to safety standards to avoid hazards.
This document discusses different types of sensors and their characteristics. It covers the differences between active and passive instruments, as well as null-type and deflection-type instruments. It also discusses analogue versus digital instruments and some key sensor performance characteristics such as accuracy, precision, threshold, resolution, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis and more. Key factors that influence sensor selection are resolution requirements, cost, accuracy needs, and application environment. Proper sensor selection depends on balancing these factors for each unique measurement scenario.
This document discusses various sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, and a sensor as a transducer that detects a characteristic of its environment. It then provides details on different types of transducers and sensors, including antennas, Hall effect sensors, cathode ray tubes, sensors for ionizing radiation, electric current sensors, and proximity sensors. For each it discusses their definition, operating principle, applications and examples. The document is authored by several students and provides a comprehensive overview of key sensors and transducers.
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
This document discusses strategies for mitigating arc flash hazards in metalclad switchgear. It covers arc flash standards, prevention techniques, protection methods, and mitigation approaches. Key topics include implementing fast bus tripping, high speed differential relays, maintenance relay settings, arc flash detection, current limiting fuses, and reducing the human interface with remote racking and control. The goal is to reduce incident energy levels and protect personnel through engineering and procedural controls.
A sound sensor is a device that detects sound waves and converts them into an electrical signal. It contains a microphone that picks up sound and processing circuitry that provides both an audio output and a digital indication of the presence of sound as well as an analog representation of its amplitude. Sound sensors work by converting sound waves into electrical signals that can then be read by instruments or used in applications like security systems. They have advantages like being affordable and easy to use for real-time sound manipulation but also disadvantages like requiring more memory and having limited wireless range.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
Sensors are the first element in a measuring system that takes information about a variable being measured and transforms it into a suitable form. Sensors directly measure a physical quantity and transducers convert one form of energy into another. Sensors are essential in robotics for safety monitoring, work cell control, quality inspection, and collecting data. Common sensors used in robotics include position sensors like potentiometers and encoders, proximity sensors, force/torque sensors, and range finders. Temperature can be measured by resistive sensors like thermistors or thermocouples that relate a change in resistance or voltage to a change in temperature.
Vibration monitoring is used to monitor machinery condition by measuring vibration levels. As machinery deteriorates, vibration levels increase, allowing early detection of issues. Vibration is caused by unbalanced rotating parts, misalignment, and other factors. Vibration is measured using transducers, which convert physical vibrations into electrical signals. The best transducer depends on factors like sensitivity, operating range, accuracy, reliability, and cost. Common transducers measure displacement, velocity, or acceleration by using inductance, motion between parts, or force on piezoelectric materials.
Piezoelectric sensors use materials that generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These sensors can measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain or force by converting them into an electric charge. Piezoelectric accelerometers contain a piezoelectric crystal that produces a voltage proportional to the force exerted on it by an attached mass, allowing acceleration to be measured. Acoustic emission sensors detect elastic waves in solids caused by changes in their internal structure, such as crack formation. They are used to monitor the safety of structures and develop new materials by detecting these elastic waves.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. The document discusses several common sensors: infrared (IR) sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and discusses their working principles and applications. It also provides details on using timers and integrated circuits like the 555 timer IC to process sensor output signals.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
This seminar report discusses capacitive sensors. It defines sensors and describes how capacitive sensors work by measuring changes in capacitance between a probe and target. Capacitance is determined by area, gap, and dielectric material between the probe and target. The report outlines key factors that affect sensor performance such as target size, shape, and material. It also discusses strategies for maximizing accuracy, such as ensuring parallelism between the probe and target. Parameters for evaluating sensor quality are described, including sensitivity error, offset error, linearity error, and error band. High-performance capacitive sensors are distinguished from inexpensive proximity sensors.
The document discusses several common sensor types used for vibration measurements, including accelerometers, velocity sensors, proximity probes, and laser displacement sensors. Accelerometers use piezoelectric crystals to generate a charge proportional to acceleration. Velocity sensors induce a voltage in a coil moving through a magnetic field, proportional to velocity. Proximity probes measure displacement using capacitive or eddy current techniques. Laser displacement sensors use triangulation to determine position with high accuracy. Each sensor type has advantages and disadvantages for different vibration measurement applications.
An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration forces. It contains capacitive plates that move relative to each other in response to acceleration, changing capacitance. This capacitance change can be converted to a voltage proportional to acceleration. Accelerometers are used to measure vibration in many fields. They are specified by factors like range, sensitivity, bandwidth, and axes. Common types include capacitive, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. Proper calibration ensures the electrical output accurately represents measured acceleration.
Electrical Engineer Job Duties: Evaluates electrical systems, products, components, and applications by designing and conducting research programs; applying knowledge of electricity and materials. Confirms system's and components' capabilities by designing testing methods; testing properties.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
This document discusses vibration sensors. It defines vibration sensors as sensors that measure linear velocity, displacement, proximity, or acceleration. Vibration sensors are used to detect problems in industrial machines early by measuring abnormal vibration. The document discusses different types of vibration sensors including velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, and proximity sensors. It provides examples of different technologies used in each type. The document also discusses characteristics to consider when selecting a vibration sensor like sensitivity range and frequency range. Finally, it provides a table matching industries to ideal sensor traits for different applications.
This document discusses different types of displacement, position, and proximity sensors. It describes various contact and non-contact sensors such as potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, capacitive sensors, Hall effect sensors, optical encoders, eddy current sensors, inductive sensors and microswitches. It provides details on their working principles, construction, applications in automation, metrology and other fields. Selection of appropriate sensors depends on factors like required accuracy, resolution, displacement size and cost.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
The document discusses various types of velocity and speed sensors. It describes tachometers, which measure rotational speed using AC or DC generators. A laser surface velocimeter uses the Doppler effect to measure speed on moving surfaces without contact. Piezoelectric sensors convert changes in velocity, pressure, or other factors into an electrical charge. Accelerometers measure proper acceleration by detecting changes in velocity over time.
Electrical safety risks include shock, arc flash, and arc blast. Shock can cause electrocution and death from contact with any live electricity source. An arc flash is created by a short circuit and passes current through ionized air, while an arc blast is the explosive result and causes hazards like heat, shock waves, and metal shrapnel. Transients from switching equipment can trigger an arc flash. Proper personal protective equipment and following guidelines like NFPA 70E can reduce risks when working with electricity. Test equipment must be rated for the voltage category of the circuit and independently certified to safety standards to avoid hazards.
This document discusses different types of sensors and their characteristics. It covers the differences between active and passive instruments, as well as null-type and deflection-type instruments. It also discusses analogue versus digital instruments and some key sensor performance characteristics such as accuracy, precision, threshold, resolution, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis and more. Key factors that influence sensor selection are resolution requirements, cost, accuracy needs, and application environment. Proper sensor selection depends on balancing these factors for each unique measurement scenario.
This document discusses various sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, and a sensor as a transducer that detects a characteristic of its environment. It then provides details on different types of transducers and sensors, including antennas, Hall effect sensors, cathode ray tubes, sensors for ionizing radiation, electric current sensors, and proximity sensors. For each it discusses their definition, operating principle, applications and examples. The document is authored by several students and provides a comprehensive overview of key sensors and transducers.
Introduction to sensors & transducers by Bapi Kumar DasB.k. Das
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or instrument. A transducer is defined as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Sensors convert a physical parameter into an electrical output, while actuators convert an electrical signal into a physical output. Common types of sensors mentioned include temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasonic, pressure, and biosensors. Sensors are used in many applications ranging from industrial machinery to medical devices to consumer electronics.
This document discusses strategies for mitigating arc flash hazards in metalclad switchgear. It covers arc flash standards, prevention techniques, protection methods, and mitigation approaches. Key topics include implementing fast bus tripping, high speed differential relays, maintenance relay settings, arc flash detection, current limiting fuses, and reducing the human interface with remote racking and control. The goal is to reduce incident energy levels and protect personnel through engineering and procedural controls.
A sound sensor is a device that detects sound waves and converts them into an electrical signal. It contains a microphone that picks up sound and processing circuitry that provides both an audio output and a digital indication of the presence of sound as well as an analog representation of its amplitude. Sound sensors work by converting sound waves into electrical signals that can then be read by instruments or used in applications like security systems. They have advantages like being affordable and easy to use for real-time sound manipulation but also disadvantages like requiring more memory and having limited wireless range.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
Sensors are the first element in a measuring system that takes information about a variable being measured and transforms it into a suitable form. Sensors directly measure a physical quantity and transducers convert one form of energy into another. Sensors are essential in robotics for safety monitoring, work cell control, quality inspection, and collecting data. Common sensors used in robotics include position sensors like potentiometers and encoders, proximity sensors, force/torque sensors, and range finders. Temperature can be measured by resistive sensors like thermistors or thermocouples that relate a change in resistance or voltage to a change in temperature.
Vibration monitoring is used to monitor machinery condition by measuring vibration levels. As machinery deteriorates, vibration levels increase, allowing early detection of issues. Vibration is caused by unbalanced rotating parts, misalignment, and other factors. Vibration is measured using transducers, which convert physical vibrations into electrical signals. The best transducer depends on factors like sensitivity, operating range, accuracy, reliability, and cost. Common transducers measure displacement, velocity, or acceleration by using inductance, motion between parts, or force on piezoelectric materials.
Piezoelectric sensors use materials that generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These sensors can measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain or force by converting them into an electric charge. Piezoelectric accelerometers contain a piezoelectric crystal that produces a voltage proportional to the force exerted on it by an attached mass, allowing acceleration to be measured. Acoustic emission sensors detect elastic waves in solids caused by changes in their internal structure, such as crack formation. They are used to monitor the safety of structures and develop new materials by detecting these elastic waves.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. The document discusses several common sensors: infrared (IR) sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and discusses their working principles and applications. It also provides details on using timers and integrated circuits like the 555 timer IC to process sensor output signals.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
This seminar report discusses capacitive sensors. It defines sensors and describes how capacitive sensors work by measuring changes in capacitance between a probe and target. Capacitance is determined by area, gap, and dielectric material between the probe and target. The report outlines key factors that affect sensor performance such as target size, shape, and material. It also discusses strategies for maximizing accuracy, such as ensuring parallelism between the probe and target. Parameters for evaluating sensor quality are described, including sensitivity error, offset error, linearity error, and error band. High-performance capacitive sensors are distinguished from inexpensive proximity sensors.
The document discusses several common sensor types used for vibration measurements, including accelerometers, velocity sensors, proximity probes, and laser displacement sensors. Accelerometers use piezoelectric crystals to generate a charge proportional to acceleration. Velocity sensors induce a voltage in a coil moving through a magnetic field, proportional to velocity. Proximity probes measure displacement using capacitive or eddy current techniques. Laser displacement sensors use triangulation to determine position with high accuracy. Each sensor type has advantages and disadvantages for different vibration measurement applications.
An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration forces. It contains capacitive plates that move relative to each other in response to acceleration, changing capacitance. This capacitance change can be converted to a voltage proportional to acceleration. Accelerometers are used to measure vibration in many fields. They are specified by factors like range, sensitivity, bandwidth, and axes. Common types include capacitive, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. Proper calibration ensures the electrical output accurately represents measured acceleration.
Electrical Engineer Job Duties: Evaluates electrical systems, products, components, and applications by designing and conducting research programs; applying knowledge of electricity and materials. Confirms system's and components' capabilities by designing testing methods; testing properties.
The document discusses different types of instruments used to measure acceleration, vibration, and density. It describes LVDT, piezoelectric, and strain gauge accelerometers. It also discusses vibration sensors, including accelerometers, strain gauges, velocity sensors, and gyroscopes. Finally, it covers various densitometers for measuring liquid and gas density, including displacement, float, and ultrasonic densitometers.
mechanical B presentaion in physics prentatationsarveshmandlik20
This document provides an overview of accelerometers and their use in robotics. It discusses how accelerometers work by converting mechanical energy into electrical signals to measure acceleration. The working principle involves a spring-mounted mass that is displaced by acceleration, causing a change in capacitance or voltage via piezoelectric crystals. Accelerometers have advantages like high sensitivity and frequency response but disadvantages like inability to measure constant velocity. They find various uses including inertial navigation, vibration monitoring, orientation detection in devices, and drone stabilization.
Introduction to Transducers with its advantages , disadvantages and some applications.
In this ppt the criteria for selection of transducers is also disscused brifely .
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
The document discusses thermistors, strip chart recorders, and CRO probes. Thermistors are resistors whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature and they are used for temperature measurement in applications like thermostats and battery monitoring. Strip chart recorders continuously record variables over time using a moving graph paper and stylus. CRO probes connect test circuits to oscilloscopes without disturbing the circuit and come in different types like direct reading, isolation, and detector probes.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
The document provides information about laboratory equipment used for experiments in the EE-111 Linear Circuit Analysis course at CEME, NUST Pakistan. It includes descriptions of common equipment like digital multi-meters, breadboards, power supplies, oscilloscopes, and probes. It also lists the components available in the lab and provides an overview of 8 experiments that will be conducted covering topics like Ohm's Law, network analysis techniques, and network theorems.
This document outlines standards for instruments used to measure vibrations from sources other than earthquakes. It discusses recommended instrumentation including accelerometers, signal conditioners, and signal processors. Accelerometers are preferred for vibration studies due to their versatility, ruggedness, and accuracy. Signal conditioners amplify and filter accelerometer signals, while signal processors analyze vibration data in real-time using computers. The document provides guidelines on installing accelerometers, collecting experimental vibration data, and ensuring instrumentation is calibrated and functioning properly prior to taking measurements.
Power Quality Measurement Devices & MonotoringParth Patel
Power quality measurement devices are used to monitor voltage, current, harmonics, and disturbances on electrical systems. Common devices include harmonic analyzers to measure harmonic distortion, transient analyzers to capture short-duration events, oscilloscopes for high-frequency waveforms, and data loggers for long-term steady-state monitoring. Proper instrument selection depends on factors like the number of measurement channels, voltage and current measurement capabilities, and analysis software.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on sensors for engineering applications. The course is divided into 4 units that cover: sensor fundamentals and applications; position, weight, and force sensors; sound, ultrasound, and infrasound sensors; and biosensors and chemical sensors. Key topics covered include sensor characteristics, selection criteria, acceleration sensors, strain gage sensors, transducer principles, and biosensor technologies. The syllabus lists two required textbooks and two references for the course.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on sensors for engineering applications. The course covers fundamentals of sensors and their characteristics, as well as specific sensor types including acceleration, position, sound, and biosensors. It discusses sensor selection criteria and provides definitions for key sensor specifications such as sensitivity, range, accuracy, and resolution. The syllabus also addresses instrumentation concepts like data acquisition, sensor interfacing, and guidelines for choosing sensor systems.
The document describes the development of a new motionlogger actigraph. It discusses actigraphy technology, uses in sleep and medical research, and key design considerations for motionlogger devices. Specifically, it outlines the importance of low noise, a sensitive accelerometer, precise filtering, avoiding data collection during high current operations, and using a stable power supply to achieve high accuracy compared to polysomnography.
The document describes the features and capabilities of the Hioki PW8001 power analyzer. It can measure up to 8 power channels with the highest accuracy from DC to high frequencies. It accurately captures power fluctuations from high-speed switching converters. It also provides full compatibility with various current sensors and can automatically perform phase correction for accurate measurement of high-frequency, low power factor power.
This document provides an overview of sensors and interfacing techniques. It discusses the basic components and principles of sensors, including the different types (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity), as well as resistor, capacitor and inductor sensor types. It also describes interfacing temperature, humidity, pressure and proximity sensors to microcontrollers, with examples of interfacing the LM35 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor to an 8051 microcontroller using an ADC0809 analog-to-digital converter. Circuit diagrams and assembly language code are included.
Comparative Analysis of Natural Frequency of Transverse Vibration of a Cantil...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of the natural frequency of transverse vibration of a cantilever beam using analytical and experimental methods. Analytical calculations are performed to determine the natural frequencies of the first three modes of vibration of the cantilever beam. Experimental testing is conducted using an impact hammer, accelerometer, and FFT analyzer. The natural frequencies measured experimentally are found to be close to those calculated analytically. The results demonstrate that analytical and experimental methods can both accurately determine the natural frequencies of a cantilever beam's vibration.
Sensors-and-Actuators-working principle and types of sensorsRameshBabu920476
The document provides an overview of a presentation on sensors and actuators for a robotics club. It discusses:
1. The comparison between transducers, sensors, and actuators.
2. Descriptions and classifications of different sensor types including active vs passive sensors.
3. How actuators work and examples like motors.
4. The computer process control system and concepts like analog to digital conversion, sampling, quantization, and encoding.
The document summarizes key aspects of acoustic emission (AE) apparatus and data acquisition. It discusses various types of AE sensors including their design, frequency response, and factors that affect sensitivity. It also covers preamplifiers, cables, data acquisition devices, digital signal processing of AE data, and features used in AE analysis including thresholds, filters, and waveform-based processing.
The document provides information about instrumentation requirements for industrial instrumentation students. It lists key topics students should understand, including ISA symbology, process variables and units, measurement systems, instrument performance characteristics, field instrumentation identification and specifications. It also outlines the contents to be covered, including industrial sensors and measurement techniques, transmitters, control valves, process control techniques and an overview of industry technical skills.
Similar to Selecting The Right Accelerometer by Endevco (20)
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A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
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The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
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This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
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Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
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• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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2. Steps to selecting the right accelerometer
At first look, an accelerometer manufacturer’s catalog or web
site can be intimidating to both the novice and often the more
experienced user. Accelerometers are offered in a variety of
technologies, shapes, sizes, ranges, etc.
This article will provide a trail that the user can follow that will
lead to the optimum accelerometer for the application.
Technology selection narrow bandwidth and outstanding temperature stability.
The first step in the selection process is to determine the These devices are highly desirable for measuring low
type of measurement to be made. The measurement type frequency vibration, motion and steady state acceleration.
will be the first step in the technology selection. There
are three widely used technologies used for acceleration Type of measurement
measurements. In this section, the basic measurement types will be
described and then, later in this article, more detail will
Piezoelectric (PE) accelerometers are the most widely used be provided. For the purposes of this article, acceleration
accelerometers for test and measurement applications. measurements will be divided into the following categories:
These devices offer a very wide measurement frequency
range (a few Hz to 30 kHz) and are available in a wide Vibration: An object is said to vibrate when it executes an
range of sensitivities, weights, sizes and shapes. These oscillatory motion about a position of equilibrium. Vibration
accelerometers should be considered for both shock and is found in the transportation and aerospace environments
vibration measurements. PE accelerometers are available or as simulated by a shaker system.
with a charge or voltage (IEPE) output, discussed later in
this article. Shock: A sudden transient excitation of a structure that
generally excites the structure’s resonances.
Piezoresistive (PR) accelerometers generally have low
sensitivity making them desirable for shock Motion: For the purpose of this article, motion is a slow
measurements. They are also used extensively in moving event such as the movement of a robotic arm or an
transportation crash tests. Because of the low sensitivity, automotive suspension measurement.
they are being used less for vibration measurements. PR
accelerometers generally have a wide bandwidth and the Seismic: This is more of a motion or a low frequency
frequency response goes down to zero Hz (often called vibration. This measurement usually requires a specialized
“DC responding”) or steady state, so they can measure low noise–high resolution accelerometer.
long duration transients.
Once the measurement type is determined, the reader can
Variable capacitance (VC) is among the newer accelerometer go directly to the measurement section (in this article) of
technologies. Like PR accelerometers, they are DC interest, or review the different measurement types.
responding. VC accelerometers have high sensitivities, a
3. General considerations IEPE piezoelectric
Prior to going into the technologies and applications, here In recent years, the IEPE type has become the most
are a few general considerations. commonly used accelerometer type. IEPE sensors are
often sold under different trade marked names, but all
The frequency response is an important parameter when virtually comply with a pseudo industry standard and are
considering any accelerometer. This parameter is usually interchangeable between brand names.
specified within ±5% of the reference frequency (usually
100 Hz). Many devices will have the specifications extended Basically, an IEPE accelerometer is a device with the
to ±1 dB and in some cases ±3 dB. Most data sheets will charge amplifier built-into the accelerometer. They require
have a typical frequency response curve to assist the user. no external charge amplifiers and use ordinary low cost
The frequency range will usually be determined by the test cable. The accelerometer does require a constant current
specifications or as determined by the user. power source and many data acquisition systems have
built-in power sources. If the user knows the vibration
Another consideration is the number of axes to be range and the operating temperature is in the range of
measured. Accelerometers are available in single and -55˚C (-67˚F) to 125˚C (257˚F) then an IEPE device should
triaxial (see Figure 1) versions. Another approach to be considered. Note that high temperature versions are
making a three axis measurement is to mount three available in some models that have a maximum operating
accelerometers on a triaxial mounting block. Both methods temperature of 175˚C (350˚F).
allow for the measurement of three orthogonal axes
simultaneously. Charge mode piezoelectric
Charge mode piezoelectric accelerometer advantages
include high temperature operation and an extremely wide
amplitude range. A typical charge mode accelerometer
will have an operating temperature range of -55˚C to
288˚C (-67˚ to 550˚F). Special purpose accelerometers
are available for extreme environments as low as -269˚C
(-452˚F) to as high as 760˚C (1400˚F). Special radiation
hardened charge mode accelerometers are available for
use in a nuclear environment.
Figure 1 A miniature triaxial accelerometer that incorporates three
accelerometers in a single package for the measurement of three Unlike the IEPE accelerometer, the charge type
orthogonal axes simultaneously.
accelerometer requires the use of special low noise cable.
The low noise cable is expensive compared to the standard
Vibration commercial coaxial cable. A charge amplifier, or an in-line
Piezoelectric accelerometers are the first choice for most charge converter is also required.
vibration measurements since they have a wide frequency
response, good sensitivity and resolution and are easy Variable capacitance
to install. There are two subdivisions of piezoelectric In instances where vibration measurements at very low
accelerometers which include the basic charge-mode frequencies are required, a variable capacitance (VC)
accelerometer and the voltage mode Internal Electronic accelerometer is a choice to consider. VC accelerometers
Piezoelectric (IEPE) types. have a frequency response from 0 Hz to 1 kHz, depending
on the sensitivity required. When making very low
4. frequency measurements, a VC accelerometer with a Automotive crash testing is a rather specialized area of
frequency range from 0 Hz to 15 Hz will provide a high shock testing. Piezoresistive accelerometers are usually
sensitivity of 1 Volt/g. VC accelerometers are useful on used (see Figure 3).
electro hydraulic shakers, flutter measurements and many
transportation applications.
Figure 3 Automotive crash test accelerometer shown in an industry
standard package.
For far field shock measurements, a special shear mode
Figure 2 Variable capacitance accelerometer shown with a popular accelerometer with a built-in electronic filter is often
mounting configuration. Models are available with a 10-32 stud mount.
adequate. These are usually lightweight IEPE types with
solder connections. The electronic filter electronically
Shock attenuates the resonance frequency of the accelerometer
Two technologies are available for shock measurements to prevent overloading of the data acquisition equipment.
and a variety of accelerometers are available depending on
the levels and final data required. It is important to know Near field measurements are usually very high levels often
the expected shock level, since this will determine the type in excess of 20 000 g. Here the choice of accelerometers
of accelerometer to be used. Here is a rough guide to assist is dependent upon the type of test being conducted.
the reader in choosing the proper accelerometer. Specialized accelerometers of either piezoelectric (charge
mode and IEPE) or piezoresistive may be appropriate.
• Low level < 500 g Typically, an IEPE with characteristics similar to the far-
• Crash < 2000 g field accelerometer is appropriate, but with the addition
• Far field 500 g to 1000 g sensor located 2 meters of an internal mechanical filter. The mechanical filter
from the point of impact will ensure the survivability of the accelerometer and will
• Near field > 5000 g with the sensor located < 1 meter generally eliminate “zeroshift”.
from the point of impact
For low-level shock measurements, a general purpose
accelerometer will generally do the job. The accelerometer
will need a linear range of at least 500 g and a shock
survivability rating of 500 g. An IEPE type is usually
preferred since they are less susceptible to producing
erroneous results from cable motion. The user should
use an amplifier with a low-pass filter to attenuate the Figure 4 Example of a near field shock accelerometer with built-in
mechanical filter and rugged ¼-28 mounting stud
accelerometer resonance.
.
5. A detailed discussion of zeroshift is beyond the scope of Environment
this article. In general terms, the zeroshift phenomenon Once the technology has been selected and the test type
appears with the time history not returning to the zero determined, there are a number of other factors to be
acceleration level following the shock event. This shifting considered. As a starting point, the environment is to be
results in distortion of data when performing integration. If considered.
a piezoresistive accelerometer is selected, zeroshift is rare.
The environmental characteristics include temperature,
As is the case with vibration, the frequency response is maximum acceleration levels and humidity.
an important parameter for shock. In general, a shock
accelerometer should have a wide frequency response Below is a table, showing typical values to assist with
range (10 kHz is typical), depending on what is being tested. temperature selection:
Motion, constant acceleration and Technology Temperature range Comments
Piezoelectric - general -55 °C to 260°C The range is extended
low frequency vibration in some cases
This category is where variable capacitance (VC) Piezoelectric- -55 °C to 650°C Special high temperature
high temperature accelerometers
accelerometers should be considered. This technology
Cryogenic piezoelectric -184°C to 177°C
allows for the measurement of low level, low frequency IEPE general types -55 °C to 125°C
vibration with a high output level. They also provide a high IEPE high temperature -55 °C to 175°C
degree of stability over a broad temperature range. Piezoresistive -55 °C to 66°C
When a VC accelerometer is placed in a position where The specified g range is often confusing to the new
the sensitive axis is parallel to the earth’s gravity, an accelerometer user since this parameter appears twice
output equal to 1 g will be produced. This phenomenon in the specifications. The actual usable range, of the
is often referred to as “DC responding”. Because of this accelerometer is found in the dynamic specifications. For
characteristic, VC accelerometers are very useful for example, an IEPE accelerometer might have a “Range” of
measuring centrifugal force or for the measurement of 500 g, and, under the environmental characteristics the
acceleration and deceleration of devices such as elevators. device has a shock limit of 1000 g and a shock limit of 2000
g. In the above example, 500 g is the maximum range of
In the realm of vibration testing, VC accelerometers are linear operation of the accelerometer. The parameters
used in applications where low frequency events are to be specified in the environmental section are indicative of the
studied and preservation of phase data is important. maximum survivable shock and/or sine acceleration levels.
VC accelerometers have found their niche in the area of In the case of charge mode piezoelectric devices, a range
aircraft flutter testing. They are also valuable tools for is not specified under the dynamic characteristics since
measuring vehicular ride quality. it is largely determined by the charge amplifier. The user
should refer to the amplitude linearity specifications, in
The low frequency characteristics make VC accelerometers the dynamic characteristics section of the data sheet. As
ideal for ride quality measurements in automobiles, trucks above, the maximum range specified in the environmental
and railroad equipment. These are low frequency devices characteristics section is a maximum survivability figure.
and a wideband frequency response is not a characteristic
of VC devices. The humidity specification is usually given as “Hermetic”,
“Epoxy seal”, or “Environmental seal”. Most of these seals
6. will withstand high levels of moisture. If the accelerometer Mounting
is being used in the space environment, underwater or There are a number of ways to mount an accelerometer to
very long exposures to excessive humidity, an hermetic the unit under test (UUT). Methods include everything from
seal is recommended. It should be noted that continuous permanent mounting to temporary methods. This article
temperature cycling can make an epoxy seal fail. will discuss the most common mounting methods.
If accelerometers are designed to operate within a nuclear By far the best mounting method is the use of a
radiation environment, the data sheets will so indicate. threaded stud, or screw. Stud/screw mounting provides
the best transmissibility at high frequencies since the
Magnetic susceptibility is seldom specified since it is accelerometer is virtually fused to the mounting surface.
usually not a problem with newer accelerometers. Non- High frequency response can be enhanced by the
magnetic materials are used in modern accelerometers application of light oil between the accelerometer and
thus reducing this problem. UUT. If this method of mounting is desired, accelerometers
should be purchased that are designed for stud and/or
If the accelerometer is going to be mounted on a highly screw mounting.
flexible surface, the base strain specification becomes
important. A flexile surface tends to bend inducing strain on Adhesive mounting is often required, especially on small
the accelerometers base. The resulting strain can appear surfaces and PC boards. A cyanoacrylate is the preferred
as vibration in the accelerometer’s output. mounting adhesive since it can be easily removed if the
proper removal techniques are used. The user has a couple
Accelerometer weight of accelerometer choices for adhesive mounting. Many
When an accelerometer is attached to the test article, the accelerometers are available that are specifically designed
measured acceleration will be altered. These effects can for adhesive mounting and this fact will be noted on the
be reduced to an insignificant amount by being mindful of data sheet. A stud-mount accelerometer may be mounted
the accelerometer’s weight. As a rule-of-thumb, the weight using an adhesive, but a cementing stud should be used
of the accelerometer should be no greater than 10% of the to prevent the adhesive from damaging to the
weight of the test article. accelerometer’s threads.
Ground isolation
Accelerometers are available with ground isolation or
with the ground connected to the accelerometers case.
Accelerometers with ground isolation usually have an
isolated mounting base and, where applicable, an isolated
mounting screw, or in some cases the entire accelerometer
case is ground isolated.
Figure 5 Shown on the left is a popular side connector accelerometer Ground isolation becomes important when the test
that weighs 7.8 grams and is used on heavy test articles. The unit on
articles surface is conductive and at ground potential. A
the right is a miniature accelerometer that weighs 0.5 grams that can
be mounted on lightweight structures and PC boards. difference in ground voltage levels between the electronic
instrumentation and the accelerometer may cause a
ground loop resulting in erroneous data.
7. Sensitivity and resolution Other considerations
An accelerometer is a transduction device that converts The above information will help the potential user to make
mechanical energy into an electrical signal (the output). a preliminary decision as to which accelerometers can
The output is expressed in terms of millivolts per g, or in potentially perform the measurement task. There are
the case of a charge mode accelerometer the output is other parameters that are equally important that should be
expressed in terms of pC per g. Accelerometers are offered discussed with potential suppliers. These important items
in a wide range of sensitivities and the optimum sensitivity may include:
is dependent on the level of the signal to be measured
e.g., in the case of a high g shock test, low sensitivity is • Signal conditioning and powering
desirable. • Transverse sensitivity
• Temperature response
In the case of low level signals, it is desirable to use an • Cable types
accelerometer of high sensitivity in order to provide an
output signal well above the amplifier’s noise level. For It is recommended that once the questions in this
example, suppose the expected vibration level is 0.1 g article have been answered, further discussion with the
and the accelerometer has a sensitivity of 10 mV/g, then manufacturer is recommended.
the voltage level of the signal would 1 mV, thus a higher
sensitivity accelerometer may be desirable.
In the instance where either a low level signal and/or a
wide dynamic range is required, then the accelerometer’s
resolution and sensitivity become important.
Resolution is related to the accelerometers minimum
discernable signal. This parameter is based on the noise
floor of the accelerometer (and in the case of an IEPE type,
the internal electronics) expressed in terms of g rms.
TP 327 0809