Satellite based observations of the time-variation of urban pattern morphology using geospatial analysis Gabriele Nolè, Rosa Lasaponara - Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, Italy

1. Satellite based observations of the dynamic expansion of urban areas in Southern Italy using geospatial analysis Gabriele Nolè1,2, Rosa Lasaponara1,3 1 IMAA-CNR C.da Santa Loja, zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo, Potenza- Italy2 DAPIT Università degli Studi della Basilicata Macchia Romana Potenza - Italy3 DIFA - Università degli Studi della Basilicata Macchia Romana Potenza – Italy

2. Outline Researchaims Satellite timeseries Study area Geospatialanalysis Case study Results

3. Researchaims Understanding the size distribution and dynamic expansion of urban areas is a key issue for the management of city growth and the mitigation of negative impacts on environment and ecosystems. Satellite time series offer great potential for a quantitative assessment of urban expansion, urban sprawl and the monitoring of land use changes and soil consumption. This study deals with the spatial characterization of the expansion of urban area by using geospatial analysis applied to multidatedata, such as Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. The investigation was focused on several very small towns close to Bari, one of the biggest city in the southern of Ital

4. Time-series data set A critical point for the understanding and monitoring urban expansion processes is the availability of both: (i) time-series data set and (ii) updated information relating to the current urban spatial structure a to define and locate the evolution trends. In such a context, an effective contribution can be offered by satellite remote sensing technologies, which are able to provide both historical data archive and up-to-date imagery. Landsat MSS, TM ASTER can be downloaded free of charge from the NASA web site.

5. Satellite time series available free of charge Sensors: panchromatic and multispectral sensors with resolutions of 61-72cm and 2.44-2.88m. Off-nadir viewing angle (0-25 degrees). Coverage of sensor: 16.5-19km High revisit frequency of 1-3.5 days, depending on the latitudes. Bandwidth Panchromatic sensor: 450 – 900 nm; Multispectral sensor: 450-520 nm (blue); 520-600 nm (green); 630-690 nm (red); 760-900 nm (Near Infrared) Sensors: panchromatic and multispectral sensors with resolutions of 61-72cm and 2.44-2.88m. Off-nadir viewing angle (0-25 degrees). Coverage of sensor: 16.5-19km High revisit frequency of 1-3.5 days, depending on the latitudes. Bandwidth Panchromatic sensor: 450 – 900 nm; Multispectral sensor: 450-520 nm (blue); 520-600 nm (green); 630-690 nm (red); 760-900 nm (Near Infrared)

6. VHR Satellite Sensors: panchromatic and multispectral sensors with resolutions of 61-72cm and 2.44-2.88m. Off-nadir viewing angle (0-25 degrees). Coverage of sensor: 16.5-19km High revisit frequency of 1-3.5 days, depending on the latitudes. Bandwidth Panchromatic sensor: 450 – 900 nm; Multispectral sensor: 450-520 nm (blue); 520-600 nm (green); 630-690 nm (red); 760-900 nm (Near Infrared) Sensors: panchromatic and multispectral sensors with resolutions of 61-72cm and 2.44-2.88m. Off-nadir viewing angle (0-25 degrees). Coverage of sensor: 16.5-19km High revisit frequency of 1-3.5 days, depending on the latitudes. Bandwidth Panchromatic sensor: 450 – 900 nm; Multispectral sensor: 450-520 nm (blue); 520-600 nm (green); 630-690 nm (red); 760-900 nm (Near Infrared)

7. SPECTRAL SIGNATURES Spectral reflectance in relation with pheonological state of vegetation (crop, weed) green red blue NIR Spectral reflectance of soil for different moisture contents Spectral reflectance of a given vegetation for different moisture contents

8. Satellite-based variable Single channels or spectral indices suitable/or specifically designed for environmental areas mapping were analysed. Blue, Green, Red near-Infrared (NIR) short-wave infrared (SWIR) Spectral combinations of different bands is widely used albedo Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) Normalized Difference of Infrared Index (NDII) NDWI (Moisture index) GEMI SAVI Burned Area Index (BAI) NBAI

12. EVI: developed in order to optimize the vegetation signal from deserts to rainforests while minimizing aerosol and canopy background sources of uncertainty. Kaufman and Tanrè, 1992

14. Examples of time series per pixel

15. CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES Image differencing: a new image containing changes is created by subtracting pixel by pixel two images under investigation 2. Image rationing: new image containing changes is created by dividing pixel by pixel two images under investigation 3. Change vector analysis: spectral or spatial differences are employed to evaluate changes plotting two images against each other on a graph.. 4. Classification comparisons: classifications are carried out on two different dates and then compared to assess the variations.

18. Evaluatiingurbanexpansionusing TM Study area Fig. 1. RGB of TM images acquired in 1999 (right) and 2009 (left) note that light spots are urban areas.

19. The investigation herein presented was focused on the assessment of the expansion of several very small towns very close to Bari (in southern Italy), which is one of the biggest city in Southern Italy. Bari is the second largest city of Southern Italy, located in the Apulia (or Puglia) Region. It faces the Adriatic Sea and has one of the major seaports in Italy. Bari is the fifth largest province (more than 5,000 square kilometers) in Italy and also the most populated with around 1,600,000 inhabitants as of 2007. The city has around 400,000 inhabitants. The area of concern is characterized by an active and dynamic local economy mainly based on small and medium enterprises operative in the commerce, industry and services Study area

20. Change detection Over the years, different techniques and algorithms were developed for change detections from the simplest approach based on 1. Image differencing: a new image containing changes is created by subtracting pixel by pixel two images under investigation 2. Image rationing: new image containing changes is created by dividing pixel by pixel two images under investigation 3. Change vector analysis: spectral or spatial differences are employed to evaluate changes plotting two images against each other on a graph. 4. Classification comparisons: classifications are carried out on two different dates and then compared to assess the variations.

21. NDVI map from the TM images acquired in 1999, note that light spots are urban areas. NDVI map from the TM images acquired in 2009, note that light spots are urban areas.

22. NDVI difference map from the TM images acquired in 1999 and 2009, note that white pixels are urban areas.

24. spatial autocorrelation measures the degree of dependency among events,

25. considering at the same time their similarity and their distance relationshipsNo Autocorrelation (or random) Positive Autocorrelation (or attraction) Negative Autocorrelation (or repulsion) between events when, even if they are near, they are not similar (uniform distribution) no spatial effects, neither about the position of events, neither their properties Events : near and similar (clustered distribution)

26. Properties of a spatial distribution* First order effects (Absolute location) Second order effects (Relative location) Large scale variation in the mean value of a spatial process (global trend) Small-scale variation around the gradient or Local dependence of a spatial process (local clustering) ds = the neighbourhood each point (s) E() = expected mean Y(ds) : events number in the neighbourhood *Gatrell et al. (1996)

28. Global indicators of Autocorrelation Global indicators of autocorrelation just measure if and how much the dataset is autocorrelated. Moran’s index (Moran, 1948) where, N is the total pixel number, Xi and Xj are intensity in i and j points (with i≠j), Xi is the average value, wij is an element of the weight matrix I Є [-1; 1] if I Є[-1; 0) there’s negative autocorrelation; if I Є(0; 1] there’s positive autocorrelation; if I converges to o there’s null autocorrelation. Geary’s C (Geary, 1954), where symbols have the same meaning than the Moran’s index expression C [0; 2]; if C [0; 1) there’s positive autocorrelation; if C(0; 2] there’s negative autocorrelation; if C converges to 1 there’s null autocorrelation

29. Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) LISA allow us to understand where clustered pixels are, by measuring how much are homogeneous features inside the fixed neighbourhood high value of the Local Moran’s index means positive correlation both for high values both for low values of intensity(reflectancevalue) Local Moran’s index (Anselin, 1995), Detection of areas of dissimilarity of events (pixel reflectance value) Local Geary’s C index (Cliff & Ord, 1981) high value of the index means positive correlation for high values of intensity, while low value of the index means positive correlation for low values of intensity Getis and Ord’s Gi index (Getis and Ord, 1992; Illian et al., 2008) ▪ N is the events number ▪ Xi ed Xj are the intensity values in the point i and j (with i≠j) ▪ is the intensity mean ▪ wij is an element of the weights matrix

31. the Local Geary's C index allows us to identify edges and areas characterized by a high variability between a pixel value and its neighboring pixels,

33. Conclusion Satellite based observations of the dynamic expansion of urban areas in Southern Italy using geospatial analysis provide an improved estimation of dynamic of urban expansion Satellite data can be profitably used as inputs for models (such as SLEUTH )adopted for predicting cumulative trend of the area towards the urban development

34. Thankyou!!!