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1. The document discusses the scientific revolution in Western Civilization II and three perspectives that characterized it: new knowledge about the natural world through empirical observation and experimentation, new scientific methods like the scientific method, and the creation of scientific communities to spread scientific knowledge and methods to a wider public. 2. Key developments discussed include the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire showing the spread of scientific ideas, anatomical drawings like Rembrandt's "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" demonstrating new knowledge, and images depicting early scientific experiments and communities like Joseph Wright's "An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump."
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2) Conflicts between religion/philosophy and science were usually not about the existence of God, but rather struggles between old and new views of nature.
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This document examines the historical relationship between religion, philosophy, and science. It finds that throughout much of history:
1) Religion, philosophy, and science were closely intertwined, with each guiding and supporting the development of the others.
2) However, at some points certain religious or philosophical views hindered scientific progress by providing incorrect guidance.
3) Major scientific advances like those of Copernicus and Newton were not aimed at rejecting God, but rather understanding God's creation more accurately. Overall the document finds that religion and philosophy have generally played a positive role in guiding scientific development when providing the right direction, rather than being in conflict.
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21. postmodernism
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19. said
Edward Said's book Orientalism argues that the Orient has been imagined and constructed by the West through a discourse called Orientalism. This discourse involves producing knowledge about the Orient through academic and artistic works that help dominate and exert authority over it. Said defines Orientalism as a Western style and corporate institution for dealing with the Orient by making statements, authorizing views, describing, teaching, settling, and ruling over it. This discourse helped European culture gain strength by defining itself against an imagined Orient. Orientalism continues to circulate and construct ideas about the East in various cultural forms today.
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Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
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This document provides an overview of cultural theorists Stuart Hall and Roland Barthes. It discusses Stuart Hall's work on encoding and decoding messages in media and how audiences do not passively receive information. It also outlines Roland Barthes' work on how dominant ideologies present themselves as natural through images and myth-making. Specifically, it explains Barthes' view of myth as a communication system that removes the reader from an active role and constructs ideas as inherent truths.
15. combahee, anzaldua
This document discusses identity politics and intersectionality. It provides historical context around the development of identity politics movements in the 1950s-1970s such as civil rights, women's rights, and gay rights. It then discusses the concepts of intersectionality and how multiple overlapping identities interact. The document presents several artworks and excerpts to illustrate these concepts of identity and the experiences of marginalized groups.
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This document discusses black existentialism through the works of Frantz Fanon and James Baldwin. It summarizes that black existentialism shares similarities with existentialist philosophers like Sartre but focuses on the liberation of all people of color rather than individual freedom. It provides biographical context of Fanon and Baldwin, outlining their major works and influences. Both writers examined issues of colonialism, racism, and identity from the perspective of being black in a white-dominated world.
13. de beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and philosopher who was heavily influenced by existentialism and Jean-Paul Sartre. She wrote The Second Sex in 1949, which argued that women are socially constructed as the "other" in a patriarchal society, and that this socialization is the root cause of women's oppression, not their biology. De Beauvoir asserted that one is not born a woman but becomes one, and that both individual and social change are needed for women's liberation.
12. adorno
The Frankfurt School was an institute founded in Germany in the 1920s that included thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and others. They critiqued concepts from the Enlightenment like rationality, progress, and domination of nature. They argued that the Enlightenment created its own "myths" and that modern society lives in an era of unfreedom and violence due to "instrumental rationality." They also critiqued mass culture and the culture industry, arguing it led to increasing uniformity and standardization of products that created artificial needs and passivity in individuals in order to reinforce the capitalist system.
11. benjamin
1) You are shocked and overwhelmed by the beauty and skill of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus as a chambermaid from a peasant family serving the wealthy de Medici's.
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10.5 age of progress & anxiety
The late 1800s and early 1900s saw unprecedented changes across Western societies including mass production, mass consumption enabled by new industries, widespread mass education to fuel these new economies, the rise of mass politics as more groups gained the right to vote, and new forms of mass leisure activities. However, this period of rapid economic and social progress also coincided with growing anxieties about these changes and their effects on individuals and traditional ways of life.
10. freud
In his work Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud applies his psychoanalytic theories about individual psychology to whole societies. He questions why human beings are so miserable in modern civilization and argues that the central problem is maintaining a balance between individual desires and the demands of society. Freud proposes that civilization arises from two drives in human nature: Eros, the life drive, and Thanatos, the death drive. Society controls the individual through internalized discipline and fear of losing love from the community.
9. nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who is known for proclaiming the death of God and developing the concepts of master morality, slave morality, and ressentiment. In his "Parable of the Madman," Nietzsche describes a madman who declares that God is dead and laments who will wipe away this blood from humanity as the murderers of God. Nietzsche analyzed the development of morality from master morality defined by the powerful to slave morality defined in reaction and resentment against the masters. He argued that each person must develop their own moral code through rational reflection and affirmation of life rather than adopting universal morality.
7. marx, part 2
Marx analyzed history and society through the lens of class struggle. He believed that throughout history, society has been divided into opposing classes such as slave and master, peasant and aristocrat, and most currently, bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that the capitalist system established by the bourgeoisie, while advancing technology and industry, has created new forms of oppression and inequality. He predicted that recurring economic crises under capitalism would grow increasingly severe and ultimately lead to its demise, to be replaced by a socialist and communist society without classes.
6. marx, part 1
This document provides an overview of key aspects of Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It discusses Marx's view that the industrial revolution led to alienating forms of labor under capitalism where workers are estranged from their work and its products. Marx argued that under capitalism, labor becomes a means to survival rather than a means of self-affirmation. The document also summarizes Marx's views on commodity fetishism and how the capitalist system obscures the actual human labor that goes into producing commodities.
5. hegel
This document discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and his ideas about history and dialectic. It examines how Hegel viewed history as being driven by ideas and the dialectic process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also analyzes Susan Buck-Morss's work connecting Hegel's philosophy to the Haitian Revolution and how slavery and the Enlightenment ideals of freedom were in tension.
4. rousseau
Rousseau believed that humans in a state of nature were solitary yet inherently good and driven by instincts of survival. In civilization, humans become competitive, greedy, and power-hungry due to political inequalities. While walking in the forest, Rousseau contemplated stripping away pretenses to see humanity's true nature, and how civilization has distorted it for the worse. In his work "Confessions", Rousseau resolved to present himself truthfully to show his fellow man an example of natural humanity, claiming he was unlike anyone else in the world.
3. kant, wollstonecraft, truth
This document discusses the views of Immanuel Kant, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Sojourner Truth on education and reason. It examines Kant's definition of enlightenment and his views on how individuals can use reason. It also looks at Wollstonecraft's views on how women were socialized and educated at the time, and how this was harmful. Finally, it considers Truth's perspectives on gender, race, and the connection between reason and rights.
Course Introduction: 1930s America & Hollywood
This document provides an introduction to a course on art and history during the "Long 1930s." It discusses the context of the 1920s in America, including prosperity, new consumer goods, and a culture of exuberance. It then outlines how the 1930s was defined by the Great Depression and explores mass culture during this period, focusing on radio and the movie-going experience. It includes a quote that describes the split personality of Depression culture between grappling with economic disaster and creating entertainment as a form of escapism and coming to terms with hard times.
Enlightenment review; Descartes & Locke
The document discusses several key aspects of the Enlightenment period in Europe including the questioning of religious and political authorities, the spread of scientific revolution and rationalism, and the emergence of skepticism and emphasis on human reason. It also notes tensions around the universal application of reason and whether it applied equally to all groups of people.
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