The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers what requirements are, different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements and software specifications. It also discusses functional and non-functional requirements, problems with natural language requirements specifications, and guidelines for writing requirements. The intended readers of different types of requirements are also outlined.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
This document discusses different types of software requirements. It outlines functional requirements that specify system behaviors and non-functional requirements that specify qualities like usability, reliability, and performance. Domain requirements capture characteristics specific to the application area. Inverse requirements specify what a system should not do. Design and implementation constraints provide guidelines for system development. Metrics are important for quantifying non-functional requirements so they can be objectively tested. Requirements should be explored from different perspectives and categorized to best inform system design and development.
This document discusses different views of requirements and problems that can occur with requirements. It covers user/customer requirements, which should be understandable by non-technical users, versus system contract requirements, which provide more technical details for designers and developers. Problems discussed include requirements not reflecting real user needs, inconsistencies, misunderstandings between stakeholders, and issues with using natural language which can lack clarity or allow the same concept to be expressed differently.
The document discusses non-functional requirements (NFRs), including what they are, when they can be used, how acceptance criteria support NFRs, and NFR elicitation. It provides examples of functional vs. non-functional requirements for a fictional "Batmobile" project. It also discusses how Twitter failed to adequately plan for scalability, a common non-functional requirement. Finally, it shares examples of common NFRs like usability, reliability, performance, and maintainability.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a software requirements specification (SRS) document. It notes that the SRS serves as a contract between developers and customers, detailing functional and non-functional requirements without specifying solutions. An effective SRS is unambiguous, complete, verifiable, consistent, modifiable, traceable and usable for subsequent development and maintenance phases. The document provides examples of both good and bad SRS qualities.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
This document discusses different types of software requirements. It outlines functional requirements that specify system behaviors and non-functional requirements that specify qualities like usability, reliability, and performance. Domain requirements capture characteristics specific to the application area. Inverse requirements specify what a system should not do. Design and implementation constraints provide guidelines for system development. Metrics are important for quantifying non-functional requirements so they can be objectively tested. Requirements should be explored from different perspectives and categorized to best inform system design and development.
This document discusses different views of requirements and problems that can occur with requirements. It covers user/customer requirements, which should be understandable by non-technical users, versus system contract requirements, which provide more technical details for designers and developers. Problems discussed include requirements not reflecting real user needs, inconsistencies, misunderstandings between stakeholders, and issues with using natural language which can lack clarity or allow the same concept to be expressed differently.
The document discusses non-functional requirements (NFRs), including what they are, when they can be used, how acceptance criteria support NFRs, and NFR elicitation. It provides examples of functional vs. non-functional requirements for a fictional "Batmobile" project. It also discusses how Twitter failed to adequately plan for scalability, a common non-functional requirement. Finally, it shares examples of common NFRs like usability, reliability, performance, and maintainability.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a software requirements specification (SRS) document. It notes that the SRS serves as a contract between developers and customers, detailing functional and non-functional requirements without specifying solutions. An effective SRS is unambiguous, complete, verifiable, consistent, modifiable, traceable and usable for subsequent development and maintenance phases. The document provides examples of both good and bad SRS qualities.
Presentation on component based software engineering(cbse)Chandan Thakur
The document presents an overview of component based software engineering. It discusses what a component is, the fundamental principles of CBSE, the CBSE development lifecycle, and metrics used in CBSE. Benefits include reduced complexity and development time while difficulties include quality of components and satisfying requirements. CBSE uses pre-built components while traditional SE builds from scratch. Current component technologies discussed are CORBA, COM, EJB, and IDL. Applications of CBSE are in many domains.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including:
- User requirements written from the user's perspective
- System requirements that expand on user requirements for system design
- Software design specification requirements that provide an implementation-oriented description for developers
- Functional requirements that describe system services/functions, and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that define overall system qualities
Some examples of NFRs discussed are performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, scalability, and security. The document also describes problems with natural language requirements and different classifications of NFRs.
This document discusses different types of software requirements including functional requirements, non-functional requirements, product requirements, organizational requirements, and external requirements. Functional requirements describe what the system does, non-functional requirements relate to system properties like performance and reliability, and examples are provided for each type of requirement. It is noted that non-functional requirements can be difficult to define and measure but provide important guidance for system design and development.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
The document discusses the software requirements process and what constitutes a software requirement. It addresses that a software requirement can exist at the business, user, or functional level and includes conditions or capabilities needed by stakeholders. Requirements must be well-formed to be unambiguous and validateable. They should be documented to ensure common understanding as a project progresses.
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF SE AND REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING.pptPedadaSaikumar
This document discusses requirement engineering fundamentals including requirement elicitation, analysis, and system models. It defines what requirements are, describes different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It also discusses requirements engineering processes like requirements elicitation and analysis, specification, validation, and the use of system models. Key activities in requirements engineering include establishing customer needs, specifying services and constraints, and generating requirements descriptions.
This document discusses different approaches to integrating commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software components. It describes three main types of COTS integration: turnkey systems built around commercial suites; intermediate systems built around one main COTS component and other additions; and intensive systems integrating several important COTS components. The document then outlines the main steps in the COTS integration process: qualification of products; adaptation of products to requirements; assembly of adapted components; and ongoing upgrades. It provides details on estimating the effort required for COTS integration using different methodologies like function points and the SEER cost estimation model.
This chapter discusses requirements engineering processes. It defines a process as an organized set of activities that transforms inputs to outputs. Requirements engineering is presented as a design process involving creativity and interactions between people. The key activities in most requirements engineering processes are requirements elicitation, analysis and negotiation, and validation. Process models can describe requirements engineering processes at different levels of granularity. Human factors are important influences as requirements processes involve stakeholders from varying backgrounds. Process improvement is achieved through incremental introduction of good practices and maturity models can assess organizational process capabilities.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of software design. It defines design as the process of applying techniques and principles to define a system in sufficient detail to allow its implementation. The goal of design is to translate requirements specified in an SRS document into a design document. Design involves data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It serves as the foundation for software engineering and maintenance. The document outlines general design tasks, objectives, goals, constraints, and criteria for a good design, emphasizing that design fosters quality and allows accurate translation of requirements into a software product.
The document discusses software requirements engineering and defines functional requirements. It states that functional requirements describe what a system should do, including how it will react to inputs and behave in different situations. Functional requirements capture the functionality and sequencing of a system. They are important as customers and developers focus on functional requirements. Examples of functional requirements are provided such as solving equations, searching a database, and providing document viewers.
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
The presentation discusses software requirements and specifications. It defines user requirements as more abstract statements of what services the system should provide, while system requirements provide more detailed descriptions of the system's functions and constraints. Functional requirements describe what the system will do, including inputs, outputs, and business rules. Non-functional requirements describe emergent system properties like performance, availability, and security. Finally, a software requirements document formally specifies both the user and system requirements and serves as an agreement between developers and customers.
The document discusses the key aspects of requirement specification (SRS) documents including:
1) The purpose of the SRS is to communicate requirements to stakeholders and serve as a foundation for design and later phases.
2) Requirements should be written clearly for diverse audiences and at different levels of abstraction.
3) The SRS should specify functional requirements, quality attributes, and follow a template for activities like identifying sources of requirements.
4) Benefits of the SRS include careful consideration of requirements, enhanced communication, and basis for validation and project planning.
This document outlines a software requirement specification (SRS) for a software system. It defines what an SRS is, including that it provides a complete description of the system's behavior and documents interactions between users and the software. The document also describes the key components of an SRS, including functionality, objectives, requirements, and constraints. It explains that an SRS is important as the official contract between developers and users, and serves as the basis for further system development. Finally, it provides an outline for the structure and contents of a full SRS document.
This document outlines the requirements for an eCommerce product to be developed by IBEE Solutions. It includes sections for an introduction, overall description of the product, external interface requirements, functional requirements for both the front-end storefront and back-end administrative tools, non-functional requirements regarding usability, performance, and compatibility. The functional requirements section lists over 40 specific requirements for features like registration, login, product catalog, search, shopping cart, and administrative functions such as managing products, categories, orders, and reports. The document provides a detailed outline of system requirements to guide development of the eCommerce platform.
The document discusses software engineering requirements analysis and specification. It covers topics like software requirements types (functional and non-functional), requirement engineering process, feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis. The requirement engineering process involves activities like requirements discovery, analysis, specification, validation and management. It also discusses preparing a software requirements document that defines system specifications.
The document discusses key aspects of requirements engineering including types of requirements, the requirements engineering process, and techniques used in requirements elicitation and analysis. It describes user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements. The requirements engineering process involves activities like feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification, validation, and management. Requirements elicitation and analysis techniques include requirements discovery, classification, prioritization, documentation, and dealing with issues that can arise.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
Kelis King offer involve conducting system testing to ensure correct operation, and integration testing to ensure the system integrates correctly with other required systems, such as databases.
Lecture-5-Requirements Analysis and Specification.pptxYaseenNazir3
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification. It covers:
- The requirements engineering process of establishing customer requirements for a system.
- Types of requirements including user, system, and software specifications.
- Functional requirements that define system services and non-functional requirements that constrain the system.
- Challenges with imprecise, incomplete, inconsistent requirements and translating between user and technical requirements.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
This document discusses software requirements and how to document them. It covers the concepts of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements versus system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Different ways of specifying requirements are described, including natural language, structured language, tables, and graphical models. The document also discusses issues like ambiguity, completeness, and consistency in requirements.
Presentation on component based software engineering(cbse)Chandan Thakur
The document presents an overview of component based software engineering. It discusses what a component is, the fundamental principles of CBSE, the CBSE development lifecycle, and metrics used in CBSE. Benefits include reduced complexity and development time while difficulties include quality of components and satisfying requirements. CBSE uses pre-built components while traditional SE builds from scratch. Current component technologies discussed are CORBA, COM, EJB, and IDL. Applications of CBSE are in many domains.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including:
- User requirements written from the user's perspective
- System requirements that expand on user requirements for system design
- Software design specification requirements that provide an implementation-oriented description for developers
- Functional requirements that describe system services/functions, and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that define overall system qualities
Some examples of NFRs discussed are performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, scalability, and security. The document also describes problems with natural language requirements and different classifications of NFRs.
This document discusses different types of software requirements including functional requirements, non-functional requirements, product requirements, organizational requirements, and external requirements. Functional requirements describe what the system does, non-functional requirements relate to system properties like performance and reliability, and examples are provided for each type of requirement. It is noted that non-functional requirements can be difficult to define and measure but provide important guidance for system design and development.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
The document discusses the software requirements process and what constitutes a software requirement. It addresses that a software requirement can exist at the business, user, or functional level and includes conditions or capabilities needed by stakeholders. Requirements must be well-formed to be unambiguous and validateable. They should be documented to ensure common understanding as a project progresses.
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF SE AND REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING.pptPedadaSaikumar
This document discusses requirement engineering fundamentals including requirement elicitation, analysis, and system models. It defines what requirements are, describes different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It also discusses requirements engineering processes like requirements elicitation and analysis, specification, validation, and the use of system models. Key activities in requirements engineering include establishing customer needs, specifying services and constraints, and generating requirements descriptions.
This document discusses different approaches to integrating commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software components. It describes three main types of COTS integration: turnkey systems built around commercial suites; intermediate systems built around one main COTS component and other additions; and intensive systems integrating several important COTS components. The document then outlines the main steps in the COTS integration process: qualification of products; adaptation of products to requirements; assembly of adapted components; and ongoing upgrades. It provides details on estimating the effort required for COTS integration using different methodologies like function points and the SEER cost estimation model.
This chapter discusses requirements engineering processes. It defines a process as an organized set of activities that transforms inputs to outputs. Requirements engineering is presented as a design process involving creativity and interactions between people. The key activities in most requirements engineering processes are requirements elicitation, analysis and negotiation, and validation. Process models can describe requirements engineering processes at different levels of granularity. Human factors are important influences as requirements processes involve stakeholders from varying backgrounds. Process improvement is achieved through incremental introduction of good practices and maturity models can assess organizational process capabilities.
This document discusses key concepts and principles of software design. It defines design as the process of applying techniques and principles to define a system in sufficient detail to allow its implementation. The goal of design is to translate requirements specified in an SRS document into a design document. Design involves data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It serves as the foundation for software engineering and maintenance. The document outlines general design tasks, objectives, goals, constraints, and criteria for a good design, emphasizing that design fosters quality and allows accurate translation of requirements into a software product.
The document discusses software requirements engineering and defines functional requirements. It states that functional requirements describe what a system should do, including how it will react to inputs and behave in different situations. Functional requirements capture the functionality and sequencing of a system. They are important as customers and developers focus on functional requirements. Examples of functional requirements are provided such as solving equations, searching a database, and providing document viewers.
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
The presentation discusses software requirements and specifications. It defines user requirements as more abstract statements of what services the system should provide, while system requirements provide more detailed descriptions of the system's functions and constraints. Functional requirements describe what the system will do, including inputs, outputs, and business rules. Non-functional requirements describe emergent system properties like performance, availability, and security. Finally, a software requirements document formally specifies both the user and system requirements and serves as an agreement between developers and customers.
The document discusses the key aspects of requirement specification (SRS) documents including:
1) The purpose of the SRS is to communicate requirements to stakeholders and serve as a foundation for design and later phases.
2) Requirements should be written clearly for diverse audiences and at different levels of abstraction.
3) The SRS should specify functional requirements, quality attributes, and follow a template for activities like identifying sources of requirements.
4) Benefits of the SRS include careful consideration of requirements, enhanced communication, and basis for validation and project planning.
This document outlines a software requirement specification (SRS) for a software system. It defines what an SRS is, including that it provides a complete description of the system's behavior and documents interactions between users and the software. The document also describes the key components of an SRS, including functionality, objectives, requirements, and constraints. It explains that an SRS is important as the official contract between developers and users, and serves as the basis for further system development. Finally, it provides an outline for the structure and contents of a full SRS document.
This document outlines the requirements for an eCommerce product to be developed by IBEE Solutions. It includes sections for an introduction, overall description of the product, external interface requirements, functional requirements for both the front-end storefront and back-end administrative tools, non-functional requirements regarding usability, performance, and compatibility. The functional requirements section lists over 40 specific requirements for features like registration, login, product catalog, search, shopping cart, and administrative functions such as managing products, categories, orders, and reports. The document provides a detailed outline of system requirements to guide development of the eCommerce platform.
The document discusses software engineering requirements analysis and specification. It covers topics like software requirements types (functional and non-functional), requirement engineering process, feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis. The requirement engineering process involves activities like requirements discovery, analysis, specification, validation and management. It also discusses preparing a software requirements document that defines system specifications.
The document discusses key aspects of requirements engineering including types of requirements, the requirements engineering process, and techniques used in requirements elicitation and analysis. It describes user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements. The requirements engineering process involves activities like feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification, validation, and management. Requirements elicitation and analysis techniques include requirements discovery, classification, prioritization, documentation, and dealing with issues that can arise.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
Kelis King offer involve conducting system testing to ensure correct operation, and integration testing to ensure the system integrates correctly with other required systems, such as databases.
Lecture-5-Requirements Analysis and Specification.pptxYaseenNazir3
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification. It covers:
- The requirements engineering process of establishing customer requirements for a system.
- Types of requirements including user, system, and software specifications.
- Functional requirements that define system services and non-functional requirements that constrain the system.
- Challenges with imprecise, incomplete, inconsistent requirements and translating between user and technical requirements.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
This document discusses software requirements and how to document them. It covers the concepts of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements versus system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Different ways of specifying requirements are described, including natural language, structured language, tables, and graphical models. The document also discusses issues like ambiguity, completeness, and consistency in requirements.
The document discusses software requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and the software requirements document. It describes the requirement engineering process, types of requirements, and issues with requirements. It also provides details on how to specify and document requirements.
The document discusses requirements engineering and provides examples of different types of requirements. It defines requirements engineering as the process of establishing customer requirements and constraints for a system. There are two main types of requirements - functional requirements which describe system services, and non-functional requirements which define constraints like timing or development process standards. Non-functional requirements can impact system architecture. Requirements need to be precise, complete, and consistent to avoid ambiguity and conflicts during development. The operational domain of a system also imposes domain requirements that must be satisfied.
The document discusses software requirement specification and the requirement engineering process. It describes how requirements are elicited from stakeholders, analyzed for consistency and completeness, and specified in a requirements document. The key activities in requirements engineering include requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management, which are iterative processes.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics like functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. It describes different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. It also discusses issues with natural language requirements specifications and alternatives like structured natural language, graphical notations, and mathematical specifications.
The document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized and specified. It covers the following key points:
- Requirements can be functional or non-functional, describing what the system should do or constraints on the system.
- Requirements should be specified at different levels of detail for different audiences, from high-level user requirements to more detailed system requirements.
- Natural language has limitations for specifying requirements precisely, so structured techniques like templates, tables and diagrams are recommended.
- Requirements must be complete, consistent, unambiguous and verifiable to form a valid requirements specification.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Key points made include defining the difference between functional and non-functional requirements, how user requirements should be at a high level while system requirements provide more detail, and common challenges in writing requirements like ambiguity and inconsistency.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a requirements document. Functional requirements describe system services, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and written for customers, while system requirements provide more detail for contractors. Precise, complete and consistent requirements are important for developing a system that meets stakeholder needs.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of system services and constraints generated during requirements engineering. Requirements can range from high-level statements to detailed specifications. The document outlines different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, and describes how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
The document provides an overview of software requirements engineering processes. It discusses feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis involving stakeholders, validation techniques like reviews and prototyping, and requirements management to handle changing needs. System models and viewpoints are used during analysis. Requirements should be specified clearly and structured for different audiences like users and developers.
The document discusses software requirements specifications (SRS), which describe the functional and non-functional requirements for a software system. An SRS includes contents like the system's purpose, scope, users, and features. It also distinguishes between functional requirements, which specify what a system should do, and non-functional requirements, which relate to attributes like performance and security. The document provides examples of different types of requirements and discusses challenges in requirements engineering.
This document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be specified. Requirements can range from abstract high-level statements to detailed specifications. Both functional and non-functional requirements are important, and there are different types of each. Requirements should be written clearly and precisely to avoid ambiguity and ensure the system meets user needs.
This document covers topics in requirements engineering including functional and non-functional requirements, the software requirements document, requirements specification, and requirements processes. It defines requirements engineering as establishing customer services and system constraints. Requirements can range from abstract to detailed specifications and serve both bidding and contractual purposes. User requirements use natural language while system requirements provide structured descriptions. Functional requirements define system services and behaviors while non-functional requirements constrain timing, standards, and processes.
This document covers topics in requirements engineering including functional and non-functional requirements, the software requirements document, requirements specification, and requirements processes. It defines requirements engineering as establishing customer services and system constraints. Requirements can range from abstract to detailed specifications and serve both bidding and contractual purposes. User requirements use natural language while system requirements provide structured descriptions. Functional requirements define system services and behaviors while non-functional requirements constrain timing, standards, and processes.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems. It defines requirements as statements that describe what a system must do. There are two main types: functional requirements, which define the behaviors and functions of the system, and non-functional requirements, which define qualities like performance, reliability, and security. Requirements must be clear, unambiguous statements to avoid issues during system development. Domain requirements also exist that are specific to the application area of the system.
The document discusses requirements engineering for software systems. It covers topics like functional and non-functional requirements, the software requirements document, requirements specification processes, and requirements elicitation, analysis, and management. Requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer needs for a system and constraints for its development and operation. Requirements can range from abstract to highly detailed and serve different purposes depending on their intended use.
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2. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 2
Requirements engineering
Requirements engineering is the process of establishing
the services that the customer requires from a system
the constraints under which it operates and is developed
Requirements
The descriptions of the system
services and constraints
that are generated during the
requirements engineering
process
3. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 3
What is a requirement?
It may range from a high-level abstract statement of
a service or of a system constraint to a detailed
mathematical functional specification
This is inevitable as requirements may serve a
dual function
• May be the basis for a bid for a contract - therefore must
be open to interpretation
• May be the basis for the contract itself - therefore must be
defined in detail
• Both these statements may be called requirements
4. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 4
Types of requirement
User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the
system provides and its operational constraints. Written for
customers
System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system
services. Written as a contract between client and contractor
Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a basis for a
design or implementation. Written for developers
6. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 6
Functional and non-functional requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Non-functional requirements
• constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such
as timing constraints, constraints on the development process,
standards, etc.
Domain requirements
• Requirements that come from the application domain of the system
and that reflect characteristics of that domain
7. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 7
Functional Requirements
Describe functionality or system services
Depend on the type of software, expected users
and the type of system where the software is used
Functional user requirements may be high-level
statements of what the system should do BUT
functional system requirements should describe the
system services in detail
8. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 8
Examples of functional requirements
The user shall be able to search either all of the
initial set of databases or select a subset from it.
The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the
user to read documents in the document store.
Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier
(ORDER_ID) which the user shall be able to copy to
the account’s permanent storage area.
9. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 9
Requirements imprecision
Problems arise when requirements are not precisely
stated
Ambiguous requirements may be interpreted in
different ways by developers and users
Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
• User intention - special purpose viewer for each different
document type
• Developer interpretation - Provide a text viewer that shows the
contents of the document
10. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 10
Requirements completeness and consistency
In principle requirements should be both
complete and consistent
Complete
• They should include descriptions of all facilities required
Consistent
• There should be no conflicts or contradictions in the descriptions of
the system facilities
In practice, it is very difficult or impossible to
produce a complete and consistent requirements
document
11. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 11
Non-functional requirements
Define system properties and constraints e.g.
reliability, response time and storage requirements.
Constraints are I/O device capability, system
representations, etc.
Process requirements may also be specified
mandating a particular CASE system, programming
language or development method
Non-functional requirements may be more critical
than functional requirements. If these are not met,
the system is useless
12. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 12
Non-functional classifications
Product requirements
• Requirements which specify that the delivered product
must behave in a particular way e.g. execution speed,
reliability, etc.
Organisational requirements
• Requirements which are a consequence of
organisational policies and procedures e.g. process
standards used, implementation requirements, etc.
External requirements
• Requirements which arise from factors which are external
to the system and its development process e.g.
interoperability requirements, legislative requirements, etc.
14. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 14
Goals and requirements
Non-functional requirements may be very difficult
to state precisely and imprecise requirements may
be difficult to verify.
Goal
• A general intention of the user such as ease of use
Verifiable non-functional requirement
• A statement using some measure that can be objectively tested
Goals are helpful to developers as they convey the
intentions of the system users
15. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 15
Requirements measures
Property Measure
Speed Processed transactions/second
User/Event response time
Screen refresh time
Size K Bytes
Number of RAM chips
Ease of use Training time
Number of help frames
Reliability Mean time to failure
Probability of unavailability
Rate of failure occurrence
Availability
Robustness Time to restart after failure
Percentage of events causing failure
Probability of data corruption on failure
Portability Percentage of target dependent statements
Number of target systems
16. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 16
Requirements interaction
Conflicts between different non-functional
requirements are common in complex systems
Spacecraft system
• To minimise weight, the number of separate chips in the
system should be minimised
• To minimise power consumption,
lower power chips should be used
• However, using low power chips
may mean that more chips have
to be used.
Which is the most critical requirement?
17. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 17
Domain requirements
Derived from the application domain and
describe system characteristics and features that
reflect the domain
May be new functional requirements, constraints on
existing requirements or define specific computations
If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system
may be unworkable
18. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 18
Domain requirements problems
Understandability
• Requirements are expressed in the language of the
application domain
• This is often not understood by software engineers
developing the system
Implicitness
• Domain specialists understand the area so well that they
do not think of making the domain requirements explicit
19. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 19
User requirements
Should describe functional and non-functional
requirements so that they are understandable by
system users who don’t have detailed technical
knowledge
User requirements are defined using natural
language, tables and diagrams
20. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 20
Problems with natural language
Lack of clarity
• Precision is difficult without making the document difficult
to read
Requirements confusion
• Functional and non-functional requirements tend to be
mixed-up
Requirements amalgamation
• Several different requirements may be expressed
together
21. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 21
Guidelines for writing requirements
Invent a standard format and use it for all requirements
Use language in a consistent way. Use
shall for mandatory requirements,
should for desirable requirements
Use text highlighting to identify key parts of the
requirement
Avoid the use of computer jargon !!!
22. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 22
System requirements
– More detailed specifications of user requirements
Serve as a basis for designing the system
May be used as part of the system contract
System requirements may be expressed using
system models
23. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 23
Requirements and design
In principle, requirements should state what the
system should do and the design should describe
how it does this
In practice, requirements and design are
inseparable
• A system architecture may be designed to structure the requirements
• The system may inter-operate with other systems that generate
design requirements
• The use of a specific design may be a domain requirement
24. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 24
Problems with NL specification
Ambiguity
• The readers and writers of the requirement must interpret the same
words in the same way. NL is naturally ambiguous so this is very
difficult
Over-flexibility
• The same thing may be said in a number of different ways in the
specification
Lack of modularisation
• NL structures are inadequate to structure system requirements
25. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 25
Structured language specifications
A limited form of natural language may be used to
express requirements
This removes some of the problems resulting from
ambiguity and flexibility and imposes a degree of
uniformity on a specification
Often best supported using a forms-based approach
Special-purpose forms where designed
to describe the input, output and
functions of a software system
26. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 26
Form-based specifications
Definition of the function or entity
Description of inputs and where they come from
Description of outputs and where they go to
Indication of other entities required
Pre and post conditions (if appropriate)
The side effects (if any)
27. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 27
PDL-based requirements definition
Requirements may be defined operationally using a
language like a programming language but with
more flexibility of expression
Most appropriate in two situations
• Where an operation is specified as a sequence of actions and the
order is important
• When hardware and software interfaces have to be specified
28. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 28
PDL disadvantages
PDL may not be sufficiently expressive to express
the system functionality in an understandable way
Notation is only understandable to people with
programming language knowledge
The requirement may be taken as a design
specification rather than a model to help
understand the system
29. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 29
Interface specification
Most systems must operate with other systems
and the operating interfaces must be specified as
part of the requirements
Three types of interface may have to be defined
• Procedural interfaces
• Data structures that are exchanged
• Data representations
Formal notations are an effective technique for
interface specification
31. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 31
The requirements document
The requirements document is the official statement
of what is required of the system developers
Should include both a definition and a specification
of requirements
It is NOT a design document. As far as possible, it
should set of WHAT the system should do rather
than HOW it should do it
33. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 33
Requirements document requirements
Specify external system behaviour
Specify implementation constraints
Easy to change
Serve as reference tool for maintenance
Record forethought about the life cycle of the system
i.e. predict changes
Characterise responses to unexpected events
34. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 34
IEEE requirements standard
Introduction
General description
Specific requirements
Appendices
Index
This is a generic structure that must be instantiated
for specific systems
35. Software Engineering Software Requirements Slide 35
Requirements document structure
Introduction
Glossary
User requirements definition
System architecture
System requirements specification
System models
System evolution
Appendices
Index