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This document discusses common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and selective IgE deficiency. CVID is characterized by low levels of most or all immunoglobulin classes, lack of B cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies, and frequent bacterial infections. It is caused by loss of B cell function, T and B cell dysregulation, and defective antibody production. Selective IgE deficiency is defined as a significant reduction in serum IgE levels less than or equal to 2 kIU/L while other immunoglobulin levels are normal or diminished. Patients with selective IgE deficiency have an increased risk of other immunoglobulin deficiencies, autoimmune disease, and nonallergic reactive airway disease.
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COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (CVID)
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder where patients have low levels of immunoglobulins and antibodies, leading to frequent bacterial infections. It results from defects in B cells that prevent their maturation into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies. CVID is diagnosed through low immunoglobulin levels and treated with immunoglobulin replacement therapy. While the cause is unknown in most cases, it can be inherited and involves defects in B and T cell function and communication.
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and sometimes IgM, leading to recurrent infections. It results from defects in B cell maturation and activation. Genetic mutations have been found in genes involved in B cell growth and T cell-B cell interactions. Patients present with frequent bacterial infections and may develop complications like lymphoma. Treatment involves IVIG replacement and infection control. The condition has no cure and screening of family members is needed due to some genetic involvement.
Selective igA deficiency
This document discusses selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency. It begins by defining immunoglobulins, antibodies, and the process of class switching that allows antibodies to change class. It then discusses affinity maturation, where antibodies increase in affinity for antigens over time. Selective IgA deficiency is defined as having low or absent levels of the IgA antibody. Causes may include genetics or unknown factors. Risk is higher in Caucasians. Most people are asymptomatic, but some experience recurrent infections. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low IgA levels. Treatment focuses on infection management and preventative vaccines. IVIG can treat associated deficiencies.
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This presentation is an overview of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders with highlights on the genetic basis of primary disorders and associated factors underlying secondary disorders, as well a management of these disorders
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections. It is defined as a marked decrease in IgG and IgA or IgM, onset after age 2, poor response to vaccines, and exclusion of other causes. CVID can cause lung disease including bronchiectasis and granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), as well as diffuse granulomatous involvement of organs. Management involves immunoglobulin replacement therapy, treatment of infections, and immunosuppressants like corticosteroids for lung involvement. Genetic factors contribute to some cases but most have no identified genetic cause.
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immunodeficiency presents with increased susceptibility to infection but may also manifest with conditions that reflect dysregulation of the immune response, such as allergies, autoimmunity, or lymphoproliferation
Immunoglobulin therapy
Immunoglobulin therapy can be indicated for several conditions. It is clearly indicated for agammaglobulinemia due to the absence of B cells to prevent infections. For hypogammaglobulinemia with impaired antibody function, immunoglobulin therapy reduces infection rates. The appropriate immunoglobulin level to maintain an infection-free state can vary between patients. Immunoglobulin may also be used for normal immunoglobulin levels with selective antibody deficiencies if antibiotics are not controlling infections. Hypogammaglobulinemia with normal antibody responses usually does not require treatment.
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This document summarizes common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) as a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low immunoglobulin concentrations, defective antibody production, and increased susceptibility to infection. It defines CVID and discusses its estimated prevalence. The key features of CVID include low levels of immunoglobulins, defective antibody production, increased infections, and sometimes low B cell counts and decreased memory B cells. A history of the disease is provided.
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COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (CVID)
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder where patients have low levels of immunoglobulins and antibodies, leading to frequent bacterial infections. It results from defects in B cells that prevent their maturation into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies. CVID is diagnosed through low immunoglobulin levels and treated with immunoglobulin replacement therapy. While the cause is unknown in most cases, it can be inherited and involves defects in B and T cell function and communication.
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and sometimes IgM, leading to recurrent infections. It results from defects in B cell maturation and activation. Genetic mutations have been found in genes involved in B cell growth and T cell-B cell interactions. Patients present with frequent bacterial infections and may develop complications like lymphoma. Treatment involves IVIG replacement and infection control. The condition has no cure and screening of family members is needed due to some genetic involvement.
Selective igA deficiency
This document discusses selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency. It begins by defining immunoglobulins, antibodies, and the process of class switching that allows antibodies to change class. It then discusses affinity maturation, where antibodies increase in affinity for antigens over time. Selective IgA deficiency is defined as having low or absent levels of the IgA antibody. Causes may include genetics or unknown factors. Risk is higher in Caucasians. Most people are asymptomatic, but some experience recurrent infections. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low IgA levels. Treatment focuses on infection management and preventative vaccines. IVIG can treat associated deficiencies.
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This presentation is an overview of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders with highlights on the genetic basis of primary disorders and associated factors underlying secondary disorders, as well a management of these disorders
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections. It is defined as a marked decrease in IgG and IgA or IgM, onset after age 2, poor response to vaccines, and exclusion of other causes. CVID can cause lung disease including bronchiectasis and granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD), as well as diffuse granulomatous involvement of organs. Management involves immunoglobulin replacement therapy, treatment of infections, and immunosuppressants like corticosteroids for lung involvement. Genetic factors contribute to some cases but most have no identified genetic cause.
approach to child with immunedeficiency Aug 2018.pptx
immunodeficiency presents with increased susceptibility to infection but may also manifest with conditions that reflect dysregulation of the immune response, such as allergies, autoimmunity, or lymphoproliferation
Immunoglobulin therapy
Immunoglobulin therapy can be indicated for several conditions. It is clearly indicated for agammaglobulinemia due to the absence of B cells to prevent infections. For hypogammaglobulinemia with impaired antibody function, immunoglobulin therapy reduces infection rates. The appropriate immunoglobulin level to maintain an infection-free state can vary between patients. Immunoglobulin may also be used for normal immunoglobulin levels with selective antibody deficiencies if antibiotics are not controlling infections. Hypogammaglobulinemia with normal antibody responses usually does not require treatment.
Draz MY Egypt COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCYP,PID,HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
This document summarizes common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) as a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low immunoglobulin concentrations, defective antibody production, and increased susceptibility to infection. It defines CVID and discusses its estimated prevalence. The key features of CVID include low levels of immunoglobulins, defective antibody production, increased infections, and sometimes low B cell counts and decreased memory B cells. A history of the disease is provided.
COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCYP,PID,HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
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Fawzia Abo Ali discusses the relationship between primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) and allergies. She notes that allergies are sometimes an early warning sign of an underlying PID. PIDs like selective IgA deficiency, hyper IgE syndrome, common variable immunodeficiency, and severe combined immunodeficiency have been associated with higher rates of allergies like asthma and atopic dermatitis. A bias toward TH2 immune responses can also occur in PIDs like CVID. She stresses that PIDs should be considered in patients with severe, treatment-resistant, or infection-prone allergies. Early immunoglobulin testing is important to diagnose PIDs before organ
Common variable immunodeficiency
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections. The exact pathogenesis is unknown in most cases, though approximately 20-25% of cases are now considered monogenic defects. These include mutations affecting B cell development and function, such as ICOS, TACI, BAFF-R, CD19, CD21, CD81, as well as defects in immune regulation genes like PIK3CD, PIK3R1, CTLA4, and LRBA. Affected individuals present with recurrent respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and autoimmunity.
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This document summarizes the diagnostic approach to primary immunodeficiency disorders. It describes the major components of the immune system that can be deficient and classifies primary immunodeficiencies according to the affected component. Evaluation involves assessing the patient history, physical exam findings, and laboratory tests including blood counts, immunoglobulin levels, vaccine response, and flow cytometry of lymphocyte subsets. Specific immunodeficiencies are characterized by their clinical features, age of onset, infectious pathogens involved, affected organs, and genetic or molecular abnormalities identified.
Secondary immunodeficiency
This document summarizes various conditions that can cause secondary immunodeficiencies. It discusses how extreme ages like prematurity can impact immune system development. Conditions that cause protein or lymphatic losses like nephrotic syndrome and intestinal lymphangiectasia are described. Syndromes like Down syndrome that are associated with immune abnormalities are outlined. The document also reviews how undernutrition, overnutrition, and metabolic diseases like diabetes can negatively influence immunity.
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Primary immunodeficiency disorders are hereditary conditions present at birth that impair the immune system's ability to fight infections and diseases. There are over 150 known types that can affect B cells, T cells, or other immune components. Some common primary immunodeficiencies include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), where both cellular and humoral immunity is absent due to a lack of T cells; Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder affecting B cell function; and DiGeorge's syndrome, where T cell development is impaired. Secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired later in life from external factors like malnutrition, disease, or medical treatments.
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This document discusses immunodeficiency diseases. It defines immunodeficiency as a state where the immune system's ability to fight infections is compromised or absent. There are two types: primary immunodeficiency which is inherited and diagnosed in childhood, and secondary immunodeficiency which is acquired from diseases or environmental factors like HIV. Primary immunodeficiencies are classified into humoral deficiencies, cellular deficiencies, combined deficiencies, complement disorders, and phagocytosis disorders. Examples like X-linked agammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency are described. Nursing management focuses on infection assessment, patient teaching, and supportive care.
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This document discusses a case of a man diagnosed with IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies. The patient had a history of chronic sinusitis and pneumonia. Immunological tests showed reduced levels of IgA and various IgG subclasses. IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies can cause increased susceptibility to infection. Treatment may include intravenous immunoglobulin, antibiotics, vaccines, and surgery for issues like chronic sinusitis. These deficiencies are inherited and affect about 1 in 700 Caucasians, increasing risks for recurrent respiratory infections and allergic/autoimmune disorders.
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Primary immunodeficiencies are caused by genetic defects and present early in life, while secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired through diseases, medications, malnutrition etc. and are more common. The document describes various primary immunodeficiencies including X-linked agammaglobulinemia presenting in boys after 6 months with absent antibodies, and common variable immunodeficiency presenting in adolescence with low antibodies and recurrent infections. It also discusses secondary immunodeficiencies like AIDS which is caused by HIV infection of T cells leading to severe deficiencies.
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This case report describes a 42-year-old male farmer from Uttar Pradesh, India who presented with a 6-month history of cough and breathlessness. CT scans showed a mass lesion in his right upper, middle, and lower lobes. A biopsy was suggestive of fungal granuloma. The patient was treated with fluconazole for 4 months without improvement. Further workup including KOH preparation and Gram stain of a repeat biopsy showed features suggestive of Cryptococcus species, though cultures were negative. This case suggests a possible fungal infection such as cryptococcosis as the underlying etiology.
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Ig a and igg subclass deficiencies
This document discusses a case of a man diagnosed with IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies. The patient had a history of chronic sinusitis and pneumonia. Immunological tests showed reduced levels of IgA and various IgG subclasses. IgA and IgG subclass deficiencies can cause increased susceptibility to infection. Treatment may include intravenous immunoglobulin, antibiotics, vaccines, and surgery for issues like chronic sinusitis. These deficiencies are inherited and affect about 1 in 700 Caucasians, increasing risks for recurrent respiratory infections and allergic/autoimmune disorders.
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X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
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immunodef dis.pptx
This case report describes a 42-year-old male farmer from Uttar Pradesh, India who presented with a 6-month history of cough and breathlessness. CT scans showed a mass lesion in his right upper, middle, and lower lobes. A biopsy was suggestive of fungal granuloma. The patient was treated with fluconazole for 4 months without improvement. Further workup including KOH preparation and Gram stain of a repeat biopsy showed features suggestive of Cryptococcus species, though cultures were negative. This case suggests a possible fungal infection such as cryptococcosis as the underlying etiology.
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1) Type I reactions are IgE-mediated and involve mast cells/basophils, causing immediate reactions like anaphylaxis.
2) Type II reactions involve IgG/IgM antibodies binding to cell surfaces and activating complement, resulting in cell lysis.
3) Type III reactions occur when antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammatory responses like serum sickness.
4) Type IV reactions are cell-mediated and involve T cells/macrophages, causing delayed responses like contact dermatitis.
The document also discusses mechanisms of immunological tolerance that
LEC#3 Hypersensitivity (Allergy).pptx
The document summarizes the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I, II, III, and IV. Type I reactions are immediate and anaphylactic, mediated by IgE antibodies binding to allergens and crosslinking mast cells and basophils to release inflammatory mediators. Type II reactions are cytotoxic and involve IgG/IgM antibodies binding cell surfaces and activating complement-mediated cell lysis. Type III reactions occur when circulating antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues, triggering inflammatory responses. Type IV reactions are cell-mediated and do not involve antibodies.
LEC#7 DNA Replication and Repair.pdf
DNA replication requires unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicases. Single-stranded DNA binding proteins prevent rewinding. DNA polymerases then synthesize new strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the existing strand. In eukaryotes, the leading strand is continuously extended while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments. Proofreading by exonuclease activity increases the fidelity of replication.
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LEC#1 INTRODUCTION.pdf
This document provides an overview of molecular biology and genetics. It discusses how molecular biology studies the composition, structure and interactions of cellular molecules like nucleic acids and proteins. It notes the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 was a monumental achievement that showed how DNA directs protein synthesis through RNA. The document also discusses some key figures in molecular biology research, like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick. It provides details on nucleic acids, nucleotides, nitrogenous bases and DNA/RNA structure.
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The document summarizes different types of bacterial vaccines, including capsular polysaccharide vaccines, toxoid vaccines, purified protein vaccines, live attenuated bacterial vaccines, and killed bacterial vaccines. It provides examples of each type such as the pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae vaccines which contain bacterial capsular polysaccharides. It also discusses use of antitoxins for passive immunity in treating diseases caused by toxins like tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria.
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
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But Why do they skip it?
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Sudharsan Srinivasan
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Example of Market Research working
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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- 1. Common Variable Deficiency & Selective IGE Deficiency Presented by: Saqib Ali Shah
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