Performance Evaluation of Cost Saving Towards Sustainability in Traditional C...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:It is most significant to achieve environment protection in construction industry for which prefabrication construction technique is considered to be most efficient sustainable construction method. The importance of prefabrication is based on the influence of different activities elaborate such a waste management, adaptation of material reuses and recycles. This research paper includes a dynamic design approach to evaluate the cost performance of construction project using prefabrication construction method along with applying the subsequent waste treatment activities to accomplish waste management. The construction cost of duplex villathrough traditional construction has been carried out. The construction cost of the same project has then been calculated by the present prefabricated assembly market prices. After critical comparison between construction costs of traditional and prefabrication methods, a significant cost saving has been noticed. The day by day increasing public awareness about the environmental impacts of construction waste has been resulted in including waste management as a major function of construction project management by some construction organizations. Although, some of methods have been developed for construction waste management it is still of much importance that no research has been done so far in this topic to introduce waste minimization through necessary waste treatment activities. This research paper emphasis on the identification of supreme horizons of prefabrication techniques and methods in construction industry by converging on the aggressive need of suitable training and skills for workplace.
Industrial Value Chains - A Bridge Towards a climate neutral EuropeTomas Wyns
Presentation of Report Industrial Value Chain: A Bridge Towards a Carbon Neutral Europe, developed for Europe's Energy Intensive Industries (September 2018)
ASSESSING THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THROUGH APPLYING HIGH-STR...IAEME Publication
The construction industry accounts for approximately 23% of the national energy
consumption per year. Considering the production and transportation of construction
materials, the ratio of energy consumption increases up to 40 % in this industry.
Recently, several studies established effective strategies for reducing the carbon
dioxide emissions such as utilisation of low-carbon materials, material recycling,
minimisation of materials input, and selection of optimal structural systems. Along with
such approaches, there are various studies examined the application of high-strength
materials for minimum utilisation of construction materials. Despite this approach to
calculate CO2 emissions of structural materials, it is necessary to study the effectiveness
and relationships between the implementation of high-strength re-bars and normal rebars.
In order to fill this gap, this study examines the reduction of reinforcement bars
and CO2 emissions by the implementation of high-strength re-bars in a practical
approach. In this study, an office complex building was selected to assess the quantity
variation over the normal re-bars. The office complex building is a rigid-frame
structure which has 25 storeys above the ground level and one storey in the
underground. Based on the analysed data, this study concluded that the application of
SD500 and SD600 high-strength re-bars would lead the quantity reduction of about
25% and 50% respectively compared to the structural system designed with SD400.
Generally, applications to high-strength materials, especially high-strength re-bars in
the study is potentially beneficial in both reducing the input amount of materials and
carbon dioxide emissions in the rigid-frame structure.
Performance Evaluation of Cost Saving Towards Sustainability in Traditional C...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:It is most significant to achieve environment protection in construction industry for which prefabrication construction technique is considered to be most efficient sustainable construction method. The importance of prefabrication is based on the influence of different activities elaborate such a waste management, adaptation of material reuses and recycles. This research paper includes a dynamic design approach to evaluate the cost performance of construction project using prefabrication construction method along with applying the subsequent waste treatment activities to accomplish waste management. The construction cost of duplex villathrough traditional construction has been carried out. The construction cost of the same project has then been calculated by the present prefabricated assembly market prices. After critical comparison between construction costs of traditional and prefabrication methods, a significant cost saving has been noticed. The day by day increasing public awareness about the environmental impacts of construction waste has been resulted in including waste management as a major function of construction project management by some construction organizations. Although, some of methods have been developed for construction waste management it is still of much importance that no research has been done so far in this topic to introduce waste minimization through necessary waste treatment activities. This research paper emphasis on the identification of supreme horizons of prefabrication techniques and methods in construction industry by converging on the aggressive need of suitable training and skills for workplace.
Industrial Value Chains - A Bridge Towards a climate neutral EuropeTomas Wyns
Presentation of Report Industrial Value Chain: A Bridge Towards a Carbon Neutral Europe, developed for Europe's Energy Intensive Industries (September 2018)
ASSESSING THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THROUGH APPLYING HIGH-STR...IAEME Publication
The construction industry accounts for approximately 23% of the national energy
consumption per year. Considering the production and transportation of construction
materials, the ratio of energy consumption increases up to 40 % in this industry.
Recently, several studies established effective strategies for reducing the carbon
dioxide emissions such as utilisation of low-carbon materials, material recycling,
minimisation of materials input, and selection of optimal structural systems. Along with
such approaches, there are various studies examined the application of high-strength
materials for minimum utilisation of construction materials. Despite this approach to
calculate CO2 emissions of structural materials, it is necessary to study the effectiveness
and relationships between the implementation of high-strength re-bars and normal rebars.
In order to fill this gap, this study examines the reduction of reinforcement bars
and CO2 emissions by the implementation of high-strength re-bars in a practical
approach. In this study, an office complex building was selected to assess the quantity
variation over the normal re-bars. The office complex building is a rigid-frame
structure which has 25 storeys above the ground level and one storey in the
underground. Based on the analysed data, this study concluded that the application of
SD500 and SD600 high-strength re-bars would lead the quantity reduction of about
25% and 50% respectively compared to the structural system designed with SD400.
Generally, applications to high-strength materials, especially high-strength re-bars in
the study is potentially beneficial in both reducing the input amount of materials and
carbon dioxide emissions in the rigid-frame structure.
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing - Forest Products Industry...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
Window film is a way to make your Denver home more energy efficient in 2019 and save you a fair amount of money on utilities for years to come! Read more here:https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/denver-window-film/window-film-energy-efficiency/
Global investment in new production lines for cell and battery packs is very high. Approximately ten gigafactories are needed to meet expected demand over the next ten years. Assuming a “Lean, Clean and Green” Factory, our expert Klaus Eberhardt, PhD, has presented at Intersolar Europe innovative building concepts for the “Smart Size Battery Cell Factory”. In his presentation he shared exclusive insights in factors like scaling effects, product diversity, safety concepts and site evaluation matrix.
Modelling Circular Economy in TIMES
Dr. Sofia G. Simoes LNEG - Laboratory for Energy and Geology, P. Fortes, CENSE | NOVA School of
Science and Technology
During the 9th “International Advanced Battery Power Conference” Klaus Eberhardt, Technology
Manager Battery and PV, ATF, presented our focus on cost-effective Li-Ion battery factories. The
conference took place from April 10-11, 2018 in Münster/Germany.
The expected growth in the battery industry will require numerous new factories around the globe. There is a clear trend that the battery manufacturing follows the automotive manufacturing: Closer to the customer, regulative requirements and safety aspects are the key drivers. Adequate sized battery manufacturing facilities are the prerequisite for achieving the required cost target of 100 $/kWh for the battery cells.
In his presentation, Mr. Eberhardt discussed cost reduction
potentials for the factory through scaling effects as well as smart
building concepts.
Wood Circus -loppuseminaari 8.12.2021: Teollinen puurakentaminen ja rakennus- ja purkujätteiden uudelleen käytön mahdollisuudet (in English) Dr. Javier Garcia Jaca
The role of engineering providers in successful industrialization of bio base...M+W Group
There are several examples of uses for a range of biologically-based products that are currently being developed. Even though crude oil has historically been used as a raw
material in numerous everyday objects, renewable raw materials can now provide an alternative to crude-oil-based industrial production thanks to industrial biotechnology. M+W Central Europe GmbH's Specialty Chemicals Unit supports such initiatives and projects
through feasibility studies, plant and process simulations, de-bottlenecking measures and other
engineering services, such as technology transfer and operationalization.
Engineering service providers play an important role in the successful industrialization of biobased
products. Dr. Anton Volkov, Lead Process Engineer for Industrial Biotechnology, held a talk on this subject, titled, "The Role of Engineering Providers in Successful Industrialization of
Bio-Based Products" where he examined how process innovation and technology can help manufacturing sustainable and cost competitive bio-based and green innovations.
describe todo el sistema excretor los problemas o enfermedades que puede padecer la prevencion y los cuidados de enfermería y en casa que se deben tener
Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing - Forest Products Industry...Alliance To Save Energy
Nov 17, 2009: Alliance to Save Energy Congressional briefing, "Heavy Industries: Advancing American Manufacturing," - A discussion by industry experts centering on the current and future prospects for energy efficiency in their four respective industries. All agreed on the great potential for energy efficiency projects but acknowledged the formidable barriers that inhibit investment.
Window film is a way to make your Denver home more energy efficient in 2019 and save you a fair amount of money on utilities for years to come! Read more here:https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/denver-window-film/window-film-energy-efficiency/
Global investment in new production lines for cell and battery packs is very high. Approximately ten gigafactories are needed to meet expected demand over the next ten years. Assuming a “Lean, Clean and Green” Factory, our expert Klaus Eberhardt, PhD, has presented at Intersolar Europe innovative building concepts for the “Smart Size Battery Cell Factory”. In his presentation he shared exclusive insights in factors like scaling effects, product diversity, safety concepts and site evaluation matrix.
Modelling Circular Economy in TIMES
Dr. Sofia G. Simoes LNEG - Laboratory for Energy and Geology, P. Fortes, CENSE | NOVA School of
Science and Technology
During the 9th “International Advanced Battery Power Conference” Klaus Eberhardt, Technology
Manager Battery and PV, ATF, presented our focus on cost-effective Li-Ion battery factories. The
conference took place from April 10-11, 2018 in Münster/Germany.
The expected growth in the battery industry will require numerous new factories around the globe. There is a clear trend that the battery manufacturing follows the automotive manufacturing: Closer to the customer, regulative requirements and safety aspects are the key drivers. Adequate sized battery manufacturing facilities are the prerequisite for achieving the required cost target of 100 $/kWh for the battery cells.
In his presentation, Mr. Eberhardt discussed cost reduction
potentials for the factory through scaling effects as well as smart
building concepts.
Wood Circus -loppuseminaari 8.12.2021: Teollinen puurakentaminen ja rakennus- ja purkujätteiden uudelleen käytön mahdollisuudet (in English) Dr. Javier Garcia Jaca
The role of engineering providers in successful industrialization of bio base...M+W Group
There are several examples of uses for a range of biologically-based products that are currently being developed. Even though crude oil has historically been used as a raw
material in numerous everyday objects, renewable raw materials can now provide an alternative to crude-oil-based industrial production thanks to industrial biotechnology. M+W Central Europe GmbH's Specialty Chemicals Unit supports such initiatives and projects
through feasibility studies, plant and process simulations, de-bottlenecking measures and other
engineering services, such as technology transfer and operationalization.
Engineering service providers play an important role in the successful industrialization of biobased
products. Dr. Anton Volkov, Lead Process Engineer for Industrial Biotechnology, held a talk on this subject, titled, "The Role of Engineering Providers in Successful Industrialization of
Bio-Based Products" where he examined how process innovation and technology can help manufacturing sustainable and cost competitive bio-based and green innovations.
describe todo el sistema excretor los problemas o enfermedades que puede padecer la prevencion y los cuidados de enfermería y en casa que se deben tener
Дошкольный возраст является уникальным периодом становления и развития способностей, которые по мере взросления ребенка будут совершенствоваться и дифференцироваться. Одна из наиболее важных способностей - это способность к познанию. В соответствии с ФГОС ДО одной из задач познавательного развития является развитие интересов детей, любознательности и познавательной мотивации. Исходя из задачи, в центре внимания педагогов должна быть ориентация образовательного процесса на познавательные возможности дошкольника и на их реализацию. Необходимо так организовать взаимодействие с ребенком, чтобы оно было направлено на формирование познавательного интереса, познавательной самостоятельности и инициативности. (слайд №2) Продуманная организация деятельности по познавательному развитию детей, основанная на инновационных методах, позволит достичь целевых ориентиров, обозначенных во ФГОС ДО.
Презентация к уроку математики в 4-м классе Образовательной системы «Школа 2100» (учебники «Моя Математика» авторы Т.Е.Демидова, С.А.Козлова, А.П.Тонких).
Математика. 4 класс Урок 2.29. Решение задач
Эту презентацию можно посмотреть по адресу:
http://avtatuzova.ru/publ/4_klass_shkola_2100/matematika_2100_4_klass_urok_2_29_reshenie_zadach/57-1-0-422
Остальные презентации расположены:
http://avtatuzova.ru
2100. 4 класс Урок 1.5. Арифметические действия над числамиavtatuzova
Презентация к уроку математики в 4-м классе Образовательной системы «Школа 2100» (учебники «Моя Математика» авторы Т.Е.Демидова, С.А.Козлова, А.П.Тонких).
Математика. 4 класс Урок 1.5. Арифметические действия над числами
Эту презентацию можно посмотреть по адресу:
http://avtatuzova.ru/publ/4_klass_shkola_2100/matematika_2100_4_klass_urok_1_5_arifmeticheskie_dejstvija_nad_chislami/46-1-0-339
Остальные презентации расположены:
http://avtatuzova.ru
Challenges facing componentsreuse in industrialized housing: A literature reviewIEREK Press
Natural resources points towards sustainable development. Since a large proportion of human consumption is linked to buildings and construction, this means managing the construction process in more sustainable ways. Strategies that target greater material efficiency and which promote circular economy concepts are among several approaches that are gaining in popularity. The adoption of life-cycle thinking and practices in design, construction and end of life through the reuse of construction components and materials is one such action to achieve a sustainable built environment. Reuse is not a new concept and technical solutions do exist; however, practical realization is hampered by many interrelated challenges. This review paper is the result of a literature review for an exploratory study that aims to identify obstacles to the reuse of building components and materials. The context is industrializedhousing, particularly timber-based construction, as this is a sector where modern manufacturing and onsite practices have become established. The main obstacles identified and corroborated in the literature, along with their potential solutions, are summarized and conclusions drawn on the future direction of research needs.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
Presentation by Katherine Adams of BRE & Loughborough University at at Circular Economy Thinking in Construction seminar, London 20 January 2017. More information: http://www.greenconstructionboard.org/index.php/2012-09-05-09-17-39/item/2372-circular-economy-thinking-cethinking-challenges-and-opportunities-for-the-construction-sector
Crown Capital Management - Environment: Give your opinion on reducing the env...andyveilXD
. It states that existing policies for promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy use in buildings need to be complemented with policies for resource efficiency, which look at a wider range of environmental impacts across the life-cycle of buildings and infrastructure and that the European Commission will put forward a Communication on Sustainable Buildings in 2013.
This year’s event features some of the industry’smost highly regarded thought leaders, showcasing avant-gardeprojects, exploring innovative technology and best practise sharing
CompactHabit designs, manufactures, and installs blast-resistant, modular buildings, which are constructed to protect occupants against explosion, fire, toxic materials, ballistic impact and natural disasters.
Corporate office building attached to an existing industrial building. The building is made up of a ground floor and two higher standard floors. The ground floor holds the access to the building, the reception, the meeting room, dining facilities for workers and an outdoor terrace. The other two higher floors have a spacefull distribution for locating all working desks. Size of the module: 15m x 3,68m x 3,04m.
Corporate office building attached to an existing industrial building. The building is made up of a ground floor and two higher standard floors. The ground floor holds the access to the building, the reception, the meeting room, dining facilities for workers and an outdoor terrace. The other two higher floors have a spacefull distribution for locating all working desks. Size of the module: 15m x 3,68m x 3,04m.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Tutorial for 16S rRNA Gene Analysis with QIIME2.pdf
SBE16 Hamburg
1. Sustainable Built
Environment
Conference 2016
in Hamburg
Strategies, Stakeholders,
Success factors
7th
- 11th
March 2016
SBE16HAMBURG
STRATEGIES
STAKEHOLDERS
SUCCESS FACTORS
Conference Proceedings
www.kit.eu
2. SBE16 Hamburg
International Conference
on Sustainable Built Environment
Strategies – Stakeholders – Success factors
7th
- 11th
March 2016
Conference Proceedings
Organised by
3. 706
International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
SBE16 Hamburg
Increase in Efficicency and Quality Control of Construction
Processes through Off-Site Fabrication
Summary
This paper compares and assesses modular prefabricated building systems according to material
use, process efficiency, ecological potential, i. e. sustainability of construction processes, and
market relevance. To provide a holistic overview of the current market situation, two best practice
examples are examined and evaluated. Covering favourable materials and prefabrication methods
essential for the development of sustainable, cost-efficient housing, selected projects comply with
current and future energy efficiency standards in construction. Due to systemized planning strate-
gies and optimized utilization of materials, recyclability properties of buildings and their parts en-
hance significantly. Furthermore, prefabrication processes contribute to the reduction of waste.
Beyond achieving ecologically and economically advanced processes, prefabrication enables
technical improvement of manufacture by simultaneously increasing the quality buildings and their
parts.
Keywords: Off-Site Construction Processes, Prefabrication, Integrative Planning, Resource Effi-
cient Fabrication
1. Introduction
Rising global population growth and urban migration rates are indicators of a continuously increas-
ing demand for housing. Higher building densities and compact building designs are essential to
reduce associated land use as much as possible. This paper describes how current building pro-
duction techniques must rapidly change in order to accommodate these factors.
Examining methods of the prefabrication industry, key aspects of modular building processes for
residential construction are conveyed and highlighted. Serial manufacturing methods and auto-
mated processes are assessed and evaluated to categorise indicative workflows. Thus, transfer
strategies of technological analogies for industrial construction are defined.
3.1 Background
Studies conducted by the United Nations Organisation (UNO) show that urban migration rates will
increase with about 75 % of the world population living in cities by 2050. Therefore, today’s build-
Jutta Albus
Dipl. Ing. Architect
University of
Stuttgart/ IBK 2
Germany
jutta.albus@ibk2.uni-
stuttgart.de
4. 707
Strategies – Stakeholders – Success factors
ing concepts need to allow for both, higher densities within the urban environment and institute
environmentally friendly construction methods. [1] A holistic sustainable design approach requires
the consideration of fabrication and construction processes as well as materialization of buildings
and components. In order to achieve resource efficient manufacturing methods, planning strate-
gies have to consider and evaluate the distribution of on- and off-site processes. Beyond increas-
ing control of work sequences and quality of execution, procedures contribute to ecological ad-
vancements and the enhancement of cost- and time efficective project realisation.
3.1.1 Housing Situation and Market Overview
The German prefab industry is one of the leading global manufacturers in the segment of prefabri-
cated housing. The industry’s main focus remains the single-family and low-rise housing segment.
Representing about 15 % of the German housing market, the popularity of prefabricated residen-
tial construction, particularly located in suburban areas, has grown about 2.5 % within the past
20 years. [2] In intra-urban areas, conventionally built multi-storey structures dominate the built
environment. The following paper evaluates modular prefabrication and associated construction
technologies based on
Material use
Integrative design approach
Applicability in multi-storey building structures
The majority of prefabricated, residential building stock remains the single-family home segment in
timber construction. As shown in Figure 1, conventional, wet construction methods using brick,
building stones or concrete cover approx. 84 % of the materials used for housing. The amount of
0.01 % buildings in steel is negligible. To generate a thorough and fundamental comparison of
building materials and systems, fabrication and construction processes need to be evaluated.
Validated statements regarding ecological, economical and technical qualities allow for direct
transfer regarding manufacture and assembly of buildings and their components, thus contributing
to the optimisation of building construction.
Fig. 1 Building Materials in Residential Construction in Germany in (a) 2000 and (b) 2013
5. 708
International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
SBE16 Hamburg
3.1.2 Manufacturing Methods Using Wood Based Systems
The construction of an average sized prefabricated 140 m
2
single-family home takes about
15 tons of wood used for load-bearing elements, nonstructural components, and finishes. Accord-
ing to industry research, a CO2 relief for the atmosphere of up to 27 tons can be accomplished. [3]
During the past decades, a predominant use of timber frame building systems for multi-storey
housing becomes apparent. Requiring lightweight construction methods, systems developed con-
tinuously, and technological innovations regarding material build-ups and the integration of sub-
systems enabled enhanced assembly and installation sequences. More recently, new wood prod-
ucts, i. e. cross-laminated timber (CLT), were introduced into the market, contributing to advanced
structural solutions and building typologies.
Compared to solid construction methods, the lightweight wood-based systems improve a build-
ing’s carbon footprint. On the one hand, the amount of energy required for material production and
processing is comparatively small. Furthermore, the material enables to store large quantities of
CO2. In comparison to industrially produced building materials, wood extracts CO2 rather than
emitting it, hence eco-balance and GWP-values improve (Fig. 2). Due to sustainable forest man-
agement, the availability of the material will remain sufficient.
Compared to conventionally built dwellings of brick, stones, or concrete, buildings made of wood
are 10 to 15 % higher in cost. However, a project’s economical efficiency can be improved by
accelerated construction cycles, achieving shorter manufacture and assembly times. Furthermore,
the use of lean element sections provides an increase of net floor area, benefitting the economical
status. Additionally, a high quality of elements can be achieved.
3.1.3 Potential of Precast Concrete Modules for Multi-Storey Housing
This paper evaluates the prefabrication potential of concrete and its applicability in multi-storey
buildings. This material proves to be economically efficient, easy to produce and maintain, and
precast elements are fast to assemble. Subsequently, advanced construction technologies and
implementation methods emphasise considerable advantages for fabrication.
Fig 2 Energy Consumption and GWP of Exterior Wall Systems (14.5 m
2
)
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Nevertheless, resource efficiency aspects as well as limitations through fabrication and transport
have to be considered when chosing the material and associated methods of construction.
2. Methodology
The following research compares two modular building systems. For a boarding house in Neu-
hausen (Germany), construction methods combine in-situ concrete and modular timber prefabrica-
tion. For the student housing block in Sant-Cugat (Spain), precast concrete cells are used to gen-
erate a two-storey building structure.
This paper focuses on the assessment of construction systems and material performances. Tech-
nical properties, behavioural aspects, and manufacturing and assembly processes of buildings
and components are essential for the ecological, economical, and technological optimisation of
buildings and their design. In the analysis, joints and transition areas of structure, building enve-
lope and technical services are identified and exemplified based on outlined projects in modular
construction. The manufacture of building components, following smart assembly and disassem-
bly strategies, contributes to an efficient enhancement of building and construction processes.
Furthermore, the paper evaluates current methods of manufacture to generate advanced solutions
for future building construction. Outlining the coherence of materiality and building structure, the
material-specific case studies introduce industrial construction methods, highlighting prefabrication
potential and applicability for multi-storey structures.
3. Results
3.1 THW-Bundesschule in Neuhausen (DE) 2014, Project Development: Bundesbau
Baden-Württemberg rep. by Hochbauamt Reutlingen
The two-story boarding house of the THW-Bundesschule, an extension to an existing 1950 build-
ing ensemble, is located on a hillside in Neuhausen, near Stuttgart.
The original scheme proposes a combination of conventional in-situ concrete construction and
precast cavity wall elements. Due to time and cost related deficiencies, a redevelopment of plan-
ning and building process was required. The resulting comparison between construction methods
lead to increase the amount of prefabrication, introducing modular CLT-room cells in the scheme.
3.1.1 Building Information
Table 1 shows an overview of construction cycles and building data, relevant for the comparison
of systems and the distinction between design approaches. On-site processes are divided into
conventional work sequences, including site preparation and in-situ construction, and on-site
assembly and installation of prefabricated parts, in this case the completed room modules.
Table 1: Construction Data
The following table shows general information regarding building dimensions, areas and mass,
and construction costs. Furthermore, energy performance values, based on DIN 18599 and
EnEV 2009 are shown. Energy values refer to the project’s total net floor area (NFA).
Construction Times Duration Periods
On-Site Conventional 29/01/2013 - 29/02/2015, 24 Months
Off-Site Prefabrication 02-04/2014 Plg., 04-05/2014 Fabr. (5 wks.)
On-Site Prefab (Assembly) 02-08/06/2014, 6 Days
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Table 2: Building Data
3.1.2 Structural Concept and Assembly Strategies
The building bends along its centered axis, enabling an optimised orientation of the rooms. Each
of the 14 m
2
bedrooms includes a bathroom, cabinet, storage and desk space each, and is laid
out on a 3.65 m planning grid. Due to the modular structure, the bearing crosswalls consist of two
0.12 m CLT-layers and reach a fire resistance rating of F 30. Figures 3 a, 3 b, 3 c and 3 d show
the rapid on-site assembly and installation sequence of the prefabricated units, which were fina-
lised within six days.
Building Data Dimensions/Costs/Energy Performance
Building Dimensions (w*l*h) 13.4 x 41.5 x 10.4 m
GFA (Gross Floor Area) 2109 m
2
NFA (Net Floor Area) 1535 m
2
GBV (Gross-Building Volume) 7173 m
3
No. Levels 4 (L-01/00/01/02)
No. Units 30
Costs Modular 1 180 179
Costs Total 5 400 000
Annual Operating Energy 245 kWh/ m
2
a
Primary Energy Consumption 306 kWh/ m
2
a
Fig 3 a – d Assembly and Installation Sequences of CLT-Room Modules
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The structural concept combines in-situ concrete construction for core, bearing walls, and ceilings
with prefabricated, structurally independent modular cells for the bedrooms. All technical supply
rooms, recreation and sanitary facilities, a lobby, the restaurants including cafeteria, canteen, and
a large kitchen are located on basement and ground floor level, while the 30 rooms of the board-
ing house are on first and second floor. The modular prefabrication of the hotel rooms not only
bears economical and technical advantages, but also contributes to a resource efficient manufac-
ture. However, energy use values for building operation increase significantly due to consumption
of the ground floor facilities.
Fabricated and equipped off-site, the modules contain mechanical and technical supplies, the
substructure of the facade, and internal partitions. Cladding and final external layer were subse-
quently applied on-site. All required connections for final on-site installation were provided.
Similar to the behavioural performance of solid components, the cross-laminated timber slabs of
walls and floors enable sufficient bracing of the modules during transport and assembly. Accord-
ing to fire-protection standards, four to five cm filling above the structural plate is required, adding
mass and further improving sound insulation qualities. Therefore, the final weight results at ap-
prox. 5 tons for each room module of the boarding house.
3.1.3 Summary
The application of modular timber construction has enabled significant advantages for the project.
According to comprehensive cost estimates, the implementation of prefabricated bedroom units
led to a reduction of total building costs, and allowed for saving of time and associated costs for
rent paid to third parties. In comparison to the initially proposed precast slabs, the use of massive
wood elements improved the ecological footprint of the building and contributed to interior comfort.
In contrast to the modular wood project in Neuhausen, a student housing project in Sant Cugat,
Spain uses concrete cells to generate the double-storey buildings. Besides rewarding design and
planning strategies, the project provides excellent ecological performance values.
3.2 Student Housing Campus Sant Cugat, Barcelona (ES) 2013 Architecture: N-
Arquitectes, Project Development: Compact Habit
Organised within two opposite building blocks, the 57 student residences are located in Sant Cu-
gat del Vallées, a town in the suburban area of Barcelona. The two-storey apartment buildings are
arranged around an open courtyard. The precast concrete modules cover 3013.50 m
2
of the total
3101 m
2
GFA. These 62 prefabricated units include a few cells for common space, and are com-
pletely manufactured off-site. For delivery and final on-site assembly, the room modules were
transported from the plant facility on-site using heavy load and special freight movements.
3.2.1 Building Information
Table 1 gives an overview of construction cycles and building data, relevant for the comparison of
systems and the distinction between design approaches. On-site processes are divided into con-
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ventional work sequences including site preparation and in-situ construction and on-site assembly
and installation of prefabricated parts.
Table 3: Construction Data
The following table shows general information regarding building dimensions, areas and mass,
and construction costs. Here, energy performance values are based on Swiss Minergie standards
and refer to the building’s total GFA (Gross Floor Area).
Table 4: Building Data
The 57 apartments, consisting of reinforced concrete modules, each measuring
11.20 x 5.00 x 3.18 m and 39.95 m
2
, include bathroom pod and balcony space. They were fabri-
cated within 6 weeks using an indoor assembly line. Standardised dimensions, fixed widths and
heights but alternating lengths enable resource and time efficient production sequences. Off-site
manufacturing contributes to process control and improvement of a construction’s energy man-
agement. The reuse of formwork provides significant economical advantages.
3.2.2 Structural Concept and Assembly Strategy
The structural framework of the modules is based on a planning grid of 0.90 m for each unit. Con-
crete ribs transfer vertical and horizontal loads. The tubular structure provides easy stacking of
units without further support. The decoupling through flexible elements, that are located at the
bearings between the cells, impedes direct sound transmissions.
Figure 4 a shows the structural framework of a concrete cell, highlighting maximum span dimen-
sions. Figure 4 b illustrates the stacked units, emphasising the double build-up of wall and floor
slabs and the gap inbetween units to locate the flexible sound barriers. Due to the structural per-
formance, no additional bracing of the building block is required. The lifting of an apartment mod-
ule during assembly is shown in Figure 4 c. For on-site works, heavy-duty equipment to manoeu-
vre the 45 ton units is required.
Construction Times Duration Periods
On-Site Conventional 12/2008 – 08/2009, 8 Months
Off-Site Prefabrication NN Planning, 04-05/0209 Fabr. (6 wks.)
On-Site Prefab (Assembly) 10 Days
Building Data Dimensions/Costs/Energy Performance
Building Dimensions (w*l*h) 28 x 75 x 6.5 m
GFA (Gross Floor Area) 3101 m
2
NFA (Net Floor Area) 2480 m
2
GBV (Gross-Building Volume) 9920 m
3
No. Levels 2 (L00/01)
No. Units 62
Costs Modular (incl.adj. buildg. pts.) 1 872 752
Costs Total 2 784 739
Annual Operating Energy 82 kWh/ m
2
a
Primary Energy Consumption 88 kWh/ m
2
a
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Mechanical and technical supply systems are preinstalled on defined routes and connected to the
main installations on-site.
The construction method enables rapid on-site assembly, enhanced cost and time management,
the reduction of risk and noise, and controlled waste management. Furthermore, disassembly of
the modules does not require demolition. The system permits building relocations with minimal
effort and guarantees for easy modernisation or modifications of cells. However, the weight of the
container-shaped units varies between 25 and 45 tons depending on dimensions and size. [4]
Constraints due to transport and logistics need to be considered.
3.2.3 Summary
Due to the double built-up of wall and floor components, the modular concrete system provides
excellent insulation values allowing for energy certification ‘A’ for buildings. Depending on materi-
alisation and built-up, an acoustical insulation of 55 dB for walls and 56 to 57 dB for floors and
ceilings can be achieved. Furthermore, U-values for thermal transmittance of the building enve-
lope are at 0.30 W/m
2
K and range between 0.22 W/m
2
K and 0.30 W/m
2
K for roofs depending on
configuration and material use. Contributing to its life cycle balance, construction process and
building operation allow for energy savings and a reduction of CO2. Compared to conventionally
built architectures, savings of up to 60 % are expected. [5]
However, for a comprehensive life cycle analysis, logistical dependencies and transport distances
between off-site manufacture and building site play a major role and need to be considered.
Fig 4 a – b Structural Corpus of Concrete Modules, Fig 4 c Assembly of Apartment Unit
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4. Discussion
The best practice examples prove the economical and ecological improvement of construction
through prefabrication. For both projects, significant cost and time effective advantages were
achieved, playing a major role for the developer’s estimations. Material dependencies and region-
al preferences influenced the choice of building system opposite modular wood or concrete. In
both cases, the familiarity with selected materials and systems prevailed.
Current processing methods and engineering technologies allow for improved durability of wood
and its high performance as structural component. On the one hand, glue and cross laminated
systems enable advanced structural solutions. Especially in the field of high-rise buildings, innova-
tive structural technologies allow for energy efficient material use contributing to reducing the
embodied carbon footprint. [6] On the other hand, for the development of intra-urban high-rise
structures, however, fire-safety regulations and resulting constraints need to be considered.
A comprehensive design approach to solve material shortcomings is the use of hybrid-
components, i. e. wood composites.
Considering the material’s life cycle, concrete requires enormous amounts of energy for produc-
tion and processing. Emissions make 85 to 90 % of the material’s primary energy consumption
and contribute significantly to an increase of the GWP values. Furthermore, the amount of rebar in
reinforced concrete affects energy values and ecological properties. For a resource efficient man-
ufacture of the material, the use of rain- and grey water, recycled granulates and break-off materi-
als become eminently important. Additionally, high-performance concrete composites allow for
innovative structural solutions, raising its applicability for resource efficient construction.
5. Conclusion and Outlook
5.1.1 Comparison of Methods
The coherence of materiality and building structure remains significant for the valid evaluation of
current construction methods. The optimisation of buildings regarding fabrication process and
structural systems requires an integrative approach to architectural design. The interrelation of
building systems, technologies, and functional and environmental aspects is significant to define
valid statements for the development of progressive architectures.
The modular design approaches enable high efficiency of production and assembly, and lead to
significant time and cost savings. Controlled operations and monitoring of workflows contribute to
to increased security on site, and at the same time reduce waste and water consumption. Finally,
the modular structures enable easy exchange and removal of individual components; thus
straightforward restoration and changes regarding future building modernization are provided.
Due to shifting the majority of processes from the construction site into the production hall envi-
ronment, time and cost savings are achieved. Compared with the conventional construction in-situ
concrete or masonry savings of up to 60% are expected. As a consequence, the overall energetic
optimization of processes is provided.
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Yet, the comprehensive assessment requires consideration of the structural materials, significantly
influencing a building’s ecological performance and technical properties. Compared to the use of
wood products, concrete affects the primary energy balance, and leads to substantial limitations
regarding the weight of the modules. Depending on size and dimensions, the units weigh up to 45
tons, requiring heavy-duty transport and special equipment for on site works. Ranging between 5
to 6 tons, the timber modules facilitate assembly and installation procedures, as well as transport
and logistics.
5.1.2 Capacities of Building Systems
Representing novel manufacture and assembly processes, the above examination demonstrates
material shortcomings due to single or mono material use. Hybrid solutions, e. g. wood-concrete
composites, widen the fields of application, enhancing the performance of elements. Thus, con-
tributing to an increase of ecological, technical and economical aspects, improved flexibility to
today’s manifold and diverse building requirements can be provided.
On the other hand, the combination of materials into composite elements affects later material
separation, decreasing the recyclability potential. Furthermore, the correlation of varying proper-
ties needs to be considered, causing behavioral discrepancies.
6. Acknowledgements
The detailed project information in this paper is a result of industry research and exchange of data
between the Bundesbau Baden-Württemberg (DE), represented by Staatliches Hochbauamt Reut-
lingen, the module manufacturer Compact Habit (ES) and the author. The author gratefully
acknowledges the support and contributions of Eva Hamhaber and Paco Conde who continuously
provided a rapid flow of information.
7. References
[1] ZANGERL M., KAUFMANN H., HEIN C. et al., “LifeCycle Tower Energieeffizientes
Holzhochhaus mit bis zu 20 Geschossen in Systembauweise“, bmvit Bundesministerium
für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie; Vol. 86/2010, pp. 13.
[2] cp. DESTATIS, BAUEN UND WOHNEN., “Baufertigstellungen von Wohn- und
Nichtwohngebäuden nach überwiegend verwendetem Baustoff 2013”, Statistisches
Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2014, Art.-Nr. 5311203137004, pp. 3-10.
[3] NN., “Nachhaltigkeit, Holz ist ein dauerhafter Energiespeicher”, Available from:
http://www.fertighauswelt.de/holzfertigbauweise/oekologie.html [13 September 2013]
[4] CONCRETE PRODUCTS, CP Staff., “Mass modular production”, Available from:
<http://www.concreteproducts.com/equipment/reports/4247-mass-modular-
production.html#.VNm-6MaDnV0>[14 October 2014]
[5] cp. CONDE P., “CompactHabit: Sustainable mass modular building construction”, sb13
munich conference proceedings, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag 2013, pp. 1399 ff.
[6] cp. SOM SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL, LLP., “Timber Tower Research Project Final
Report 2013”,
Available from: http://www.som.com/ideas/research/timber_tower_research_project