Scapula
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The document describes the anatomy of the scapula bone. It notes that the scapula is a large, triangular, flat bone located on the posterolateral aspect of the chest wall opposite ribs 2-7. The dorsal surface of the scapula is divided into two portions by its spine: the supraspinous fossa superiorly and infraspinous fossa inferiorly. It describes landmarks like the superior, inferior, and lateral angles. Key borders including the lateral, medial, and superior borders and their extensions are outlined. Muscle attachments and the shoulder and acromioclavicular joints are also mentioned. Pathologies such as fractures, winging of the scapula, and scapho
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Sole of the foot
The document describes the anatomy of the sole of the foot. It discusses the muscles, nerves, arteries, ligaments and arches of the foot in multiple layers from superficial to deep. Key points include that the subtalar and transverse talar joints allow for eversion and inversion. The plantar aponeurosis helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch. The medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries are branches that innervate and supply blood to the foot muscles and skin. The plantar ligaments including the long plantar ligament are important for arch support.
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This document describes the muscles of the scapular region including the deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major. It discusses the origin, insertion, nerve supply and action of each muscle. It also describes the rotator cuff muscles that form a musculotendinous cuff around the shoulder joint, providing stability. The document outlines the quadrangular space and upper and lower triangular spaces in the scapular region and their clinical relevance. It concludes with a discussion of important anastomoses of arteries around the scapula.
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This document summarizes the muscles of the medial thigh compartment, the obturator nerve, and the adductor canal. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation and actions of the adductor muscles. It outlines the formation, branches and testing of the obturator nerve. It defines the adductor canal, identifies its boundaries, contents and its relevance to femoral artery ligation and popliteal artery aneurysm.Pectoral muscles
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Slideshow: Anterior Thigh
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh compartment. It is divided into 3 sections - anterior, medial, and posterior - by intermuscular septa. The major muscles of the anterior compartment are the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis). Together they perform knee extension. Each muscle originates on the pelvis or femur and inserts via the patella and quadriceps tendon. They are innervated by branches of the femoral nerve.
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Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you
Cilinical anatomy upper limb
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The document describes the anatomy of the sole of the foot. It discusses the muscles, nerves, arteries, ligaments and arches of the foot in multiple layers from superficial to deep. Key points include that the subtalar and transverse talar joints allow for eversion and inversion. The plantar aponeurosis helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch. The medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries are branches that innervate and supply blood to the foot muscles and skin. The plantar ligaments including the long plantar ligament are important for arch support.
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The medial compartment of the thigh contains four muscles - gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and the pubic part of adductor magnus. It also contains the profunda femoris artery and vein, and the obturator artery and vein. The obturator nerve innervates the muscles and sends articular branches to the hip.
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The document describes the anatomy of the anterior thigh compartment. It is divided into 3 sections - anterior, medial, and posterior - by intermuscular septa. The major muscles of the anterior compartment are the sartorius and quadriceps femoris group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis). Together they perform knee extension. Each muscle originates on the pelvis or femur and inserts via the patella and quadriceps tendon. They are innervated by branches of the femoral nerve.
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The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
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The anterior leg compartment contains four muscles - Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus, and Peroneus Tertius. These muscles dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes, arising from the tibia and fibula and inserting at various points on the foot. They are all supplied by the deep peroneal nerve. Injury to this nerve causes foot drop.
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The document describes the anatomy of the posterior compartment of the leg. It contains two compartments - a superficial compartment with the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles, and a deep compartment with the popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior muscles. All of these muscles are flexors or invertors of the ankle and are supplied by the tibial nerve.
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5.posterior compartment of the thigh
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus), which are supplied by branches from the sciatic nerve. It also contains cutaneous nerves that innervate the skin (medial, posterior, and lateral cutaneous nerves) and veins that drain into the great and small saphenous veins. The blood supply comes from branches of the profunda femoris artery and drains into the profunda femoris vein.
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The anterior leg compartment contains four muscles - Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus, and Peroneus Tertius. These muscles dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes, arising from the tibia and fibula and inserting at various points on the foot. They are all supplied by the deep peroneal nerve. Injury to this nerve causes foot drop.
Posterior compartment of leg
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior compartment of the leg. It contains two compartments - a superficial compartment with the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles, and a deep compartment with the popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior muscles. All of these muscles are flexors or invertors of the ankle and are supplied by the tibial nerve.
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The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
Slideshow: Gluteal Region
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The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Palmar arterial arches
The superficial palmar arch is the dominant vascular structure of the palm. It is formed by the anastomoses of the superficial branch of the ulnar artery and the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. It gives off four palmar digital arteries that supply the medial 3.5 fingers. The deep palmar arch lies deep to the superficial arch and connects the ulnar and radial arteries, supplying the medial four metacarpals. Variations can occur in the formation of the superficial palmar arch, which is important to identify during hand surgery.
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The axillary artery is the continuation of the subclavian artery in the axilla. It passes through the axilla from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of the teres major muscle, where it becomes the brachial artery. The pectoralis minor muscle divides the axillary artery into three parts, with each part giving off branches to surrounding muscles and structures. The axillary artery and its branches have important relationships that are relevant for clinical procedures.
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This document describes the anatomy of the sole of the foot, including four layers of muscles, arteries, nerves, and the plantar aponeurosis. The four layers of muscles in the sole are the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi in the first layer. The second layer contains the flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and other muscles. The third layer has two muscles and the fourth layer contains nine muscles including the interossei muscles. The document also outlines the arterial blood supply and nerves to the sole, with branches from the posterior tibial, medial and lateral plantar arteries and nerves.
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The hamstring muscles are a group of muscles located on the back of the thigh. They include the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris muscles. Together these muscles act as flexors of the knee and extensors/medial rotators of the hip. They all originate from the ischial tuberosity and are innervated by the tibial nerve. The document provides details on the origin, insertion, action and innervation of each individual hamstring muscle. It also discusses the clinical significance of hamstring injuries and testing.
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The axillary nerve emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and passes through the quadrangular space in the axilla. It has both motor and sensory functions. The anterior terminal branch innervates the deltoid muscle, while the posterior terminal branch supplies the teres minor muscle and gives off the upper lateral cutaneous nerve, which provides sensation to the skin over the lower deltoid. Damage to the axillary nerve results in paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor muscles and loss of sensation in the regimental badge area.
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The document provides information on the anatomy of the lower limb, including details on the nerves, muscles, arteries and veins. It discusses the femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial and common fibular nerves, and describes their motor and sensory innervation. Injuries to these nerves such as lacerations or compressions are outlined. Various conditions affecting the lower limb like sciatica, piriformis syndrome and iliotibial band syndrome are also summarized. Procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and risks of intramuscular injections are covered as well.
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This document describes the muscles and innervation of the pectoral region. It discusses the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, serratus anterior muscles and their origins, insertions, actions, and nerve supplies. It also mentions the clavipectoral fascia that splits below the clavicle to enclose the pectoralis minor muscle and continues as the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
AXILLARY NERVE.pptx
The axillary nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, deriving from cervical nerves C5 and C6. It supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles. It passes through the quadrilateral space behind the humerus and divides into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch innervates the deltoid muscle. The posterior branch supplies the teres minor and posterior deltoid, and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve, providing cutaneous innervation to the lateral arm. Injury results in paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor, causing weakness of shoulder abduction, flexion, extension and rotation.
Osteology upper limb by Dr G Kamau
The document provides an overview of the osteology of the upper limb, including the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges. It describes the anatomy of each bone including important structures, articulations, and clinical considerations such as common fractures. The upper limb bones form several joints including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints which provide mobility to the arm.
Sacral plexus
1. The sacral plexus is formed from the anterior rami of L4-S4 spinal nerves and provides branches that innervate muscles and skin in the gluteal and pelvic regions.
2. It has several branches including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves which innervate gluteal muscles, the sciatic nerve which bifurcates into the tibial and common fibular nerves, and the pudendal nerve.
3. Clinical conditions that can occur due to sacral plexus branches include piriformis syndrome caused by compression of the sciatic nerve, and sciatica which is pain along the sciatic nerve most commonly due to a herniated disc.
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The scapula is a thin, triangular bone placed on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. It has two surfaces - a convex dorsal surface and a concave costal surface. The scapula has three borders - a thin superior border, a thick lateral border, and a thin medial border. It also has three angles - a superior angle, an anterior angle, and a broad lateral angle that bears the glenoid cavity. There are three processes - the spinous process, the acromion process, and the coracoid process. The scapula provides attachment for several muscles that help move the arm.
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6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
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Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
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According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Scapula
- 1. SCAPULA Dr. Simi Prabhakaran Assistant professor SDM Hassan 1 Dr.Simi Prabhakaran
- 2. SCAPULA • Large,triangular,flat bone • Location : posterolateral aspect of chest wall. • Opp.2nd -7th Rib 2 Dr.Simi Prabhakaran
- 6. Spine divided dorsal surface into 2 Upper : Supraspinous fossa Lower : Infraspinous fossa 6 Dr.Simi Prabhakaran
- 16. Lateral Border • Thickest of all borders • Extends :- lower part of glenoid cavity to inferior angle Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 16
- 17. Medial Border • Longest of all borders • Extends :- superior angle to inferior angle Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 17
- 18. Superior Border • Thinnest & shortest • Extends :- superior angle to Suprascapular notch Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 18
- 25. Posterior border / crest of spine Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 25
- 26. Lower lip of crest of spine Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 26
- 27. Upper lip of crest of spine Dr.Simi Prabhakaran 27
- 36. Shoulder Joint Acromioclaviclar Joint B/w the glenoid cavity & the head of humerus B/w the acromial process & the lateral end of clavicle
- 37. Fracture of scapula Dr.simi prabhakaran
- 38. winging of scapula Dr.simi prabhakaran
- 40. • The term ‘winged scapula’ (also scapula alata) is used when the muscles of the scapula are too weak or paralyzed, resulting in a limited ability to stabilize the scapula. As a result, the medial border of the scapula protrudes, like wings. Dr.simi prabhakaran
- 41. Scaphoid scapula • Developmental anomaly • The medial border is concave. Dr.simi prabhakaran