A presentation by Anthony Beck presented at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
Poznan – 31st June 2012
DART - improving the science. Bradford 21022012DART Project
This document provides an overview of the DART project, which aims to improve the scientific understanding of archaeological detection. DART studies archaeological sites to better understand how their constituents generate observable contrasts and how sensors can detect these contrasts. The project conducts intensive ground observations and measurements at sites to analyze periodic changes in the sites. DART shares its data openly to maximize its impact and further innovation in archaeological detection.
Using multi-temporal benchmarking to determine optimal sensor deployment: adv...DART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at EARSeL Gent on 20/09/12 describing some of the multi-temporal issues associated with archaeological detection. This presentation is primarily based on the research of David Stott.
The document discusses the DART (Detecting and Recording Archaeological Traces) project, which aims to improve archaeological detection techniques by taking a scientific approach. It involves intensive ground observation and data collection at sites to better understand how archaeological remains generate detectable contrasts and how those contrasts are influenced by environmental factors over time. The data collected includes spectro-radiometry, soil moisture and temperature probes, weather data, and aerial imagery. Preliminary analysis of temperature, moisture, and resistance data show changes seasonally that could help predict optimal times for detection. The open science approach seeks to further archaeological prospection methods.
Soil and EM monitoring presentation 110110DART Project
This document outlines a plan to monitor soil and electromagnetic (EM) radiation at archaeological sites to better understand how different soil conditions affect EM detection techniques. The plan involves an initial desk study and site investigation, installing sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature and EM signals over time under varying conditions, laboratory testing of soil samples, and analyzing the data to correlate soil properties with sensor responses to help improve archaeological detection methods. Monitoring will occur at sites in Cirencester and Harnhill and involve tools like ground penetrating radar, TDR sensors, and weather stations.
This document provides information about the Soil Characterization Lab at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. It includes details about the lab's facilities, staff, sample analysis capabilities, and needs. The lab analyzes around 500-1000 soil, water, and plant tissue samples per year using various chemical and physical analysis techniques. It has two main staff members with advanced degrees in relevant fields. The lab hopes to gain novel high-tech technology and training specifically on semi-arid calcareous soils through networks like GLOSOLAN and NENALAB. It also expects to share and verify standard operating procedures, learn new methods, participate in tests, and expand its academic network through these organizations.
The document discusses research on co-depositing boron-doped carbon films using DC magnetron sputtering. Characterization using Raman spectroscopy and XPS showed the films become more graphitic with annealing and boron content decreases the Raman G-band frequency. This research aims to functionalize nanomechanical resonators with various groups to detect explosives using the changed resonant frequency.
DART - improving the science. Bradford 21022012DART Project
This document provides an overview of the DART project, which aims to improve the scientific understanding of archaeological detection. DART studies archaeological sites to better understand how their constituents generate observable contrasts and how sensors can detect these contrasts. The project conducts intensive ground observations and measurements at sites to analyze periodic changes in the sites. DART shares its data openly to maximize its impact and further innovation in archaeological detection.
Using multi-temporal benchmarking to determine optimal sensor deployment: adv...DART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at EARSeL Gent on 20/09/12 describing some of the multi-temporal issues associated with archaeological detection. This presentation is primarily based on the research of David Stott.
The document discusses the DART (Detecting and Recording Archaeological Traces) project, which aims to improve archaeological detection techniques by taking a scientific approach. It involves intensive ground observation and data collection at sites to better understand how archaeological remains generate detectable contrasts and how those contrasts are influenced by environmental factors over time. The data collected includes spectro-radiometry, soil moisture and temperature probes, weather data, and aerial imagery. Preliminary analysis of temperature, moisture, and resistance data show changes seasonally that could help predict optimal times for detection. The open science approach seeks to further archaeological prospection methods.
Soil and EM monitoring presentation 110110DART Project
This document outlines a plan to monitor soil and electromagnetic (EM) radiation at archaeological sites to better understand how different soil conditions affect EM detection techniques. The plan involves an initial desk study and site investigation, installing sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature and EM signals over time under varying conditions, laboratory testing of soil samples, and analyzing the data to correlate soil properties with sensor responses to help improve archaeological detection methods. Monitoring will occur at sites in Cirencester and Harnhill and involve tools like ground penetrating radar, TDR sensors, and weather stations.
This document provides information about the Soil Characterization Lab at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. It includes details about the lab's facilities, staff, sample analysis capabilities, and needs. The lab analyzes around 500-1000 soil, water, and plant tissue samples per year using various chemical and physical analysis techniques. It has two main staff members with advanced degrees in relevant fields. The lab hopes to gain novel high-tech technology and training specifically on semi-arid calcareous soils through networks like GLOSOLAN and NENALAB. It also expects to share and verify standard operating procedures, learn new methods, participate in tests, and expand its academic network through these organizations.
The document discusses research on co-depositing boron-doped carbon films using DC magnetron sputtering. Characterization using Raman spectroscopy and XPS showed the films become more graphitic with annealing and boron content decreases the Raman G-band frequency. This research aims to functionalize nanomechanical resonators with various groups to detect explosives using the changed resonant frequency.
The document discusses the vision and goals of creating an open "Method Store" repository. The key points are:
1) The Method Store would be a repository that facilitates collaborative development of methodologies in archaeology to avoid redundant work and allow all sectors to participate.
2) It would allow methods, algorithms, and other research outputs to be deposited, shared, tagged, linked, and developed to draw connections between methodologies.
3) The long term goal is for the Method Store to only contain objects released under an open license like Creative Commons to make the research fully transparent and reusable.
Unleashing the potential of collaboration – archaeological detection in the 2...DART Project
Speakers – Anthony Beck/David Stott
Computers, the internet and mobile phones have changed how archaeologists work. More importantly it has changed how everybody can access, use and contribute to archaeology.
This has altered public expectations on modes of engagement and resource access. This is resulting in an increased demand for access to this data. This phenomena is not solely about archaeology and heritage but is reflected in many areas of society. Some governments have recognised that taxpayers, as funders of data, should be allowed to access and utilise this data more easily. This has underpinned the Open Data movement.
At the same time companies and institutions, like Google and NASA, started making large datasets available on the internet. Some of these organisations provided Application Programming Interface (API's) and other services so that software applications could be built around their data. Such software services made it easier for people to use this data to make new things (derive content) and in turn share these things with their communities. This produced the crowd-sourcing and citizen-science movements. Crowdsoucing is where products, ideas, or content are created by soliciting contributions from a large group of people online. The community mapping system called Open Street Map is a good example of crowdsourcing.
Other people want to be more active. Projects like Galaxy Zoo, Ancient Lives and Old Weather have helped free data trapped in books or help scientists collect and analyse data. National Geographic have sponsored a project to help detect archaeological sites in Mongolia using high spatial resolution satellite images (exploration.nationalgeographic.com/mongolia/home). With lots of people working together a big problem can turn into a small problem. These people are 'citizen scientists'.
This presentation will describe these movements in more detail and provide examples of their implications for the heritage sector. A vision will then be set out for the future of a collaborative framework for heritage management. This will be framed in the implications it has for practice, engagement, research, curation and policy. Public participation is welcomed!
Archaeology, Informatics and Knowledge RepresentationDART Project
This document discusses using logic programming and ontologies to model stratigraphic relationships in archaeology. It presents an example stratigraphic sequence and shows how it can be represented and reasoned about using Prolog rules and predicates. Different states of the stratigraphic model are output as the data and rules are updated, demonstrating how logical reasoning can infer additional relationships and handle inconsistencies in the archaeological record. Ontologies like CIDOC-CRM are discussed as a way to formally represent archaeological concepts and relationships to support modeling landscape stratigraphy.
Using technologies to promote projectsDART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck to the Cambridge Archaeologists Forum. The forum mindmap is here: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/393477/MindMaps/InTray/CambridgeArchaeologistsForum290911.html
A presentation given at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
By Anthony Beck
Poznan – 31st June 2012
The document discusses different types of software licenses, including individual, OEM, named-user, volume licensing agreement, client-access, trial, enterprise (perpetual and subscription), concurrent, free, and node-locked licenses. It also covers the benefits of software registration such as technical support and warranty extensions, as well as the processes involved in installing software like downloading, setup wizards, and driver updates. The benefits of installing software include new functionality and security protections, while implications include requiring optical drives, potential adware installation, and slow download speeds.
Dr. Anthony Beck proposes creating an open methodology store to facilitate collaborative development of research methods. The store would be a repository where users can deposit, share, tag, link, and develop methods in a transparent and open process. By making methods openly accessible, it aims to prevent duplicate work and allow all sectors to participate while capturing discussions around method development. The vision is for a system that links related methods and allows rich data like workflows to be submitted and reused across scientific communities.
This presentation discusses using airborne remote sensing to detect archaeological features through vegetation marks. It summarizes that spectro-radiometry shows good contrast in foliar pigmentation over time, while crop structure remains similar. Full waveform LiDAR correlates well with hyperspectral data and detects archaeological features through vegetation height more than other metrics like intensity. Different sensors and analysis techniques are needed depending on each field's variability, context and small archaeological signals within large remote sensing datasets.
This document discusses using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to monitor the geophysical properties of archaeological residues over time. TDR devices were installed at archaeological sites to take hourly readings of soil permittivity, conductivity, and temperature both within and outside of archaeological features. The data collected can help understand contrasts in electromagnetic properties between residues and surrounding soils. Challenges during the monitoring process and examples of preliminary permittivity, conductivity, and temperature data are presented. Future work is proposed to further analyze the relationship between geophysical properties, soil characteristics, and weather conditions.
Using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to Monitor the Geophysical Properties o...DART Project
This document discusses using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to monitor the geophysical properties of archaeological residues over time. TDR devices were installed at multiple depths and locations, including within and outside of archaeological features, to collect hourly readings on permittivity, conductivity, and temperature. The data collected can help understand contrasts in electromagnetic properties between residues and surrounding soils. Challenges included equipment issues and animal damage. Future work involves further analyzing the data and linking permittivity to soil characteristics measured in a lab. The long-term monitoring provides insights to help detect archaeological sites using geophysical techniques.
Archaeological detection using satellite sensorsDART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
Poznan – 31st June 2012
Seeing the Unseen- Improving aerial archaeological prospectiondavstott
The document summarizes the DART project which aims to better understand how archaeological features interact with their environment to improve detection techniques. It discusses using spectroradiometry to measure spectral profiles across archaeological linear features over time. Preliminary flights captured imagery using sensors like CASI and thermal. Challenges included drought conditions reducing vegetation marks. Further work involves analyzing spectral data to identify diagnostic features and building a knowledge system to predict contrast in new and archive imagery.
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester on 14th February 2012. This presentation describes the data collected by the DART project and encourages members of the local communities to exploit this data.
It covers data, formats, licences, software, applications. This introductory presentation was followed up with an afternoon hands-on workshop.
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the Archpro workshop1 in Vienna. The workshop was instigated by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.
This presentation covers the applications of satellite platforms for archaeological prospection and heritage management.
Archaeological applications of multi/hyper-spectral data: challenges and pote...DART Project
A presentation given at the joint EAC and AARG symposium in Iceland on 25/03/10 by Anthony Beck.
This presentation describes electromagnetic approaches to heritage detections
The document describes TERN SuperSites, which are intensive field stations located in typical and important biomes across Australia. A SuperSite consists of a core field station, physical instrumentation, scientists and support staff, transects or contrasts up to 400km, and one or more nodes. Core activities at SuperSites include 1Ha vegetation plots, plant physiological and soil/water measurements, faunal monitoring, and data collection linked to various databases. The document then provides details about specific SuperSites located in the FNQ Rainforest and Daintree areas.
Remote sensing application in monitoring and management of soil, water and ai...Jayvir Solanki
Remote sensing uses satellite or aircraft sensors to monitor the environment without direct contact. It can monitor soil, water, and air pollution over large areas in a timely manner. Satellite imagery is used to monitor air quality by detecting pollutants and aerosols. Water quality is monitored by measuring changes in the spectral signature of surface water caused by substances like sediments, algae, and thermal releases. Remote sensing provides synoptic views of large areas but has limitations like spectral interference and inability to distinguish low concentrations of pollutants. It is a useful tool for environmental monitoring when used in conjunction with field data.
Mark Thomas_A digital soil mapping approach for regolith thickness in the com...TERN Australia
This document summarizes research on modeling regolith depth in the Mt Lofty Ranges of South Australia. Regolith includes all weathered material above bedrock and plays an important role in hydrology, biology, energy transfer, biogeochemistry, land use, and more. While some regolith maps exist, coverage is limited. The researchers collected over 700 depth measurements and used environmental data like topography, climate, and geology in a regression model to predict regolith depth across the 128,000 hectare study area. Their goal is to develop a consistent national regolith map to support biophysical modeling. Future work includes testing the approach in other regions and integrating results to create a comprehensive national map.
This document discusses using high resolution site characterization tools to efficiently characterize contaminated sites. It presents an overview of tools like membrane interface probes, hydraulic profiling tools, and on-site analytical methods that can provide high density geological, hydrogeological, and contaminant distribution data. Case studies demonstrate how these tools can be used to precisely delineate non-aqueous phase liquid sources and fluxes to inform remediation decisions. The document emphasizes that high resolution data allows conceptual site models to evolve dynamically during investigations and for remedies to target the most mobile contamination.
The DART project aims to improve the detection of archaeological residues using remote sensing techniques. It will analyze factors that influence contrasts between residues and surrounding soil over time and space. Through data collection, modeling, and tool development, DART seeks to determine optimal conditions and sensors for detecting residues. The consortium includes academic, heritage, and industry partners who will work on data analysis, decision support tools, and project evaluation over 3 years with a budget of £800k. The goal is to strengthen remote sensing approaches and heritage management.
The document discusses the vision and goals of creating an open "Method Store" repository. The key points are:
1) The Method Store would be a repository that facilitates collaborative development of methodologies in archaeology to avoid redundant work and allow all sectors to participate.
2) It would allow methods, algorithms, and other research outputs to be deposited, shared, tagged, linked, and developed to draw connections between methodologies.
3) The long term goal is for the Method Store to only contain objects released under an open license like Creative Commons to make the research fully transparent and reusable.
Unleashing the potential of collaboration – archaeological detection in the 2...DART Project
Speakers – Anthony Beck/David Stott
Computers, the internet and mobile phones have changed how archaeologists work. More importantly it has changed how everybody can access, use and contribute to archaeology.
This has altered public expectations on modes of engagement and resource access. This is resulting in an increased demand for access to this data. This phenomena is not solely about archaeology and heritage but is reflected in many areas of society. Some governments have recognised that taxpayers, as funders of data, should be allowed to access and utilise this data more easily. This has underpinned the Open Data movement.
At the same time companies and institutions, like Google and NASA, started making large datasets available on the internet. Some of these organisations provided Application Programming Interface (API's) and other services so that software applications could be built around their data. Such software services made it easier for people to use this data to make new things (derive content) and in turn share these things with their communities. This produced the crowd-sourcing and citizen-science movements. Crowdsoucing is where products, ideas, or content are created by soliciting contributions from a large group of people online. The community mapping system called Open Street Map is a good example of crowdsourcing.
Other people want to be more active. Projects like Galaxy Zoo, Ancient Lives and Old Weather have helped free data trapped in books or help scientists collect and analyse data. National Geographic have sponsored a project to help detect archaeological sites in Mongolia using high spatial resolution satellite images (exploration.nationalgeographic.com/mongolia/home). With lots of people working together a big problem can turn into a small problem. These people are 'citizen scientists'.
This presentation will describe these movements in more detail and provide examples of their implications for the heritage sector. A vision will then be set out for the future of a collaborative framework for heritage management. This will be framed in the implications it has for practice, engagement, research, curation and policy. Public participation is welcomed!
Archaeology, Informatics and Knowledge RepresentationDART Project
This document discusses using logic programming and ontologies to model stratigraphic relationships in archaeology. It presents an example stratigraphic sequence and shows how it can be represented and reasoned about using Prolog rules and predicates. Different states of the stratigraphic model are output as the data and rules are updated, demonstrating how logical reasoning can infer additional relationships and handle inconsistencies in the archaeological record. Ontologies like CIDOC-CRM are discussed as a way to formally represent archaeological concepts and relationships to support modeling landscape stratigraphy.
Using technologies to promote projectsDART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck to the Cambridge Archaeologists Forum. The forum mindmap is here: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/393477/MindMaps/InTray/CambridgeArchaeologistsForum290911.html
A presentation given at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
By Anthony Beck
Poznan – 31st June 2012
The document discusses different types of software licenses, including individual, OEM, named-user, volume licensing agreement, client-access, trial, enterprise (perpetual and subscription), concurrent, free, and node-locked licenses. It also covers the benefits of software registration such as technical support and warranty extensions, as well as the processes involved in installing software like downloading, setup wizards, and driver updates. The benefits of installing software include new functionality and security protections, while implications include requiring optical drives, potential adware installation, and slow download speeds.
Dr. Anthony Beck proposes creating an open methodology store to facilitate collaborative development of research methods. The store would be a repository where users can deposit, share, tag, link, and develop methods in a transparent and open process. By making methods openly accessible, it aims to prevent duplicate work and allow all sectors to participate while capturing discussions around method development. The vision is for a system that links related methods and allows rich data like workflows to be submitted and reused across scientific communities.
This presentation discusses using airborne remote sensing to detect archaeological features through vegetation marks. It summarizes that spectro-radiometry shows good contrast in foliar pigmentation over time, while crop structure remains similar. Full waveform LiDAR correlates well with hyperspectral data and detects archaeological features through vegetation height more than other metrics like intensity. Different sensors and analysis techniques are needed depending on each field's variability, context and small archaeological signals within large remote sensing datasets.
This document discusses using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to monitor the geophysical properties of archaeological residues over time. TDR devices were installed at archaeological sites to take hourly readings of soil permittivity, conductivity, and temperature both within and outside of archaeological features. The data collected can help understand contrasts in electromagnetic properties between residues and surrounding soils. Challenges during the monitoring process and examples of preliminary permittivity, conductivity, and temperature data are presented. Future work is proposed to further analyze the relationship between geophysical properties, soil characteristics, and weather conditions.
Using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to Monitor the Geophysical Properties o...DART Project
This document discusses using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to monitor the geophysical properties of archaeological residues over time. TDR devices were installed at multiple depths and locations, including within and outside of archaeological features, to collect hourly readings on permittivity, conductivity, and temperature. The data collected can help understand contrasts in electromagnetic properties between residues and surrounding soils. Challenges included equipment issues and animal damage. Future work involves further analyzing the data and linking permittivity to soil characteristics measured in a lab. The long-term monitoring provides insights to help detect archaeological sites using geophysical techniques.
Archaeological detection using satellite sensorsDART Project
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the workshop "Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral recording in archaeology"
Poznan – 31st June 2012
Seeing the Unseen- Improving aerial archaeological prospectiondavstott
The document summarizes the DART project which aims to better understand how archaeological features interact with their environment to improve detection techniques. It discusses using spectroradiometry to measure spectral profiles across archaeological linear features over time. Preliminary flights captured imagery using sensors like CASI and thermal. Challenges included drought conditions reducing vegetation marks. Further work involves analyzing spectral data to identify diagnostic features and building a knowledge system to predict contrast in new and archive imagery.
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester on 14th February 2012. This presentation describes the data collected by the DART project and encourages members of the local communities to exploit this data.
It covers data, formats, licences, software, applications. This introductory presentation was followed up with an afternoon hands-on workshop.
A presentation given by Anthony Beck at the Archpro workshop1 in Vienna. The workshop was instigated by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.
This presentation covers the applications of satellite platforms for archaeological prospection and heritage management.
Archaeological applications of multi/hyper-spectral data: challenges and pote...DART Project
A presentation given at the joint EAC and AARG symposium in Iceland on 25/03/10 by Anthony Beck.
This presentation describes electromagnetic approaches to heritage detections
The document describes TERN SuperSites, which are intensive field stations located in typical and important biomes across Australia. A SuperSite consists of a core field station, physical instrumentation, scientists and support staff, transects or contrasts up to 400km, and one or more nodes. Core activities at SuperSites include 1Ha vegetation plots, plant physiological and soil/water measurements, faunal monitoring, and data collection linked to various databases. The document then provides details about specific SuperSites located in the FNQ Rainforest and Daintree areas.
Remote sensing application in monitoring and management of soil, water and ai...Jayvir Solanki
Remote sensing uses satellite or aircraft sensors to monitor the environment without direct contact. It can monitor soil, water, and air pollution over large areas in a timely manner. Satellite imagery is used to monitor air quality by detecting pollutants and aerosols. Water quality is monitored by measuring changes in the spectral signature of surface water caused by substances like sediments, algae, and thermal releases. Remote sensing provides synoptic views of large areas but has limitations like spectral interference and inability to distinguish low concentrations of pollutants. It is a useful tool for environmental monitoring when used in conjunction with field data.
Mark Thomas_A digital soil mapping approach for regolith thickness in the com...TERN Australia
This document summarizes research on modeling regolith depth in the Mt Lofty Ranges of South Australia. Regolith includes all weathered material above bedrock and plays an important role in hydrology, biology, energy transfer, biogeochemistry, land use, and more. While some regolith maps exist, coverage is limited. The researchers collected over 700 depth measurements and used environmental data like topography, climate, and geology in a regression model to predict regolith depth across the 128,000 hectare study area. Their goal is to develop a consistent national regolith map to support biophysical modeling. Future work includes testing the approach in other regions and integrating results to create a comprehensive national map.
This document discusses using high resolution site characterization tools to efficiently characterize contaminated sites. It presents an overview of tools like membrane interface probes, hydraulic profiling tools, and on-site analytical methods that can provide high density geological, hydrogeological, and contaminant distribution data. Case studies demonstrate how these tools can be used to precisely delineate non-aqueous phase liquid sources and fluxes to inform remediation decisions. The document emphasizes that high resolution data allows conceptual site models to evolve dynamically during investigations and for remedies to target the most mobile contamination.
The DART project aims to improve the detection of archaeological residues using remote sensing techniques. It will analyze factors that influence contrasts between residues and surrounding soil over time and space. Through data collection, modeling, and tool development, DART seeks to determine optimal conditions and sensors for detecting residues. The consortium includes academic, heritage, and industry partners who will work on data analysis, decision support tools, and project evaluation over 3 years with a budget of £800k. The goal is to strengthen remote sensing approaches and heritage management.
2015-08-13 ESA: NextGen tools for scaling from seeds to traits to ecosystemsTimeScience
This document discusses using new technologies to monitor ecosystems and plants at high resolution over time. It proposes collecting detailed data on individual plants and trees in fields and forests through methods like:
- Automated imaging of plant growth in controlled lab conditions
- Sensor networks and remote sensing to generate 3D models of field sites from aerial drones and ground-based laser scanning
- Genotyping every plant to correlate phenotypes with genetics
The goal is to generate massive, multilayer datasets that track environmental and genetic factors over time at plant and ecosystem scales, analogous to advances in high-throughput genomics and phenomics. This would transform ecological understanding and address global challenges around food security and climate change.
Ross Searle_The need for effective soil information infrastructure: TERN's So...TERN Australia
The presentation summarized the need for an effective Australian soil information infrastructure and the TERN Soils Facility's efforts to address this need. It discussed how the current soil information is patchwork and inadequate, limiting research and management. The TERN Soils Facility is working to develop standardized soil property data across Australia in a spatially explicit format. This will integrate with other environmental data and models to improve research quality while reducing uncertainty. Key contacts for the soils program were provided.
This document summarizes a workshop on using electromagnetic radiation to detect archaeological sites. It discusses how different soil properties like water content, organic matter, and temperature can affect the permittivity and conductivity measured by ground penetrating radar and other electromagnetic techniques. Case studies from two fields in Diddington show how these measurements vary over time with rainfall, infiltration, and temperature. The document also compares measurements from IMKO probes to a Campbell Scientific TDR100, finding the probes less accurate but easier to install long-term. The overall aim is to better understand how soil characteristics influence electromagnetic readings and how these techniques can be used for long-term monitoring of archaeological sites.
The Goddard Space Flight Center is developing a new radar called EcoSAR to measure ecosystem structure and biomass from aircraft. EcoSAR will use synthetic aperture radar with electronic beam steering and digital beamforming to acquire polarimetric and interferometric measurements at P-band frequencies. These measurements will help quantify biomass, canopy height, ecosystem structure and changes due to natural disturbances. EcoSAR will fly on NASA's P3 aircraft and acquire data to study the carbon cycle and climate change. Its development is ongoing with the design of antenna arrays and radar electronics.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object without physical contact. It is used in numerous fields including geography, earth sciences, and military applications. Remote sensing can be active, using emitted signals like radar, or passive, using reflected sunlight. Various techniques are used like radar, lidar, radiometers, and multispectral imaging from satellites and aircraft. These techniques can monitor vegetation condition, detect water stress, map land use, and more through indicators like chlorophyll content, water content, and leaf fluorescence. Both advantages like broad spatial coverage and disadvantages like need for ground truthing exist.
Similar to Science underpinning archaeological detection: DART (20)
Time-lapse analysis with earth resistance and electrical resistivity imagingDART Project
- The document discusses using time-lapse earth resistance analysis and electrical resistivity imaging to better understand how archaeological features respond over time and with changing soil moisture levels.
- A new methodology was introduced to quantify contrast factors between features and backgrounds based on detection tests and magnitude comparisons.
- Analysis of different study sites showed their response correlated differently with weather data, with some features most detectable during dry periods and others during wet periods.
- Extracting resistivity data from electrical resistivity profiles helped explain the causes of anomalies at different sites. At one site, the ditch anomaly was caused by resistivity differences between geological layers, while at another it was caused by moisture differences above a field drain.
- Understanding each site's
An update on the progress of the DART project. Presented by Anthony Beck at the Consultant meeting on the 16th April 2012. The original prezi is available here: http://prezi.com/o2k18vxhpow7/dart_16042012_wherearewenow/
The effects of seasonal variation on archaeological detection using earth res...DART Project
The document summarizes an ongoing study investigating the effects of seasonal variation on archaeological detection using earth resistance surveys. Preliminary results from monthly surveys at two test sites show characteristic seasonal responses in soil resistivity. Resistivity generally increases in summer and decreases in winter. The large decrease from summer to winter appears related more to changes in temperature than rainfall. Further analysis of weather data and continued monthly surveys are proposed to better understand how seasonal effects influence archaeological detection capabilities using different techniques.
An update on the progress of the DART project. Presented by Anthony Beck at the Consultant/Stakeholder meeting on the 11th January 2012. The original prezi is available here: http://prezi.com/wsvu366ftd9k/dart_11012012_wherearewenow/
British Science Festival Presentation 12 September 2011DART Project
Archaeologists are using aerial photography and satellite imagery to discover new sites of archaeological and historical significance across Britain. By analyzing high resolution images taken from aircraft and satellites, archaeologists can identify subtle features on the ground surface that indicate the presence of ancient settlements, field systems and other structures that were previously unknown. This non-invasive technique is revealing our heritage in new ways and transforming our understanding of the past.
The document provides a progress update on the DART geophysics project. Preliminary geophysical surveys have been conducted at sites in Cirencester and Cambridgeshire using fluxgate gradiometry, which identified several areas of interest. New surveys were also conducted at Cherry Copse using a FlashRes64 instrument, which can collect over 60,000 geophysical measurements rapidly. A program is being developed to extract data from the FlashRes64 surveys. Additional technology, including TDR probes and CMD EM, are being tested and added to the methodology.
A presentation by Prof. Tony Cohn given at the DART community workshop on the 27th April 2011 on how we will deliver impact and engage with stakeholders.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. DART – Archaeological detection
Anthony (Ant) Beck
Twitter: AntArch
Potential of satellite images and hyper/multi-spectral
recording in archaeology
Poznan – 31st June 2012
School of Computing
Faculty of Engineering
2. Overview
•How do we detect stuff
•Why DART
•Going back to first principles
•DART overview
•Platforms
•Knowledge base – impact on deployment
3. Archaeological Prospection
What is the basis for detection
We detect Contrast:
• Between the expression of the remains
and the local 'background' value
Direct Contrast:
• where a measurement, which exhibits a
detectable contrast with its surroundings,
is taken directly from an archaeological
residue.
Proxy Contrast:
• where a measurement, which exhibits a
detectable contrast with its surroundings,
is taken indirectly from an archaeological
residue (for example from a crop mark).
5. Archaeological Prospection
What is the basis for detection
Micro-Topographic variations
Soil Marks
• variation in mineralogy and
moisture properties
Differential Crop Marks
• constraint on root depth and
moisture availability changing
crop stress/vigour
Proxy Thaw Marks
• Exploitation of different thermal
capacities of objects expressed
in the visual component as
thaw marks
Now you see me
dont
8. Archaeological Prospection
Summary
The sensor must have:
• The spatial resolution to resolve the feature
• The spectral resolution to resolve the contrast
• The radiometric resolution to identify the change
• The temporal sensitivity to record the feature when the contrast is
exhibited
The image must be captured at the right time:
• Different features exhibit contrast characteristics at different times
11. Why DART? ‘Things’ are not well understood
Environmental processes
Sensor responses (particularly new
sensors)
Constraining factors (soil, crops etc.)
Bias and spatial variability
Techniques are scaling!
• Geophysics!
IMPACTS ON
• Deployment
• Management
15. Why DART? Traditional AP exemplar
Significant bias in its application
• in the environmental areas where it is
productive (for example clay
environments tend not to be
responsive)
• Surveys don’t tend to be systematic
• Interpretation tends to be more art
than science
16. What do we do about this?
Go back to first principles:
• Understand the phenomena
• Understand the sensor
characteristics
• Understand the relationship
between the sensor and the
phenomena
• Understand the processes better
• Understand when to apply
techniques
17. What do we want to achieve with this?
Increased understanding
which could lead to:
• Improved detection in marginal
conditions
• Increasing the windows of
opportunity for detection
• Being able to detect a broader
range of features
18. What do we do about this? Understand the
phenomena
How does the object generate an
observable contrast to it's local
matrix?
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
• etc
Are the contrasts permanent or
transitory?
19. What do we do about this? Understand the
phenomena
If transitory why are they
occurring?
• Is it changes in?
• Soil type
• Land management
• Soil moisture
• Temperature
• Nutrient availability
• Crop type
• Crop growth stage
20. What do we do about this? Understand the
relationship between the sensor and the phenomena
21. What do we do about this? Understand the
relationship between the sensor and the phenomena
Spatial Resolution
22. What do we do about this? Understand the
relationship between the sensor and the phenomena
Radiometric Resolution
Radiometric resolution
determines how finely a system can
represent or distinguish differences of
intensity
23. What do we do about this? Understand the
relationship between the sensor and the phenomena
Temporal Resolution
24. What do we do about this? Understand the
relationship between the sensor and the phenomena
Spectral(?) Resolution
http://www.youtube.com/v/Nh-ZB5bxPhc
25. What do we do about this? Understand the
processes better
So what causes these
localised variations?
• Local conditions structure how any
contrast difference is exhibited:
• Soil type
• Crop type
• Moisture
• Nutrients
• Diurnal temperature variations
26. What do we do about this? Understand the
processes better
Expressed contrast differences
change over time
• Seasonal variations
• crop phenology (growth)
• moisture
• temperature
• nutrients
• Diurnal variations
• sun angle (topographic features)
• temperature variations
27. What do we do about this? Understand the
processes better
Exacerbated by anthropogenic
actions
• Cropping
• Irrigation
• Harrowing
28. What do we do about this? Example from multi or
hyper spectral imaging
31. DART: Ground Observation Benchmarking
Try to understand the periodicity of change
• Requires
• intensive ground observation
• at known sites (and their surroundings)
• In different environmental settings
• under different environmental conditions
32. DART: Ground Observation Benchmarking
Based upon an understanding of:
• Nature of the archaeological residues
• Nature of archaeological material (physical and chemical structure)
• Nature of the surrounding material with which it contrasts
• How proxy material (crop) interacts with archaeology and surrounding
matrix
• Sensor characteristics
• Spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal
• How these can be applied to detect contrasts
• Environmental characteristics
• Complex natural and cultural variables that can change rapidly over
time
33. DART: Sites
Location
• Diddington, Cambridgeshire
• Harnhill, Gloucestershire
Both with
• contrasting clay and 'well draining'
soils
• an identifiable archaeological
repertoire
• under arable cultivation
Contrasting Macro environmental
characteristics
42. DART: Laboratory Measurements
Plant Biology • Soil and leaf water content
• Rate of germination • Root studies
(emergence)
• Root length and density.
• Growth analysis
• Root – Shoot biomass ratio.
• Number of Leaves
• Total plant biomass
• Number of Tillers
• Biochemical analysis: Protein and
• Stem length chlorophyll analysis.
• Total plant height • Broad spectrum analysis of soil
• Drought experiment (Nutrient content) and C-N ratios of
leaf.
• A - Ci Curve
• Chlorophyll a fluorescence
50. DART: Data so far - Permittivity
TDR - How does it work
• Sends a pulse of EM energy
• Due to changes in impedance, at the start and at the end of the probe,
the pulse is reflected back and the reflections can be identified on the
waveform trace
• The distance between these two reflection points is used to determine
the Dielectric permittivity
• Different soils have different dielectric permittivity
• This needs calibrating before soil moisture can be derived from the
sensors
51. DART: Data so far - Permittivity
Further analysis of permittivity and conductivity against rainfall
Linking the changes to the weather patterns
Comparisons can be made between
• Soils at different depths
• Archaeological and non-archaeological features
• Different soil types at the different locations
Conversion to moisture content is also a priority
55. Spectro-radiometry: Methodology
• Recorded monthly
• Twice monthly at Diddington during the growing season
• Transects across linear features
• Taken in the field where weather conditions permit
• Surface coverage evaluated using near-vertical photography
• Vegetation properties recorded along transect
• Chlorophyll (SPAD)
• Height
56.
57.
58. Diddington transect 1: Spectroradiometry June 2011
0.12
R
e
l 0.1
a
t
i
v 0.08
e
r
0.06
e
f
l
e 0.04
c
t
a
n 0.02
c
e
0
400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm)
27/06/2011 Archaeology 27/6/2011 Outside archaeology 14/06/2011 Archaeology
14/06/2011 Outside archaeology 08/06/2011 Archaeology 08/06/2011 Outside archaeology
59. Diddington transect 1: Spectroradiometry June 2011
0.4
R
0.35
e
l
a
0.3
t
i
v
0.25
e
r
0.2
e
f
l
0.15
e
c
t
0.1
a
n
c 0.05
e
0
350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 2050 2150 2250 2350 2450
Wavelength (nm)
27/06/2011 Archaeology 27/6/2011 Outside archaeology 14/06/2011 Archaeology
14/06/2011 Outside archaeology 08/06/2011 Archaeolgy 08/06/2011 Outside archaeology
61. DART: Plant Biology
Lab experiments conducted in collaboration with Leeds Plant
Biology in 2011 and repeated in 2012
From soils at Quarry Field
Soil structure appears to be the major component influencing
root penetration and plant health
65. Open Data: Server (in the near future)
The full project archive will be available from the server
Raw Data
Processed Data
Web Services
Will also include
TDR data
Weather data
Subsurface temperature data
Soil analyses
spectro-radiometry transects
Crop analyses
Excavation data
In-situ photos ETC.
67. Why are we doing this – it’s the right thing to do
DART is a publically funded project
Publically funded data should provide benefit to the public
68. Why are we doing this – IMPACT/unlocking potential
More people use the data then there is improved impact
Better financial and intellectual return for the investors
69. Why are we doing this – innovation
Reducing barriers to data and knowledge can improve
innovation
70. Why are we doing this – education
To provide baseline exemplar data for teaching and learning
71. Why are we doing this – building our network
Find new ways to exploit our data
Develop contacts
Write more grant applications
72. Discussion
SFM Plant Biology
Pushbroom Phenology
High resolution frame Differential growth parameters
Oblique and UAV Data mining (process from
Topographic measurements)
From SFM Environmental
Full Waveform LiDAR Soils
Detection Temperature
Hyperspectral (including thermal)
Spectral Analysis
Visualization
ERT and tomography
Complex data!
74. Overview
There is no need to take notes:
Slides – http://goo.gl/ZHYaB
Text – http://goo.gl/osQZi or http://goo.gl/M5Eu1
There is every need to ask questions
The slides and text are release under a Creative Commons by
attribution licence.
Editor's Notes
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/catikaoe/183454010/We identify contrast Between the expression of the remains and the local 'background' value In most scenarios direct contrast measurements are preferable as these measurements will have less attenuation.Proxy contrast measurements are extremely useful when the residue under study does not produce a directly discernable contrast or it exists in a regime where direct observation is impossible
Traces can be identified through evidence Clusters of artefacts Chemical and physical residues Proxy biological variations Changes in surface relief
Traces can be identified through evidence Clusters of artefacts Chemical and physical residues Proxy biological variations Changes in surface relief
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/arpentnourricier/2385863532Dependant on localised formation and deformation Environmental conditions Soil moisture Crop Temperature and emmisivity
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dartproject/6001577156Dependant on localised formation and deformation Land management
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dartproject/6001577156Dependant on localised formation and deformation Land management
Satellite approaches should be considered in a multi-sensor environment which includes ground survey and excavationThe point is to learn more about the past
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/southernpixel/3480710493/Not really.We have great techniques but some are in danger of becoming redundant
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/san_drino/1454922072/Environmental processesSensor responses (particularly new sensors)Constraining factors (soil, crops etc.)Bias and spatial variabilityIMPACTS ONDeploymentManagement
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimmysmith/720356377/Changes in land management may reduce the appearance of the phenomena we seekUsing science to maximise crop return
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/tangyauhoong/4502062656/Actual crop returns controlled so they approximate towardsthe 'norm'NEW, i.e. not observed before, archaeology is contained within the tailsThese outlier values are being removed.The outlier is an exceptional year ;-)
Reliant on specific seasonal and environmental conditions Increasingly extreme conditions are required for the detection of ‘new’ sitesLow understanding of the physical processes at play outside the visual wavelengths
Significant bias in its application in the environmental areas where it is productive (for example clay environments tend not to be responsive) Surveys don’t tend to be systematic Interpretation tends to be more art than science
Image re-used under a creative commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/8203774@N06/2310292882/
Image re-used under a creative commons licence: http://www.flickr.com/photos/8203774@N06/2310292882/
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence:How does the object generate an observable contrast to it's local matrix?PhysicalChemicalBiologicaletcAre the contrasts permanent or transitory?
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence:If transitory why are they occurring?Is it changes in?Soil typeLand managementSoil moistureTemperatureNutrient availabilityCrop typeCrop growth stage
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence:
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTSpatial Resolution You need enough to observe the object
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTRadiometric Resolution - You need enough to be able to physically detect the expressed differencesdetermines how finely a system can represent or distinguish differences of intensity is usually expressed as a number of levels or a number of bits for example 8 bits or 256 levels The higher the radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity or reflectivity can be represented Signal to noise ratios can be a problem Example It is difficult to detect small changes in growth if your ruler only measures to the nearect 10cms You need enough to be able to physically detect the expressed differences
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTYou need to know when to look for the difference
Spectral Resolution You need to know what part of the spectrum to detect the expressed difference Unsure of the geophysical metaphor for this
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTSo what causes these localised variations?Local conditions structure how any contrast difference is exhibited:Soil typeCrop typeMoistureNutrientsDiurnal temperature variations
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTExpressed contrast differences change over timeSeasonal variationscrop phenology (growth)moisturetemperaturenutrientsDiurnal variationssun angle (topographic features)temperature variations
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTExacerbated by anthropogenic actionsCroppingIrrigationHarrowing
Image re-used under a Creative Commons licence: DARTBut archaeology doesn't tend to produce spectral signatures Rather: produce localised disruptions to a matrix The nature of these disruptions vary and include: Changes to the soil structure Changes to moisture retention capacity Changes in geochemistry Changes in magnetic or acoustic properties Changes to topography At least one of these disruptions will produce a contrast which is detectable The challenge is What sensor to use The sensitivity of the sensor When to deploy the sensor
Try to understand the periodicity of changeRequire intensive ground observation (spectro-radiometry, soil and crop analysis) at known sites (and their surroundings) in a range of different environments under different environmental conditions
Based upon an understanding of:Nature of the archaeological residuesNature of archaeological material (physical and chemical structure)Nature of the surrounding material with which it contrastsHow proxy material (crop) interacts with archaeology and surrounding matrixSensor characteristicsSpatial, spectral, radiometric and temporalHow these can be applied to detect contrastsEnvironmental characteristicsComplex natural and cultural variables that can change rapidly over time
Image reused under a Creative Commons Licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/279523019Geotechnical analysesGeochemical analysesPlant Biology
Image reused under a Creative Commons Licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/279523019Geotechnical analysesGeochemical analysesPlant Biology
Image re-used under a creative commons licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/5104676427Spectro-radiometrySoilVegetationEvery 2 weeksCrop phenologyHeightGrowth (tillering)Flash res 64Including induced events
ResistivityGround penetrating radarEmbedded Soil Moisture and Temperature probesLogging every hour Weather stationLogging every half hour
Image reused under a Creative Commons Licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/279523019Geotechnical analysesGeochemical analysesPlant Biology
Image reused under a Creative Commons Licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/279523019Geotechnical analysesGeochemical analysesPlant Biology
Image reused under a Creative Commons Licence:http://www.flickr.com/photos/kubina/279523019Geotechnical analysesGeochemical analysesPlant Biology
TDR - How does it workSends a pulse of EM energyDue to changes in impedance, at the start and at the end of the probe, the pulse is reflected back and the reflections can be identified on the waveform traceThe distance between these two reflection points is used to determine the Dielectric permittivity Different soils have different dielectric permittivityThis needs calibrating before soil moisture can be derived from the sensors
Further analysis of permittivity and conductivity against rainfall Linking the changes to the weather patternsComparisons can be made betweenSoils at different depthsArchaeological and non-archaeological featuresDifferent soil types at the different locations
Conversion to moisture content is also a priorityRequires calibration using different mixing models including:empiricalsemi-empiricalphysical volumetric phenomenological modelsThis will help us to link the changes in geophysical responses to the composition of the soil and predict future responses, as well as supporting investigations into crop stress and vigour.
Conversion to moisture content is also a priorityRequires calibration using different mixing models including:empiricalsemi-empiricalphysical volumetric phenomenological modelsThis will help us to link the changes in geophysical responses to the composition of the soil and predict future responses, as well as supporting investigations into crop stress and vigour.
methodology similar to that employed by Parkyn et al. (2011)Overviewdata pointslie within the ditch featureover the non-archaeological featurefind an average data value for the feature and the surrounding soilThe percentage difference between these two figures can then be considered the amount of contrast within the test area.The higher the percentage, the better the feature is able to be defined.