This document discusses security issues related to data manipulation in relational database management systems (RDBMS). It begins by introducing RDBMS and describing common access control policies like mandatory access control, discretionary access control, and role-based access control. It then discusses how structured query language (SQL) enables data manipulation but is also vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. Specific examples of database breaches at large companies are provided to illustrate security issues related to weak authentication policies, plaintext passwords, and SQL injection vulnerabilities. The document argues that proper user input validation and intrusion prevention systems are needed to protect against unauthorized data access and modification in RDBMS.
Data modeling is the process of exploring data structures and relationships. It involves identifying entity types, attributes, relationships and applying normalization. Conceptual, logical and physical data models are used at different stages of the design process. Database security involves techniques like access control, encryption and firewalls to protect data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Issues like SQL injection occur when user input is not sanitized before passing to the database.
This document discusses database security techniques. It covers legal, policy, and system-related security issues. It also describes threats like loss of integrity, availability, and confidentiality. To address these threats, access control, inference control, flow control, and encryption can be implemented. The document also discusses discretionary and mandatory security mechanisms, and the role of the database administrator in managing security, such as granting privileges and assigning security classifications.
This document discusses database security and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an introduction that defines database security goals of secrecy, integrity, and availability. It then discusses security threats such as misuse of authority, logical inference, aggregation, masquerading, and bypassing controls. The document uses a simple example database to illustrate concepts throughout. It reviews relational database models and conceptual data modeling. It also outlines several database security models and research areas.
The document discusses database security and the mechanisms used to protect databases from intentional and accidental threats. It describes various threats like theft, fraud, and loss of confidentiality, privacy, integrity, or availability. Some countermeasures discussed include authorization, views, backups, encryption, and RAID technology to improve reliability and performance while protecting data.
Databases store logically interrelated data representing real-world aspects. They require security measures to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and availability from threats. Common threats include privilege abuse, injection attacks, and unmanaged sensitive data. Database security uses prevention techniques like access control and detection techniques like auditing. Access control policies include discretionary access control based on authorization rules, mandatory access control, and role-based access control. Views and stored procedures also help implement access control by restricting data access.
The document discusses database security and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines database security and the data security lifecycle. It also outlines various countermeasures for database security including authorization, views, backup and recovery, integrity, encryption, and RAID technology. The overall goals are to understand security issues in database systems and consider how to address threats and protect against risks like theft, fraud, and data loss or exposure.
This document discusses database security. It introduces the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity and availability as key security objectives. It describes various security access points like people, applications, networks and operating systems. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, risks and different security methods to protect databases. The document provides an overview of concepts important for implementing database security.
Data modeling is the process of exploring data structures and relationships. It involves identifying entity types, attributes, relationships and applying normalization. Conceptual, logical and physical data models are used at different stages of the design process. Database security involves techniques like access control, encryption and firewalls to protect data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Issues like SQL injection occur when user input is not sanitized before passing to the database.
This document discusses database security techniques. It covers legal, policy, and system-related security issues. It also describes threats like loss of integrity, availability, and confidentiality. To address these threats, access control, inference control, flow control, and encryption can be implemented. The document also discusses discretionary and mandatory security mechanisms, and the role of the database administrator in managing security, such as granting privileges and assigning security classifications.
This document discusses database security and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an introduction that defines database security goals of secrecy, integrity, and availability. It then discusses security threats such as misuse of authority, logical inference, aggregation, masquerading, and bypassing controls. The document uses a simple example database to illustrate concepts throughout. It reviews relational database models and conceptual data modeling. It also outlines several database security models and research areas.
The document discusses database security and the mechanisms used to protect databases from intentional and accidental threats. It describes various threats like theft, fraud, and loss of confidentiality, privacy, integrity, or availability. Some countermeasures discussed include authorization, views, backups, encryption, and RAID technology to improve reliability and performance while protecting data.
Databases store logically interrelated data representing real-world aspects. They require security measures to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and availability from threats. Common threats include privilege abuse, injection attacks, and unmanaged sensitive data. Database security uses prevention techniques like access control and detection techniques like auditing. Access control policies include discretionary access control based on authorization rules, mandatory access control, and role-based access control. Views and stored procedures also help implement access control by restricting data access.
The document discusses database security and provides an overview of key concepts. It defines database security and the data security lifecycle. It also outlines various countermeasures for database security including authorization, views, backup and recovery, integrity, encryption, and RAID technology. The overall goals are to understand security issues in database systems and consider how to address threats and protect against risks like theft, fraud, and data loss or exposure.
This document discusses database security. It introduces the CIA triangle of confidentiality, integrity and availability as key security objectives. It describes various security access points like people, applications, networks and operating systems. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, risks and different security methods to protect databases. The document provides an overview of concepts important for implementing database security.
Database security and security in networksG Prachi
The document discusses database security and network security, including security requirements for databases like reliability, integrity and access control, threats in networks like firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and issues around sensitive data in databases like inference where sensitive data can be deduced from aggregate queries and statistical databases. It also covers security models for databases including discretionary access control using views, roles and privileges and mandatory access control using security labels.
Database security involves protecting a database from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion. It aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data through various mechanisms like access controls, encryption, firewalls, and authorization levels. These controls regulate how data flows between systems and users, prevent indirect data inferences, and restrict access to only authorized users and operations. The goal is to safeguard sensitive information in databases from both intentional and accidental security threats.
This document proposes using role-based access control (RBAC) to improve database intrusion detection. It discusses how RBAC restricts access to databases based on user roles. Administrators who access sensitive attributes would have their audit logs mined to determine attribute sensitivity. This information could then be used to detect intrusions using fewer rules. The document outlines the RBAC model and relationships between users, jobs, and access. It also describes implementing RBAC in 6 steps and using a formula to represent the RBAC access control process to better secure database attributes and detect intrusions.
Database security is a growing concern as the amount of sensitive data collected and retained in databases
is fast growing and most of these data are being made accessible via the internet. Majority of the companies, organizations and teaching and learning institutions store sensitive data in databases .As most of these data are electronically accessed , It can therefore be assumed that , the integrity of these numerous and sensitive data is prone to different kind of threat such as{Unauthorized access, theft as well access denial}. Therefore, the need for securing databases has also increased The primary objectives of database security are to prevent unauthorized access to data, prevent unauthorized tampering or modification of
data, and to also ensure that, these data remains available whenever needed. In this paper, we developed
a database security framework by combining different security mechanism on a sensitive students information database application designed for Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto (SSCOE) with the aim of minimizing and preventing the data from Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability threats
The Constrained Method of Accessibility and Privacy Preserving Of Relational ...IJERA Editor
Now in organizations or companies maximum information or data available and that data are related to tabular
form means relational database. Sometimes organization wanted to distribute that particular information or data
in within organization or other organization in daily basis. Here the thing is that the organization faces the some
kind of problems of security related because they distributed that information for its purposes and here
sometimes organization wanted that particular information will be modified or upgraded, Now they can used
numbers of methods or technics for encryption and electronic signatures for given a security and protection of
that particular data in during transmission network. In that protection of that protection used various different
mechanisms and strong methods for accessing that specific that particular data or information. It is very well
known that current or today the proper data must take as access control polices. Also some kind of methods for
CIA towards database system must be adopted
CREDENTIAL BASED MEDIATOR ARCHITECTURE FOR ACCESS CONTROL AND DATA INTEGRATIO...IJNSA Journal
In multiple data sources environment where open access is to be provided to the users not known to the system, the credential based access control has emerged as a suitable approach for achieving security on shared data [22,23,28,29,31]. Mediation techniques have been developed for data integration that provide a single unified view of the multiple data sources to the user[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,18]. For enforcing common access policy across the available data sources and enabling controlled access on data at local levels, appropriate multilevel access control policy is also required. In this paper, we propose a credential based mediator architecture to achieve multilevel access control and data integration in open access environment. To realize the multilevel access policy a credential transfer protocol has been proposed to accomplish the transfer of credentials and extracting attribute values associated with them.
Data Stream Controller for Enterprise Cloud ApplicationIJSRD
Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm where computing resources are provided as services over Internet while residing in a large data center. Even though it enables us to dynamically provide servers with the ability to address a wide range of needs, this paradigm brings forth many new challenges for the data security and access control as users outsource their sensitive data to clouds, which are beyond the same trusted domain as data owners. The occupier need not be concerned with how the Paas system achieves expansion under high load.MAC systems differ as security policy is defined for the entire system, typically by administrators. Information flow control (IFC) is a MAC approach, developed originally from military information management methodologies. IFC can be used to enforce more general policies, using appropriate labeling and checking schemes. The labels can be used to manage both confidentiality and integrity concerns, tracking “secrecy†and “quality†of data, respectively. Decentralized Information Flow Control (DIFC) is an approach to security that allows application writers to control how data flow between the pieces of application and the outside world. As applied to privacy DIFC allows un trusted software to compute with private data while trusted security code controls the release of that data. As applied to integrity DIFC allows trusted code to protect un trusted software from unexpected inputs.
This document discusses database security issues and threats. It outlines major vulnerabilities like unpatched software, improper configurations, and default passwords. Two major threats are application vulnerabilities and internal employees exploiting systems. The document recommends mitigation strategies like locking default usernames and passwords, enforcing strong password policies, auditing privileges, and following the principle of least privilege. It also provides examples of SQL injection attacks and recommends error handling and use of bind variables as solutions.
Ingres now Actian Corporation, is the leading open source database management company. We are the world’s second largest open source company and the pioneer of The New
Economics of IT, providing business-critical open source solutions at dramatically reduced cost than proprietary software vendors. As a leader in The New
Economics of IT, Ingres delivers low cost and accelerated innovation to its more than 10,000 customers worldwide.
The document discusses security issues related to digital libraries. It addresses six main concepts in a digital library: 1) content, 2) users, 3) functionality, 4) architecture, 5) quality, and 6) policy. For each concept, it outlines various security considerations. For content, it discusses integrity, access control, and digital rights management. For users, it discusses access control models including role-based access control. It notes security risks like denial of service attacks for functionality and the need to secure communication channels for different architectural models.
Enforcing secure and privacy preserving information brokering in distributed ...JPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
This document proposes a system called Privacy Preserving Information Brokering (PPIB) to enforce secure and privacy-preserving information brokering in distributed information sharing. Existing information brokering systems only adopt server-side access control and do not protect privacy of data location and consumers. PPIB uses brokers and coordinators, with coordinators enforcing access control and routing queries using query brokering automata. It proposes automaton segmentation and query segment encryption to securely distribute routing responsibilities among coordinators while preventing privacy inferences. This is the first work to formally define privacy attacks like attribute-correlation and propose countermeasures without overhead.
Analysis of Various Attributes to Have a Secure DatabaseIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes various attributes that can affect the security and performance of databases. It divides the attributes into four categories: user oriented, DBA oriented, system oriented, and security policies.
2) Within each category, it examines specific attributes such as biometric identification for users, password encryption for DBAs, resources and optimization for system performance, and password management policies for security.
3) It analyzes which attributes are most effective within each category. It concludes that biometric identification, password encryption, adequate resources and optimization, and strong password policies are generally the best attributes for security and performance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Requirement Based Intrusion Detection in Addition to Prevention Via Advanced ...journal ijrtem
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is designed to monitor all inbound and outbound network
activity and identify any suspicious patterns that may indicate a network or system attack from someone
attempting to break into or compromise a system. IDS is considered to be a passive-monitoring system, since the
main function of an IDS product is to warn you of suspicious activity taking place − not prevent them. An IDS
essentially reviews your network traffic and data and will identify probes, attacks, exploits and other
vulnerabilities. IDSs can respond to the suspicious event in one of several ways, which includes displaying an
alert, logging the event or even paging an administrator. In some cases, the IDS may be prompted to reconfigure
the network to reduce the effects of the suspicious intrusion. The proposed protocol called Password Guessing
Resistant Protocol (PGRP), helps in preventing such attacks and provides a pleasant login experience for
legitimate users. PGRP limits the number of login attempts for unknown users. In additional we propose an attack
detector for cloud spoofing that utilizes MAC (Media access Control) and RSS (Received Signal strength) analysis.
Next, we describe how we integrated our attack detector into a real-time indoor localization system, which is also
capable of localizing the positions of the attackers
Privacy preserving and obscure delicate data with collaborative taggingeSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses a system for privacy-preserving collaborative tagging of data. It uses techniques like tag suppression and support vector machines to classify and obscure sensitive data.
2) The proposed architecture enhances tagging services with additional components like tag suppression, support vector machines, and unsupervised duplicate detection. Tag suppression separates normal and sensitive data, with only authorized users accessing sensitive information. Support vector machines classify data based on keywords, while duplicate detection removes replicated data.
3) The system aims to protect user privacy during collaborative tagging by obscuring tags that reveal interests, while still enabling search and retrieval. Classification and duplicate removal organize the data before authorized access.
The document discusses a proposed intrusion detection framework for mobile database systems. It introduces a unique profiling method using carefully selected database objects and data concerning the location of database requests. Experiments implementing the system achieved promising detection rates with low false alarm rates. The document reviews existing literature on intrusion detection systems, location-aware IDS, and IDS at the database level. It identifies gaps in current approaches, including high false positive/negative rates. The proposed framework aims to provide a more robust detection method for insider threats in mobile environments.
International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering (IJCITE)
VOLUME -1, ISSUE -1, MARCH- APRIL, 2014
PAPER ID: 2014/M-A/IJCITE/V1-E1-24
This document discusses 5 different application security models: database role based, application role based, application function based, application role and function based, and application table based. For each model, it describes the key tables used to implement the model, how privileges are assigned, and some characteristics of the model. The models aim to provide data security and access protection at the table level through different approaches to assigning privileges to users.
P. Uthayakumar is seeking a managerial position in sales and marketing, business development, or channel management. He has over 16 years of experience in these areas. He is proficient in developing marketing strategies, managing teams, and implementing CRM solutions to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. He has a background in sales for lubricants, fuels, tires, and batteries in Ghana and India.
La energía sostenible satisface las necesidades actuales sin comprometer los recursos futuros, y todos podemos contribuir a lograr una revolución energética sostenible trabajando juntos.
Database security and security in networksG Prachi
The document discusses database security and network security, including security requirements for databases like reliability, integrity and access control, threats in networks like firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and issues around sensitive data in databases like inference where sensitive data can be deduced from aggregate queries and statistical databases. It also covers security models for databases including discretionary access control using views, roles and privileges and mandatory access control using security labels.
Database security involves protecting a database from unauthorized access, modification, or deletion. It aims to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data through various mechanisms like access controls, encryption, firewalls, and authorization levels. These controls regulate how data flows between systems and users, prevent indirect data inferences, and restrict access to only authorized users and operations. The goal is to safeguard sensitive information in databases from both intentional and accidental security threats.
This document proposes using role-based access control (RBAC) to improve database intrusion detection. It discusses how RBAC restricts access to databases based on user roles. Administrators who access sensitive attributes would have their audit logs mined to determine attribute sensitivity. This information could then be used to detect intrusions using fewer rules. The document outlines the RBAC model and relationships between users, jobs, and access. It also describes implementing RBAC in 6 steps and using a formula to represent the RBAC access control process to better secure database attributes and detect intrusions.
Database security is a growing concern as the amount of sensitive data collected and retained in databases
is fast growing and most of these data are being made accessible via the internet. Majority of the companies, organizations and teaching and learning institutions store sensitive data in databases .As most of these data are electronically accessed , It can therefore be assumed that , the integrity of these numerous and sensitive data is prone to different kind of threat such as{Unauthorized access, theft as well access denial}. Therefore, the need for securing databases has also increased The primary objectives of database security are to prevent unauthorized access to data, prevent unauthorized tampering or modification of
data, and to also ensure that, these data remains available whenever needed. In this paper, we developed
a database security framework by combining different security mechanism on a sensitive students information database application designed for Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto (SSCOE) with the aim of minimizing and preventing the data from Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability threats
The Constrained Method of Accessibility and Privacy Preserving Of Relational ...IJERA Editor
Now in organizations or companies maximum information or data available and that data are related to tabular
form means relational database. Sometimes organization wanted to distribute that particular information or data
in within organization or other organization in daily basis. Here the thing is that the organization faces the some
kind of problems of security related because they distributed that information for its purposes and here
sometimes organization wanted that particular information will be modified or upgraded, Now they can used
numbers of methods or technics for encryption and electronic signatures for given a security and protection of
that particular data in during transmission network. In that protection of that protection used various different
mechanisms and strong methods for accessing that specific that particular data or information. It is very well
known that current or today the proper data must take as access control polices. Also some kind of methods for
CIA towards database system must be adopted
CREDENTIAL BASED MEDIATOR ARCHITECTURE FOR ACCESS CONTROL AND DATA INTEGRATIO...IJNSA Journal
In multiple data sources environment where open access is to be provided to the users not known to the system, the credential based access control has emerged as a suitable approach for achieving security on shared data [22,23,28,29,31]. Mediation techniques have been developed for data integration that provide a single unified view of the multiple data sources to the user[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,18]. For enforcing common access policy across the available data sources and enabling controlled access on data at local levels, appropriate multilevel access control policy is also required. In this paper, we propose a credential based mediator architecture to achieve multilevel access control and data integration in open access environment. To realize the multilevel access policy a credential transfer protocol has been proposed to accomplish the transfer of credentials and extracting attribute values associated with them.
Data Stream Controller for Enterprise Cloud ApplicationIJSRD
Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm where computing resources are provided as services over Internet while residing in a large data center. Even though it enables us to dynamically provide servers with the ability to address a wide range of needs, this paradigm brings forth many new challenges for the data security and access control as users outsource their sensitive data to clouds, which are beyond the same trusted domain as data owners. The occupier need not be concerned with how the Paas system achieves expansion under high load.MAC systems differ as security policy is defined for the entire system, typically by administrators. Information flow control (IFC) is a MAC approach, developed originally from military information management methodologies. IFC can be used to enforce more general policies, using appropriate labeling and checking schemes. The labels can be used to manage both confidentiality and integrity concerns, tracking “secrecy†and “quality†of data, respectively. Decentralized Information Flow Control (DIFC) is an approach to security that allows application writers to control how data flow between the pieces of application and the outside world. As applied to privacy DIFC allows un trusted software to compute with private data while trusted security code controls the release of that data. As applied to integrity DIFC allows trusted code to protect un trusted software from unexpected inputs.
This document discusses database security issues and threats. It outlines major vulnerabilities like unpatched software, improper configurations, and default passwords. Two major threats are application vulnerabilities and internal employees exploiting systems. The document recommends mitigation strategies like locking default usernames and passwords, enforcing strong password policies, auditing privileges, and following the principle of least privilege. It also provides examples of SQL injection attacks and recommends error handling and use of bind variables as solutions.
Ingres now Actian Corporation, is the leading open source database management company. We are the world’s second largest open source company and the pioneer of The New
Economics of IT, providing business-critical open source solutions at dramatically reduced cost than proprietary software vendors. As a leader in The New
Economics of IT, Ingres delivers low cost and accelerated innovation to its more than 10,000 customers worldwide.
The document discusses security issues related to digital libraries. It addresses six main concepts in a digital library: 1) content, 2) users, 3) functionality, 4) architecture, 5) quality, and 6) policy. For each concept, it outlines various security considerations. For content, it discusses integrity, access control, and digital rights management. For users, it discusses access control models including role-based access control. It notes security risks like denial of service attacks for functionality and the need to secure communication channels for different architectural models.
Enforcing secure and privacy preserving information brokering in distributed ...JPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
This document proposes a system called Privacy Preserving Information Brokering (PPIB) to enforce secure and privacy-preserving information brokering in distributed information sharing. Existing information brokering systems only adopt server-side access control and do not protect privacy of data location and consumers. PPIB uses brokers and coordinators, with coordinators enforcing access control and routing queries using query brokering automata. It proposes automaton segmentation and query segment encryption to securely distribute routing responsibilities among coordinators while preventing privacy inferences. This is the first work to formally define privacy attacks like attribute-correlation and propose countermeasures without overhead.
Analysis of Various Attributes to Have a Secure DatabaseIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes various attributes that can affect the security and performance of databases. It divides the attributes into four categories: user oriented, DBA oriented, system oriented, and security policies.
2) Within each category, it examines specific attributes such as biometric identification for users, password encryption for DBAs, resources and optimization for system performance, and password management policies for security.
3) It analyzes which attributes are most effective within each category. It concludes that biometric identification, password encryption, adequate resources and optimization, and strong password policies are generally the best attributes for security and performance.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Requirement Based Intrusion Detection in Addition to Prevention Via Advanced ...journal ijrtem
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is designed to monitor all inbound and outbound network
activity and identify any suspicious patterns that may indicate a network or system attack from someone
attempting to break into or compromise a system. IDS is considered to be a passive-monitoring system, since the
main function of an IDS product is to warn you of suspicious activity taking place − not prevent them. An IDS
essentially reviews your network traffic and data and will identify probes, attacks, exploits and other
vulnerabilities. IDSs can respond to the suspicious event in one of several ways, which includes displaying an
alert, logging the event or even paging an administrator. In some cases, the IDS may be prompted to reconfigure
the network to reduce the effects of the suspicious intrusion. The proposed protocol called Password Guessing
Resistant Protocol (PGRP), helps in preventing such attacks and provides a pleasant login experience for
legitimate users. PGRP limits the number of login attempts for unknown users. In additional we propose an attack
detector for cloud spoofing that utilizes MAC (Media access Control) and RSS (Received Signal strength) analysis.
Next, we describe how we integrated our attack detector into a real-time indoor localization system, which is also
capable of localizing the positions of the attackers
Privacy preserving and obscure delicate data with collaborative taggingeSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses a system for privacy-preserving collaborative tagging of data. It uses techniques like tag suppression and support vector machines to classify and obscure sensitive data.
2) The proposed architecture enhances tagging services with additional components like tag suppression, support vector machines, and unsupervised duplicate detection. Tag suppression separates normal and sensitive data, with only authorized users accessing sensitive information. Support vector machines classify data based on keywords, while duplicate detection removes replicated data.
3) The system aims to protect user privacy during collaborative tagging by obscuring tags that reveal interests, while still enabling search and retrieval. Classification and duplicate removal organize the data before authorized access.
The document discusses a proposed intrusion detection framework for mobile database systems. It introduces a unique profiling method using carefully selected database objects and data concerning the location of database requests. Experiments implementing the system achieved promising detection rates with low false alarm rates. The document reviews existing literature on intrusion detection systems, location-aware IDS, and IDS at the database level. It identifies gaps in current approaches, including high false positive/negative rates. The proposed framework aims to provide a more robust detection method for insider threats in mobile environments.
International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering (IJCITE)
VOLUME -1, ISSUE -1, MARCH- APRIL, 2014
PAPER ID: 2014/M-A/IJCITE/V1-E1-24
This document discusses 5 different application security models: database role based, application role based, application function based, application role and function based, and application table based. For each model, it describes the key tables used to implement the model, how privileges are assigned, and some characteristics of the model. The models aim to provide data security and access protection at the table level through different approaches to assigning privileges to users.
P. Uthayakumar is seeking a managerial position in sales and marketing, business development, or channel management. He has over 16 years of experience in these areas. He is proficient in developing marketing strategies, managing teams, and implementing CRM solutions to improve customer satisfaction and loyalty. He has a background in sales for lubricants, fuels, tires, and batteries in Ghana and India.
La energía sostenible satisface las necesidades actuales sin comprometer los recursos futuros, y todos podemos contribuir a lograr una revolución energética sostenible trabajando juntos.
Lucía y su familia pasaron un día en el campo preparando una comida, jugando con sus primos y disfrutando de la naturaleza. A su regreso a casa, los niños jugaron con las hojas mientras la familia admiraba el atardecer, y al llegar estaban tan cansados que se fueron directamente a dormir.
This document provides information about Burhan Talent Management including their address, directors, visions, missions, job scope, and profiles of the chairman Mr. Burhan and casting project manager Mr. Omar Ali. The company aims to become the most famous talent agency in Malaysia and supply talented extras to the film industry. Mr. Burhan has over 10 years of experience as an extra in drama and films. Mr. Omar Ali supplied over 329 extras for the film Marco Polo and has experience casting for Cicakman 3.
Working with paper mache can be a fun craft project. Paper mache involves coating strips of paper with a glue or paste mixture and shaping it to form three-dimensional objects as it dries. Once dry, paper mache sculptures can be painted in vibrant colors to create unique works of art.
The document discusses the history and goals of the HT-Media company and Limelight Group. It provides background on safari tourism in Africa, noting that safaris were originally long trading journeys but then became focused on hunting. More recently, safaris have become about adventure and wildlife exploration. HT-Media aims to promote African tourism and increase visitor numbers by publishing an annual magazine and setting up marketing crews in Europe and the UK to attract more holidaymakers to Africa. The group hopes to help African tourism businesses succeed by connecting them with customers.
Objetivos de la comunicación. Publicidad 2 ParcialStephanie Pinzón
Los objetivos de comunicación son importantes para guiar las estrategias publicitarias y promocionales de una empresa, medir el éxito de las campañas, y asegurar que todas las partes involucradas estén informadas. Algunas empresas establecen objetivos basados en la comunicación en lugar de las ventas, reconociendo que la publicidad primero debe comunicar información y crear disposiciones favorables antes de que ocurra el comportamiento de compra. Los modelos jerárquicos muestran que los consumidores pasan por etapas cognitiva, afectiva y
La epistemología trata sobre la teoría del conocimiento científico y cuestiona qué es el conocimiento científico, cómo se produce y hasta qué punto es posible conocer un objeto. Analiza conceptos como verdad, objetividad, realidad y justificación. La ciencia, la investigación y la epistemología están relacionadas, donde la investigación produce conocimiento a través de la interacción sujeto-objeto y la epistemología estudia la naturaleza de este conocimiento.
Este documento presenta instrucciones para una práctica en la que los estudiantes clasificarán diferentes movimientos según su trayectoria y medirán la distancia recorrida y el desplazamiento. Los estudiantes trazarán las trayectorias, medirán la distancia y el desplazamiento de varios ejemplos, y responderán preguntas sobre la diferencia entre distancia y desplazamiento.
This document describes a line-following robotic car created by a team of students for a course project. The robotic car uses an Arduino microcontroller along with sensors, motors, and other components to follow a black line on the ground. It uses articulated steering controlled by a servo motor. The team designed and 3D printed a chassis for the components. They implemented proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control using the Arduino to process sensor readings and steer the car along the line. The car successfully navigated intermediate test tracks but struggled with tighter turns on an advanced course due to mechanical limitations of its design.
El documento habla sobre las partes constitutivas de un sistema de abastecimiento de agua. Describe que un sistema de abastecimiento de agua está compuesto por las fuentes de abastecimiento, las plantas de tratamiento, los tanques de almacenamiento y distribución y las redes de tuberías.
These slides have been made by the members of roboVITics club - The Official Robotics Club of VIT. It deals with the basic concepts related to making a Line Follower Robot.
For details, visit http://maxEmbedded.com/
http://robovitics.in/
Kabinet Juanda adalah kabinet yang dibentuk oleh Presiden Soekarno pada masa pemerintahan parlementer untuk menormalisasi situasi politik dengan membentuk kabinet ahli yang dipimpin Djuanda Kartawidjaja sebagai perdana menteri, namun akhirnya kabinet ini dibubarkan setelah Soekarno mengeluarkan dekrit yang mengembalikan berlakunya UUD 1945 dan beralih ke sistem demokrasi terpimpin."
Data is one of the important elements for any organization. As
we know that database is collection of data and programs to
perform operations on that data. So for the successful run for
any organization we have to secure our data. So in this paper
We have to focus on threats related to database as well as
several algorithms related to database security. Databases
have the highest rate of breaches among all business assets,
according to the 2012 Verizon Data Breach Report. Verizon
reported that 96% of records breached are from databases,
and the Open Security Foundation revealed that 242.6 million
records were potentially compromised in 2012.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses challenges to database security and provides solutions. It identifies key database security issues such as exploitation of vulnerabilities, limited security expertise, unmanaged sensitive data, weak audit trails, and privilege abuse. It then proposes several mitigation strategies, including patching vulnerabilities, separating duties, cultivating security expertise, identifying and classifying sensitive data, implementing real-time monitoring and blocking of suspicious activity, and automating data archiving and encryption. The overall goal is to detect security risks and protect valuable sensitive data within databases.
DATABASE SECURITY - ATTACKS AND CONTROL METHODSijistjournal
In today's world, data is generated at a very rapid speed and final destination of such data is database. Data is stored in database for easy and efficient way to manage these data. All the operations of data manipulation and maintenance are done using Database Management System. Considering the importance of data in organization, it is absolutely essential to secure the data present in the database. A secure database is the one which is reciprocated from different possible database attacks. Security models are required to develop for databases. These models are different in many aspects as they are dealing with different issues of the database security. They may different also because of they are taking different assumptions about what constitutes a secure database. So, it becomes very difficult for database security seekers to select appropriate model for securing their database. In this paper, we have discussed some of the attacks that can be possible with its counter measures and its control methods that can be possible. Securing database is important approach for the planning of explicit and directive based database security requirements. Ensuring security for database is very critical issues for the companies. As complexity of database increases, we may tend to have more complex security issues of database.
database-security-access-control-models-a-brief-overview-IJERTV2IS50406.pdfDr Amit Phadikar
This document discusses database security and access control models. It provides an overview of three main access control models: discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role-based access control (RBAC). DAC allows users discretion over their own data and to share access privileges. However, it is vulnerable to Trojan horse attacks where a user's privileges are abused. MAC enforces security based on classification levels and prevents reading or writing outside of clearance levels. RBAC assigns system access based on user roles and duties. The document examines advantages and limitations of each model and how they enforce database security policies.
This document presents a database security framework developed by the authors to secure a student information database. The framework combines various security mechanisms to enforce confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of the data. The framework was tested on exam officers who were either granted or denied access based on correct or incorrect login details, demonstrating the effectiveness of the security measures. The framework models the database system using use case and class diagrams and divides it into three layers - the presentation layer, application logic layer, and data/domain layer. The results indicate the framework successfully authenticates authorized users and restricts unauthorized access in line with the CIA principles.
Database Security—Concepts,Approaches, and ChallengesElisaOllieShoresna
Database Security—Concepts,
Approaches, and Challenges
Elisa Bertino, Fellow, IEEE, and Ravi Sandhu, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—As organizations increase their reliance on, possibly distributed, information systems for daily business, they become more
vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Though a number of techniques, such as
encryption and electronic signatures, are currently available to protect data when transmitted across sites, a truly comprehensive
approach for data protection must also include mechanisms for enforcing access control policies based on data contents, subject
qualifications and characteristics, and other relevant contextual information, such as time. It is well understood today that the
semantics of data must be taken into account in order to specify effective access control policies. Also, techniques for data integrity
and availability specifically tailored to database systems must be adopted. In this respect, over the years the database security
community has developed a number of different techniques and approaches to assure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
However, despite such advances, the database security area faces several new challenges. Factors such as the evolution of security
concerns, the “disintermediation” of access to data, new computing paradigms and applications, such as grid-based computing and on-
demand business, have introduced both new security requirements and new contexts in which to apply and possibly extend current
approaches. In this paper, we first survey the most relevant concepts underlying the notion of database security and summarize the
most well-known techniques. We focus on access control systems, on which a large body of research has been devoted, and describe
the key access control models, namely, the discretionary and mandatory access control models, and the role-based access control
(RBAC) model. We also discuss security for advanced data management systems, and cover topics such as access control for XML.
We then discuss current challenges for database security and some preliminary approaches that address some of these challenges.
Index Terms—Data confindentiality, data privacy, relational and object databases, XML.
�
1 INTRODUCTION
AS organizations increase their adoption of databasesystems as the key data management technology for
day-to-day operations and decision making, the security of
data managed by these systems becomes crucial. Damage
and misuse of data affect not only a single user or
application, but may have disastrous consequences on the
entire organization. The recent rapid proliferation of Web-
based applications and information systems have further
increased the risk exposure of databases and, thus, data
protection is today more crucial than ever. It is also
important to appreciate that data needs to be protected
not only from external threats, but also from insider threats ...
In an organization specifically as virtual as cloud there is need for access control systems to constrain
users direct or backhanded action that could lead to breach of security. In cloud, apart from owner access
to confidential data the third party auditing and accounting is done which could stir up further data leaks.
To control such data leaks and integrity, in past several security policies based on role, identity and user
attributes were proposed and found ineffective since they depend on static policies which do not monitor
data access and its origin. Provenance on the other hand tracks data usage and its origin which proves the
authenticity of data. To employ provenance in a real time system like cloud, the service provider needs to
store metadata on the subject of data alteration which is universally called as the Provenance Information.
This paper presents a provenance-policy based access control model which is designed and integrated with
the system that not only makes data auditable but also incorporates accountability for data alteration
events.
This document discusses techniques for securing databases. It describes database security as protecting databases from threats to their confidentiality, integrity and availability. It identifies various threats such as unauthorized access, malware infections, and physical damage. It then outlines several layers of security controls that can be implemented, including access control, authentication, encryption, backups and application security. It emphasizes that database security requires a multifaceted approach including technical, administrative and physical controls.
The Federal Information Security Management ActMichelle Singh
The document discusses the importance of access controls and audit controls for organizations. It notes that traditionally applications and data were stored on local servers, but with distributed computing and more users, security issues increased. Access control models like mandatory access control and discretionary access control were used to secure data and control access, but role-based access control (RBAC) was proposed as a more flexible model. However, with growing user numbers, security has become a bottleneck. The paper describes access control and the RBAC model, its limitations, and proposes future research to reduce security risks with large user numbers in cloud computing environments.
This document proposes a novel role-based cross-domain access control scheme for cloud storage. It aims to address problems with time constraints and location constraints when accessing data across different cloud domains. The proposed scheme combines domain RBAC, role-based access control, and attribute-based access control. Each user is assigned attributes and roles. Data is encrypted with attribute-based encryption before being uploaded. Domains are separated and manage their own users, roles, and permissions to allow cross-domain access while minimizing time delays in accessing data located in different domains.
Comprehensive Analysis of Contemporary Information Security Challengessidraasif9090
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The document discusses database security and common database attacks. It outlines six types of database attacks: excessive privileges that allow inappropriate access to data; privilege abuse where legitimate access is used for unauthorized purposes; platform vulnerabilities that are exploited to gain access; SQL injection that allows sending unauthorized queries; denial of service techniques that compromise availability; and database protocol vulnerabilities. The document emphasizes implementing proper access controls, monitoring, and encryption of backups to mitigate these attacks.
DYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION OF SENSITIVITY LEVELS OF DATAWAREHOUSE BASED ON USER P...ijdms
A data warehouse stores secret data about the privacy of individuals and important business activities. This makes access to this source a risk of disclosure of sensitive data. Hence the importance of implementing security measures which guarantee the data confidentiality by establishing an access control policy. In this direction, several propositions were made, but none are considered as a standard for access management to data warehouses. I n this article, we will present our approach that allows first to exploit the permissions defined in the data sources in order to help the administrator to define access permissions to the data
warehouse, and then our system will automatically generate the sensitivity level of each data warehouse
element according to the permissions granted to an object in the data warehouse.
Database security involves protecting data from unauthorized access, alteration, or deletion. It ensures only authorized users can view, change, or delete data according to their access privileges. Key aspects of database security include access controls, encryption, auditing, and monitoring for compliance with security standards to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data.
Database security involves protecting a database from both intentional and accidental threats. There are three main aspects of database security: secrecy, ensuring only authorized users can access data; integrity, ensuring data is not altered improperly; and availability, ensuring authorized users can access data when needed. One major threat is input injection attacks, such as SQL injection, where malicious SQL commands are injected into database queries, compromising security. Countermeasures include authorization, authentication, backups, encryption, and RAID technology to protect data and ensure continuous access.
Application Of A New Database Management SystemPamela Wright
The document discusses selecting a new database management system. It recommends determining if the vendor offers auditing, reporting and data management tools, and ensuring the software provides application level security and interfaces with corporate access granting procedures. Authentication should use secure protocols like SSL, and data encryption is also important. Application security gateways can understand applications, track user access, and perform deep packet inspection to determine access attempts. Organizational policies should be documented and reports automatically generated covering topics like compliance, risk assessment and investigating exceptions. All database requests should be logged and a full audit trail extractable, containing information like who accessed what data and from where.
This document discusses database security. It covers access protection through user accounts and audits. It also describes different access control methods like discretionary access control, mandatory access control and role-based access control. Discretionary access control allows owners to grant and revoke access to objects. Mandatory access control assigns security levels and clearances to subjects and objects. The document also briefly mentions encryption and inference control for database protection.
This document discusses relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines RDBMS and describes their key characteristics, including that each relation must have a unique name, attributes cannot be duplicated, and tuples cannot be duplicated. Codd's 12 rules for RDBMS are presented, which a database must follow to be considered relational. Database security concepts like confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) are covered. Common security threats from people, malicious code and disasters are discussed. Requirements for database protection like authentication, authorization and data integrity are also outlined.
Similar to Security Issues Surrounding Data Manipulation in a Relational Database (20)
Security Issues Surrounding Data Manipulation in a Relational Database
1. 1
Security Issues Surrounding Data
Manipulation in a Relational Database
David Murphy
5th
November 2015
Abstract - It is no secret that we are quite dependent on big
data. Over two-thirds of organisations owe their success to
technology, and information ease of access. It still remains
that database security is an important issue considering the
alarming number of incidents involving unauthorised data
exposure, especially with the volume of sensitive data that
is becoming increasingly available. With that being said, it
is becoming hard to feel safe with the confidentiality of
database managements system handling heterogeneous
data. Numerous security mechanisms have been
implemented to protect against unwarranted data
exposure and modification. Even so, there have still been
cases of data exposure. This paper will investigate the
security issues involved in database management systems.
Keywords - RDBMS, access control policies, data
exposure, SQL. Database management system,
manipulation, access control policies, privileges, security
threats, authorization, injection, vulnerabilities.
1. INTRODUCTION
With the conspicuous exponential growth of
heterogeneous data and the significant role it plays in
the technological world we live in, it’s easy to notice
the value of database management systems. There have
been several real-world cases of database breaching, in
particular with some of the biggest multi-national
companies and conglomerates. It is because of this
very reason that the security of information (data) will
always be under some degree of risk. Unauthorised
persons will seek out an opportunity to expose and alter
database content for numerous reasons, many of which
are illegal. In 2011 alone, 5 worldwide organisations
databases were compromised including
RSA security, ESTsoft and Sony’s Playstation Network
(PSN) where millions of records had been exposed and
sold that included sensitive information like credit card
details. Naturally, this has caused a sense of discomfort
as people begin to believe that their data is not secure.
The remainder of this paper is as follows: Section 2
will introduce the relational database management
system and the access control policies that have
established as a medium of security for the database.
Sections 3 and 4 will discuss the issues involving data
manipulation in relational databases.
2. RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYTEMS
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is
a tool that allows a user to create, modify, and
administer a relational database that contains ever-
growing volumes of information. A secure database
will comprise of three principal requirements,
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA): -
Confidentiality refers to the level of data exposure i.e.
only those with appropriate authorisation can access the
data. Those who do not have authorisation do not have
access to the data. Integrity refers to the trustworthiness
of information i.e. assurance that the information was
not modified by an unauthorised source. Availability
refers to the availability of data i.e. the prevention of
attack techniques that make data inaccessible such as
Denial Of Service (DoS) attacks [1].
Access control policies were implemented to enforce the
security of database information. When a subject (user)
2. 2
attempts to access information of a DBMS, the access
control mechanism compares the subject’s access
privileges to a predetermined set of authorisation rules
in terms of data confidentiality. These “rules” detail a
list of access policies surrounding the object (database).
For example, which roles have sufficient authorisation.
There are three main access control policies that are
implemented on relational databases.
2.1 Mandatory Access Control
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is a built-in
mechanism that constrains a user’s ability to access
or modify data, and cannot be revised by system users.
It requires all subject’s to abide by rules that were
established by the Database Administrator (DBA). It is
enforced by comparing attributes of a subject (user) and
an object (information) to control access to the object. It
restricts access to objects based on the sensitivity of the
information[2].
The enforcement of two principles :- No Read-Up + No
Write down, protects sensitive information from being
accessed or altered by subjects with deficient privileges.
The Department of Defence (DoD) have adapted the
mandatory access control mechanism[3].
2.2 Discretionary Access Control
The Discretionary Access Control (DAC) policy
includes mechanisms for granting (and revoking) access
permissions to subjects (users) based on the subjects
identity and authorizations. These authorizations or
guidelines specify access modes, for each subject and
each object in the system [2]. Once this mechanism
implemented, the ability to grant/revoke subject
privileges lies with the DBA. This policy is called
“Authorisation Administration”. There are two types of
such administration: - Centralized administration,
whereby some privileged subjects can grant or revoke
authorizations, and Ownership administration, where
only the database creator can grant or revoke subjects
some or all privileges on objects to users.
2.2.1 System R Authorisation Model
One model that adapted the discretionary access control
policy is the System R authorisation model. Here,
objects are tables of n rows and n columns of formatted
information. The access modes that subjects can
exercise on tables correspond to operations that can be
executed on tables in a process called data manipulation
[4].
2.3 Role-Based Access Control
The Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policy was
established to directly represent access control
mechanisms for organisations. RBAC policies govern a
user’s “role” in an organisation, whereby a role
encapsulates access privileges detailing a set of
authorised functions available to the user. If the user
belongs to a role that does not have sufficient access
privileges, then they are denied access. If the user
wishes to gain access to the information, they have to be
granted privileges by a user that has the ability to
perform the operation, such as the database
administrator. Of course, the DBA can also revoke
privileges from users.
2.3.1 NIST Reference Model
The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) RBAC reference model takes the access decision
for an individual user based on the roles the user has in
the organisation. The access rights are grouped by role
name, and the access to a resource is granted or revoked
according to the users authorisation status [2]. The
NIST reference model is illustrated in Figure 1 below
3. 3
Fig. 1: The NIST RBAC reference model
3. DATA MANIPULATION IN A RDBMS
Data manipulation is the process of modifying data
stored in a database i.e. creating new data or modifying
pre-existing data. Data manipulation language (DML)
exists in relational database management systems in the
form of Structured Query Language (SQL). As
mentioned in the discretionary access control
policy, SQL gives the user privileges to perform
operations on database content. They can access the
data for reading operations and writing operations,
depending on what privileges they are granted. The
primary threat to SQL as a data manipulation language
is SQL injection, where an unauthorised user executes
illicit queries on a database to gain information needed
to access the database content. However, SQL injection
is not the only threat regarding data manipulation.
There is forms of privilege abuse issues, as well as
authentication validation vulnerabilities, that I will
discuss in the next section.
4. SECURITY ISSUES SURROUNDING DATA
MANIPULATION IN A RELATIONAL DBMS
The main issues surrounding security in a relational
database system are its vulnerabilities to attack. Taking
into account the occurrences of database breaches in the
last 5 years alone, there has evident flaws being
exploited in database security.
TalkTalk, one of the biggest telecommunications
companies in the UK, had it’s database content exposed
by an unauthorised hacker group. The hacker’s had
gained access unlawfully to millions of customer
records including sensitive information e.g. credit card
details. It is believed that the company’s database had a
weak authentication policy, as changed passwords were
stored in plaintext rather than encrypted with a “salt".
The unauthorised users invoked SQL injection to access
the data [5].
4.1 SQL Injection
One of the biggest security issues is an attack called
SQL injection (SQLIA). Here, a perpetrator typically
“injects” unauthorised database statements into a
vulnerable SQL data channel. Typically targeted data
channels include stored procedures and Web application
input parameters. These injected statements are then
passed to the database where they are executed [6]. This
form of attack attempts to enable the unauthorised user
to access the database information. There are five
methods of SQIA that are available to an attacker.
Damaging with additional injected query is a simple
injection attack method. This involves interaction with
the authentication service on the database’s web
application. By submitting illegal SQL statements, an
attacker gathers sufficient information about the
database management system to gain access to the
information. This is called database fingerprinting. In
order to avoid this type of incident, web applications
should enforce user input validation to eliminate the
injection of harmful SQL queries [7]. Another type of
attack is injection with the UNION SQL query. Here,
the attacker gets data from a table, which is different
from one that was intended by developer. There are
other techniques available to protect against SQLIA.
The introduction of an Intrusion Prevention System
(IPS) could discover vulnerable stored procedures, or
the injection of unlawful SQL queries. Working with
query-level access control violation can help identify an
attack [6].
4. 4
4.2 Privilege Abuse
Another issue with security in relation database
management systems is privilege abuse. When users
(subjects) have sufficient access privileges to manipulate
a database outside of their job requirements, these
privileges can be exploited for improper use. This issue
is evident more so in relational DBMS that incorporates
a discretionary access control policy or a role-based
access control policy. Take, for example, an
organisation where a low-level employee has been
granted the same database access privileges as a
manager. This employee has the ability to harmfully
manipulate the information where they should not. This
is an example of legitimate privilege abuse. In order to
avoid the occurrence of this issue, an acceptable
standard of privilege delegation should be implemented.
Only those with appropriate permissions can assign
users to roles, where privileges are granted/revoked
depending on the nature of the role. There should also
be an access control policy that applies to all contextual
information about database access by enforcing policy
for user applications, time of day, etc. [6].
4.3 Denial Of Service
Of course there is also the potential occurrence of a
Denial of Service (DoS) attack where the attackers will
make all database information inaccessible for
authorised users. DoS is the process of “flooding” a
database system with a volume of requests that the
server cannot handle, causing the database server to
crash. Methods of avoiding DoS attacks involve
dynamic profiling and connection controls, which can be
used to identify illegal SQL queries. Any query that
does not match previously established user or
application patterns are immediately identified and
rejected [6].
4.4 Weak Authentication
According to Basharat, Azam, and Muzaffar, A weak
authentication strategy renders the databases more
vulnerable to attackers. The identity of database users
are stolen or the login credentials are obtained through
some source which then helps in modification of data or
obtaining sensitive information and if authentication is
not properly implemented and is weak, it helps the
attacker to steal data[8]. The most effective way to
combat this potential threat is to sanitise user input on
web applications. By doing so, any attacker that
attempts to insert illicit SQL statements into the web
application will be detected and rejected.
5. CONCLUSION
It is conspicuous that the need for database security
increases proportional to the exponential growth of big
data in the technological world we inherit today. From
2013 to 2020, the digital universe will grow by a factor
of 10 – from 4.4 trillion gigabytes to 44 trillion. It more
than doubles every two years[9]. In this paper, I have
identified and discussed the issues involved with data
manipulating operations performed on relational
database management systems that enforce different
access control policies as a means of database
confidentiality, integrity, and availability. I have also
outlined the various techniques available to avoid the
occurrence of these potential issues.
6. REFLECTION
Having completed this research paper, I have learned a
substancial amount about database security and the
implementation of different access policies that constitute a
protected database mangement system. I have also learned
about the various threats to database security, and techniques
available to defend against such threats. Taking into
consideration the different real-world examples of database
secuirty breaches I have mentioned in this paper, my point has
been further expressed. Of course I would not have been able
to complete this paper to an acceptable standard without the
aim of good resources that I have cited throughtout.
5. 5
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