The document provides an overview of seizures and epilepsy, defining seizures as abnormal cerebral neuron discharges and distinguishing them from epilepsy, a chronic disorder of recurrent seizures. It categorizes seizures into partial and generalized types and discusses their clinical manifestations, causes, and classifications according to international standards. Additional insights on laboratory tests to identify treatable seizure causes are also included.

1. SEIZUREJireh Jessieca Faith A. Bascuña
•INTRODUCTION
•CLASSIFICATIONS

2. INTRODUCTION
A"seizure"results"from"
sudden,'explosive,'
disorderly)discharge)of)
cerebral'neurons.

3. INTRODUCTION
Characterized+by:""
!sudden,!transient!alteration!
in#brain#function,#involving##
MOTOR,&SENSORY,&
AUTONOMIC)OR)PHYSICAL)
CLINICAL&MANIFESTATION

4. INTRODUCTION
PEDIATRIC)NEUROLOGY)
!high%incidence%
Most% people:first% episode%
starts%before%20%yrs%old.%
After& 20& y.o:& caused& by!
structural( change,trauma,(
tumor,'or'stroke.'

5. INTRODUCTION
POSSIBLE(CAUSES(
Metabolic*derangements,*Infections,*
tumors,( Drug( abuse,( Vascular(
lesions,(Congenital(deformities,(and(
Brain%injury

6. SEIZURE VS EPILEPSY
SEIZURE:"
single' event! of! abnormal! discharge!
that$ results$ in$ an$ abrupt," altered"
state%of%cerebral%function.!
EPILEPSY:""
chronic' disorder! of! recurrent!
discharges* from* neurons.! Present!
when% 2" or" more" unprovoked!
seizures' occur' at' an' interval' greater'
than%24%hours%apart.

7. • measured( by(
the$EEG.$!!
• usually&brief
• periodic( recurrence( of(
seizures' with' or' without'
convulsions)
•
• are$ violent,$ involuntary$
contractions) of) the)
voluntary*muscles.*!
• A" patient" may" have"
epilepsy' or' a' seizure'
d i s o r d e r' w i t h o u t'
convulsions.*
SEIZURE | EPILEPSY | CONVULSION

8. •Clinical'manifestations'
•Site%of%origin%
•EEG#correlates,#or#
•Response'to'therapy
CLASSIFICATIONS
based on:

9. Generalized!
occurring( in( and( rapidly( engaging( bilaterally(
distributed)networks.)
Focal&(Partial)!!
within&networks&limited&to&one&hemisphere&and&either&
discretely*localized*or*more*widely*distributed.*
CLASSIFICATIONSInternational*League*Against*Epilepsy

10. I.#Partial!
a.#Simple#
b.#Complex#
CLASSIFICATIONS
International*Classi&ication+of+Epileptic+Seizures
II.#Generalized!
a.#Absence#
b.#Myoclonic#
c.#Tonic#
d.#Clonic#
e.#Tonic)#Clonic#
f.#Atonic
III.#Unclassi+ied!

11. I. PARTIAL SEIZURES
No#loss#of#consciousness
• Motor
convulsive*jerking,*chewing*motions,!
!and!lip$smacking.$
• Sensory(&(somatosensory paresthesias)and)auras
• Autonomic sweating,*+lushing,*and*pupil*dilation.*
• Behavioral
sometimes' accompanied' by' impaired'
consciousness,) include) déjà) vu)
experiences,* structured* hallucinations,*
and$dysphasia.$
a.#SIMPLE#PARTIAL#SEIZURES:

12. b.#COMPLEX(PARTIAL(SEIZURES
I. PARTIAL SEIZURES
b.#COMPLEX(PARTIAL(SEIZURES
violence
aggressive(behavior
Purposeless)behavior
glassy&stare
speak&unintelligibly!
!with&loss$of$consciousness.

13. B. GENERALIZED SEIZURES
Three%types
affecting)both)cerebral)hemispheres.)
(1) Idiopathic epilepsies
(2) Symptomatic epilepsies
(3) Cryptogenic epilepsies

14. *Incidence:)Some)patients)experience)100)or)more)absences)daily.))
*Onset:(age(3(to(16(years;(in(most(patients,(may(disappear(by(age(40.(
Typical:!blank!stare,!motionlessness,!and!unresponsiveness
Automatisms:"lip"smacking,"mild"clonic"motion"(usually"in"eyelids)
!ABSENCE!(PETIT!MAL)!SEIZURES!
alterations*of*consciousness*(absences)*for*10330*secs.*

15. Myoclonic((bilateral(massive(epileptic(myoclonus)!seizures(!involuntary!jerking!of!the!facial,!
limb,&or&trunk&muscles,&possibly&in&a&rhythmic&manner.&
Myoclonic( (bilateral( massive( epileptic( myoclonus)! seizures(! involuntary!
jerking(of(the(facial,(limb,(or(trunk(muscles,(possibly(in(a(rhythmic(manner.(

16. TONIC&SEIZURE
CLONIC!SEIZURES
!"sustained"tonic"muscle"
extension((stiffening).
!"sustained"muscle"contractions"
alternating) with) relaxation.!
(jerking)

17. TONIC&PHASE
CLONIC&PHASE
POSTICTAL)PHASE
GRAND&MALGRAND&MAL
headache,'confusion,'disorientation,'nausea,'drowsiness,'and'muscle'soreness

18. a"sudden"loss"of"postural"tone"so"the"individual"falls"
to#the#ground.#They#occur#primarily#in#children.
Atonic'seizures!(drop!attacks)

19. TRADITIONAL TERMINOLOGY NEW NOMENCLATURE
Focal; Jacksonian Seizure Partial
Temporal lobe or Psychomotor
seizure
Complex
Petit mal Absence
Grand mal Tonic-clonic
Drop attack Atonic

20. FYI!

21. LABORATORY(TEST:(
After&GTC&seizures:&Serum&prolactin&levels&is&elevated.!!
Importance+of+Lab+test—!to!rule!out!treatable!causes!of!seizures!!
(e.g.,& hypoglycemia,& altered& serum& electrolyte& concentrations,&
infections,*etc.)*that*do*not*represent*epilepsy.**