This document provides an overview of an introductory course on amateur astronomy offered by the Science & Astronomy club of NIT Trichy. The course includes weekly lectures on topics like celestial objects, the solar system, stars and telescopes. It also includes activities like live telescope streaming, quizzes, demonstrations on building telescopes and student presentations. The document further provides background information on various astronomy concepts like the scales used to measure distances, masses and angular sizes in the sky. It also explains apparent and absolute magnitudes, tidal locking of celestial bodies and some objects visible in the night sky.

1. Science & Astronomy club of NIT Trichy
Department of Physics
Introduction to Amateur Astronomy
G Antilen Jacob
Research Scholar & Project fellow
Department of Physics
NIT-Trichy

2. Course contents
I. Weekly lecture program
• Introduction on celestial object ( 2 hours)
• Formation and kinetics of solar system ( 2 hours)
• life cycle of stars ( 2 hours)
• Telescope optics and basic operation ( 2 hours)
• Introduction to astronomical software's ( stellarium ) (1 hour)
• space observatory( X-ray, UV, infrared) ( 2 hours)
• Introduction to cosmology (2 hours)
II. Telescope Live streaming (based on weather conditions)
• Live web streaming of planets through 10” telescope ( 1 hour)
III. Quiz competition
• Quiz question link will be forwarded each week. ( 4 set)
IV. Q&A discussion session
• Special session for addressing questions from students.( 1 hour)
V. Building a Galiloscope
• 3d printed parts and lenses will be given to construct a galiloscope.
VI Participants presentation
• 10 min talk followed by 2 min discussion
VII overall prize
• Based on the regular attendance and
performance in quiz and Q&A discussion

3. Earth as filter
• Limitation due to atmosphere
• earth is a window only for visible and radio waves
• earth magnetic field protecting us form solar wind
• ozone layer will not allow UV radiation
• High pressure will keep the water in liquid state
Armature astronomy
Visible astronomy Radio astronomy

4. Telescopes in our NIT campus
10” Newtonian reflector telescope Horn antenna radio telescope (21 cm)
Copper probe VNA
Spectrum Analyzer
Filter and LNA

5. How the universe look like from earth
• we can see more than 2,000 stars as well as the Milky Way.
• Constellations (88 constellations fill the entire sky)

6. How to look in to sky
• Zenith: The point directly overhead
• Horizon: All points 90° away from zenith
• Meridian: Line passing through zenith and connecting
N and S points on horizon

7. Why do stars rise and set?
A circumpolar star
never sets
This star never
rises
Your Horizon
Celestial
Equator
• Earth rotates west to east, so stars appear to circle from east
to west
• polar star will aligned with the axis of a rotating
astronomical body
• Earth's pole stars are Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)

8. Length scale
1A.U. = 1.5 X 1011 m
1ly = 9.46 X 1015 m
1pc = 3.08 X 1016 m or 3.26 ly
• Lightyear is a unit of distance
• Moon is 1.2 Light second away from earth
• parsec is the distance at which 1A.U. subtends an angle of 1 arc second
• Diameter of the observable universe is 93 Gly

9. Measuring distances
• Parallax method
• Variable stars method
• Color
• The expanding universe
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ =
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑑 =
1 𝐴. 𝑈.
𝑝

10. Mass scale
• The solar mass (M☉) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy
• M☉ = (1.98847±0.00007)×1030 kg
• The solar mass is about 333000 times the mass of Earth
(M⊕), or 1047 times the mass of Jupiter (MJ).
Pollex= 1.91±0.09 M☉
Sirius = 2.063 ± 0.023 M☉
Betelgeuse = 11.6 M☉
Regel = 21±3 M☉
Antares = 14 M☉

11. Angular size (diameter)
• We can measure both the size of an object in the sky and mark
its position by using angles
• There are 360 degrees in a circle 1/60th of a degree is one arc
minute and 1/60th of an arcminute is one arc second
• Angular size of moon is 0.5 degree same as sun
• Orion nebula has angular size of 5 degree 1°
=
1
360
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
1′
=
1
60
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
1"
=
1
3600
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
Problem 1)
Calculate the diameter of the sun if the angular size of the sun is 0.5
degree?
Problem 2)
Calculate the distance between Jupiter and IO if the angular separation
between them is 1.863 arc minute and the distance between earth and
Jupiter Is 760 million kilometers?

12. Apparent magnitude
• describe how bright an object appears in the sky from
Earth
• Magnitude scale dates back to Hipparchus (around
150 BC) who invented a scale to describe the
brightness of the stars he could see
• magnitude of 1 to the brightest stars in the sky
Absolute magnitude
Absolute magnitude is defined to be the apparent magnitude
an object would have if it were located at a distance of 10
parsecs

13. Apparent and absolute magnitude
• mv – Mv = – 5 + 5 log10(d)
• Brightness, color, luminosity and magnitude, temperature.
• α-Centauri has 0.01 and β-Centauri has 0.61
• α 4.2ly, β 390ly. Absolute magnitude of α and β are 4.38 and
-4.53 respectively.
• Color Temperature 3000K to 50,000 K based on spectral
class

14. Tidal locking and synchronous rotation
• 4 billion years ago 1 earth day is
6 hours
• internal frictional due to gravity
consumes the energy of moon
rotational motion
• earth stretches different
direction every 24 hours now
• which reduces the rotational
velocity of earth

15. What's visible today in sky?
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Deneb, Vega, Altair
• Antares
Planets 20 degree south-east
45 degree North-east
26 degree south
Antares Deneb

16. Thank you