The document discusses the Sanskrit literary tradition of Katha Sahitya, or storytelling literature. Some key points:
- Katha Sahitya has its roots in ancient oral storytelling traditions of India and encompasses religious, folk, historical and contemporary stories across many Indian languages.
- It has had a profound influence on other forms of Indian literature and has evolved over time while preserving important cultural and moral values.
- Famous works include the Panchatantra, Jataka Tales, Mahabharata and Ramayana - all of which use narratives to impart lessons.
- In summary, Katha Sahitya is a diverse and vibrant literary tradition in South Asia that has played
India has a rich tradition of storytelling that has been passed down orally from generation to generation. Stories have been used to teach cultural values and beliefs, as well as entertain. Some common forms of traditional Indian storytelling include the Panchatantra (animal fables), Katha (religious stories), Puranas, folktales, and performances like puppetry. However, modernization and technology are threatening these oral traditions as younger generations engage with other media. Storytelling remains important for fostering language skills, communication, cultural understanding, and cognitive development. Selection of stories should consider the audience's age, interests, and developmental level.
This document discusses the major influences on Indian short story writers in English, including fables, folktales, ancient works, and Western influences. It provides examples of influential fables like the Panchatantra and Jataka Tales, which used animals to represent human qualities and lessons. Popular folktales like the Kathasaritsagara contained supernatural elements but grounded human dreams in reality. Ancient works like the Upanishads, Puranas, and epic poems like the Ramayana and Mahabharata provided myths and legends. Western writers also influenced Indians, making the short story a new format for exploring Indian themes through realistic stories rather than didactic fables.
Indian Mythology and Modern Technology Kuna Yellamma
ย
The document discusses Indian mythology from ancient texts like the Vedas and Puranas to the major epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. It provides an overview of the different sources of mythology in India's cultural tradition, highlighting stories and characters from texts like the Vedas, Puranas, and two major epics which are considered a rich source of philosophy and morality in Hinduism. The document frames Indian mythology as an integral part of the country's cultural heritage spanning over 3000 years.
The paper examines how the Mahabharata and Ramayana use family patriarchs to explore the concept of dharma. Specifically, it looks at Dhritarashtra from the Mahabharata and Dasharatha from the Ramayana. Both characters fail to fulfill their social obligations, representing how upholding social duties is important. Their actions have implications for power dynamics and social expectations in the cultures represented by the epics. The works continue to impact South Asia politically and socially through their emphasis on social responsibilities over personal ones.
Dark Gray and Yellow Textured Literature Genres of Literature Prsentation .pptxMarkKhienCordova1
ย
This document provides an overview of literature and its genres. It discusses how literature can be categorized as prose or poetry and explores various literary genres including novels, short stories, novellas, fables, parables, legends, and more. The document also outlines characteristics of different types of poetry such as lyric, dramatic, and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses benefits of literature such as developing skills, providing historical context, inspiring readers, and encouraging empathy.
Natyashastra : The first communication book of the worldAbinash Pani
ย
Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian scholar who wrote the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on communication in Sanskrit literature. The Natya Shastra outlines principles of verbal and nonverbal communication and theorizes communication uniquely through concepts like Rasa, Sahridayata, and Sadharanikaran. It provides insights into communication in Hindu society and envisions relationship-based communication aimed at achieving common understanding between parties. The Sadharanikaran model of communication illustrated in the Natya Shastra shows communication as a nonlinear, two-way process incorporating physical, mental and spiritual dimensions to achieve goals of Hindu philosophy.
Topic - Source of World Fable Literature - The Panchatantra.pptxManali Salvi
ย
The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian collection of animal fables and stories dating back to around 300 BCE. It was compiled in its current form between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD and contains moral lessons through the use of anthropomorphized animals. The stories were spread widely and had a significant influence on world literature, being translated into many languages and inspiring works like Aesop's Fables and One Thousand and One Nights. The Panchatantra remains widely read for its wisdom and lessons on political science, friendship and dealing with adversaries.
In this presentation i discussed about different cultures of India and Africa, also discussed about the famous writers of Indian literature and African Literature with their works.
India has a rich tradition of storytelling that has been passed down orally from generation to generation. Stories have been used to teach cultural values and beliefs, as well as entertain. Some common forms of traditional Indian storytelling include the Panchatantra (animal fables), Katha (religious stories), Puranas, folktales, and performances like puppetry. However, modernization and technology are threatening these oral traditions as younger generations engage with other media. Storytelling remains important for fostering language skills, communication, cultural understanding, and cognitive development. Selection of stories should consider the audience's age, interests, and developmental level.
This document discusses the major influences on Indian short story writers in English, including fables, folktales, ancient works, and Western influences. It provides examples of influential fables like the Panchatantra and Jataka Tales, which used animals to represent human qualities and lessons. Popular folktales like the Kathasaritsagara contained supernatural elements but grounded human dreams in reality. Ancient works like the Upanishads, Puranas, and epic poems like the Ramayana and Mahabharata provided myths and legends. Western writers also influenced Indians, making the short story a new format for exploring Indian themes through realistic stories rather than didactic fables.
Indian Mythology and Modern Technology Kuna Yellamma
ย
The document discusses Indian mythology from ancient texts like the Vedas and Puranas to the major epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. It provides an overview of the different sources of mythology in India's cultural tradition, highlighting stories and characters from texts like the Vedas, Puranas, and two major epics which are considered a rich source of philosophy and morality in Hinduism. The document frames Indian mythology as an integral part of the country's cultural heritage spanning over 3000 years.
The paper examines how the Mahabharata and Ramayana use family patriarchs to explore the concept of dharma. Specifically, it looks at Dhritarashtra from the Mahabharata and Dasharatha from the Ramayana. Both characters fail to fulfill their social obligations, representing how upholding social duties is important. Their actions have implications for power dynamics and social expectations in the cultures represented by the epics. The works continue to impact South Asia politically and socially through their emphasis on social responsibilities over personal ones.
Dark Gray and Yellow Textured Literature Genres of Literature Prsentation .pptxMarkKhienCordova1
ย
This document provides an overview of literature and its genres. It discusses how literature can be categorized as prose or poetry and explores various literary genres including novels, short stories, novellas, fables, parables, legends, and more. The document also outlines characteristics of different types of poetry such as lyric, dramatic, and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses benefits of literature such as developing skills, providing historical context, inspiring readers, and encouraging empathy.
Natyashastra : The first communication book of the worldAbinash Pani
ย
Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian scholar who wrote the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on communication in Sanskrit literature. The Natya Shastra outlines principles of verbal and nonverbal communication and theorizes communication uniquely through concepts like Rasa, Sahridayata, and Sadharanikaran. It provides insights into communication in Hindu society and envisions relationship-based communication aimed at achieving common understanding between parties. The Sadharanikaran model of communication illustrated in the Natya Shastra shows communication as a nonlinear, two-way process incorporating physical, mental and spiritual dimensions to achieve goals of Hindu philosophy.
Topic - Source of World Fable Literature - The Panchatantra.pptxManali Salvi
ย
The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian collection of animal fables and stories dating back to around 300 BCE. It was compiled in its current form between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD and contains moral lessons through the use of anthropomorphized animals. The stories were spread widely and had a significant influence on world literature, being translated into many languages and inspiring works like Aesop's Fables and One Thousand and One Nights. The Panchatantra remains widely read for its wisdom and lessons on political science, friendship and dealing with adversaries.
In this presentation i discussed about different cultures of India and Africa, also discussed about the famous writers of Indian literature and African Literature with their works.
This document provides an introduction to literature, including definitions of literature and the functions of literature. It defines literature as both written and oral works that capture human experiences, thoughts, and emotions. Literature is defined differently by various authors and critics, and includes works meant to teach, delight, or be art for art's sake. The document also outlines several functions of literature, such as entertainment, conveying social/political perspectives, shaping ideology and morals, preserving language and culture.
1) The document discusses Indian languages and literature, beginning with an overview of the importance of understanding a culture's language and literature.
2) It then covers several important aspects of Indian languages and literature, including the role of Sanskrit as the mother of many Indian languages; the Vedas as the earliest literature; and several major works like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, and Upanishads.
3) The Bhagavad Gita is highlighted as containing essential divine wisdom within the Mahabharata, conveying teachings on dharma, yoga, and Vedanta that remain relevant today.
This document discusses the use of myth in Raja Rao's novel Kanthapura. It provides context that Kanthapura tells the story of a South Indian village and explores issues of caste discrimination. The document then analyzes how Raja Rao uses myths, particularly from the Ramayana, to draw parallels between the characters and events in the novel to India's independence movement led by Gandhi and Nehru. Specific myths discussed include drawing connections between Rama and Gandhi, Sita and India under British rule, and Ravana and the British rulers. The document also examines how a temple priest in the novel elevates Gandhi to god-like status through his storytelling of Hindu myths.
Literature - Introduction to Literary Theories (Historical-Biographical, Mora...Shin Chan
ย
This document provides an overview of three major literary theories: moral-philosophical, historical-biographical, and feminist. It explains that literary theories are approaches used to understand literature by focusing on specific elements. For each theory, it outlines the main ideas and gives examples of the types of questions asked and potential topics when applying that theory to analyze a text. The document concludes by reminding readers that multiple theories can be used and that theories are suggestive lenses rather than rules.
The document provides information on classical Indian literature during the Gupta era from 320-550 CE. Some of the key developments included the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, creation of the Ajanta caves with elaborate sculptures and paintings, and important literary works written in Sanskrit including the Panchatantra, Jataka, and Kamasutra. Famous works included Kalidasa's play Sakuntala about the love between a king and nymph's daughter. Classical Sanskrit literature focused on genres like Mahakavya epics, Natya drama, and Niti works about proper conduct and the aims of human life.
module1 teaching and assessment of lit.studies.pptxAnalieCabanlit1
ย
Here are three key leaders for Black History Month along with a brief discussion of their lives and accomplishments:
1. Martin Luther King Jr. was an iconic American civil rights leader in the 1950s and 1960s. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped organize the nonviolent protests of the Civil Rights Movement. He advocated for civil and economic rights through nonviolent civil disobedience. He delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington.
2. Rosa Parks was an American activist known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement." In 1955, she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the Montgomery Bus
This document provides an introduction to Philippine literature. It defines literature and discusses its universal themes and ability to express human ideas, thoughts, and emotions. Literary works are evaluated based on their universality, artistry, intellectual value, suggestiveness, spiritual value, permanence, and style. The document explains why the study of Philippine literature is important to understand our cultural heritage and traditions. Literature and history are also discussed as being interrelated means of documenting a nation's spirit. Several globally influential literary works are provided as examples. The major genres of literature - prose and poetry - are also outlined.
A blind boy helps lead Indian troops to victory in a battle against the British by guiding them up a hill, inspiring the author to write a short story about it. The story brings back memories of the author's childhood friend, a poor blind boy who lived near him in Jhansi and played the flute beautifully. The document also discusses Indian poetry and folktales as well as analyzing stories from collections like the Panchatantra and Hitopadesh.
This document provides an overview of different genres and types of literature. It discusses prose, poetry, fiction, non-fiction, and various literary forms such as novels, short stories, fables, legends, and essays. It also explores genres of poetry including lyric, dramatic, and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses the benefits of literature, noting that it can inspire empathy, build connections, and teach about history and culture.
Dark Gray and Yellow Textured Literature Genres of Literature Prsentation .pptxLorenAnn2
ย
This document provides an overview of different genres and types of literature. It discusses prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction. Specific genres like novels, short stories, fables and essays are defined. The document also explores different forms of poetry like lyric and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses the benefits of literature, such as developing skills and providing different perspectives.
Value of Education in Novel Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih by S.JAIAJHSSR Journal
ย
ABSTRACT : Novel Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih is a novel by S.Jai that tells about the side of life of the
people of Kediri. Kediri is the hometown of S.Jai, so he raises stories about the people of Kediri. Kumara
Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel tells about the spirit of life of the personal figures of small communities in remote
villages in Java, precisely in the Kediri hamlet in the face of shifting, friction and changing times. Based on
feeling like asking questions or at least doubts about the ups and downs of abangan, santri and priyayi relations.
This study aims to describe the values of Education contained in the Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel by
S.Jai. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis or content analysis. This method is
used to examine the contents of a document. The document in this study is the Kumara Hikayat Sang Lover
novel. The results showed that the Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel, most of the people who developed in
Kediri was the life of a Santri, Priyayi and Abangan which were compiled as documentation of the mental
history of the community and the novel contained educational values, including social, moral, cultural, religious
education ,ekonommi and historically
KEYWORDS :Novels, content analysis, and educational values.
This is a PPT I designed for my friend Rini Tochhawng who is currently doing her Thesis on this same topic. Here's me wishing her all the best, and hope this well researched thesis will earn her a well deserved doctorate degree.
The literature in the books which gives us important information about the past is called literary source. The Vedas, Upanishads, Smritis, Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Sangam literature throw light on the political, social, economic and religious conditions of early India.
Comparative Indian Literature: an approach to a Schoolinventionjournals
ย
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses several ancient Indian texts that shaped Indian civilization, including religious Vedic texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata containing the Bhagavad Gita. It also outlines philosophical, scientific, and performing arts texts such as the Arthashastra on politics and economics, Sushruta Samhita on Ayurvedic medicine, and Natyashastra on drama and music. These texts illustrate India's rich spiritual traditions and cultural heritage and provide insights into history, ethics, and various aspects of ancient Indian society.
module3 teaching and assessment of lit.studies - Copy.pptxAnalieCabanlit1
ย
The document discusses literature as a significant human experience. It defines literature as any form of writing that deals with human society and experiences in an artistic way. Literature comments on themes relating to the human condition, such as death, relationships, and conformity, which make it relatable to readers. It also teaches lessons about life through exploring human possibilities and helping people discover themselves and find meaning in life. The document examines different genres and elements of literature such as prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction.
Concept maps are graphical tools used to organize and represent knowledge through concepts and relationships. They begin with a main idea and branch out to show how it can be broken down into specific topics. Concept maps help students understand theories and concepts, manage subconcepts, and see relationships and the overall picture. Common forms include spider, hierarchical, flowchart, and systems maps. Questioning, discussion, narration, dramatization, and brainstorming are interactive techniques used for teaching that develop students' thinking skills.
Grade 8 - Dignity Discussion "Analyzing Literature" and The Story Elements.pdfJastineRaagas
ย
Literature encompasses creative works such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction that reflect human experiences. It serves as a mirror to society and offers insights into human nature. There are two basic types of literature - fiction, which involves imaginative storytelling, and non-fiction, which provides factual information based on real events. Elements that make up stories include characters, setting, plot, conflict, point of view, and theme. These elements enhance comprehension and enjoyment of literature.
Literature serves several important roles in society. It acts as a transmitter of values by allowing readers to learn lessons about morality and ethics from characters' experiences. Literature also serves as a preserver of ideals, customs, and traditions by providing insights into the past ways of life. Additionally, literature functions as a mirror that reflects the cultures of different races and broadens readers' understanding of humanity. Literature is also an agent of change, as it has historically influenced public opinion and swayed social movements. Finally, literature provides pleasure and entertainment for readers.
This chapter discusses how colonial administrators and evangelists invented racial identities and histories to divide populations in India. It explains how the concept of a distinct "Dravidian race" was fabricated by combining linguistic separatism, missionary interests, and ethnolinguistic scholarship. Key figures like Francis Whyte Ellis, Alexander Campbell, and Bishop Robert Caldwell promoted ideas that Tamil and other South Indian languages were unrelated to Sanskrit and belonged to non-Aryan Dravidians who were oppressed by invading Aryans. This helped establish a Dravidian identity and the notion of Aryan oppression. The chapter examines how Tamil literature and traditions like the Thirukural and Saiva Siddhanta were selectively appropriated and revised to link
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
ย
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an introduction to literature, including definitions of literature and the functions of literature. It defines literature as both written and oral works that capture human experiences, thoughts, and emotions. Literature is defined differently by various authors and critics, and includes works meant to teach, delight, or be art for art's sake. The document also outlines several functions of literature, such as entertainment, conveying social/political perspectives, shaping ideology and morals, preserving language and culture.
1) The document discusses Indian languages and literature, beginning with an overview of the importance of understanding a culture's language and literature.
2) It then covers several important aspects of Indian languages and literature, including the role of Sanskrit as the mother of many Indian languages; the Vedas as the earliest literature; and several major works like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, and Upanishads.
3) The Bhagavad Gita is highlighted as containing essential divine wisdom within the Mahabharata, conveying teachings on dharma, yoga, and Vedanta that remain relevant today.
This document discusses the use of myth in Raja Rao's novel Kanthapura. It provides context that Kanthapura tells the story of a South Indian village and explores issues of caste discrimination. The document then analyzes how Raja Rao uses myths, particularly from the Ramayana, to draw parallels between the characters and events in the novel to India's independence movement led by Gandhi and Nehru. Specific myths discussed include drawing connections between Rama and Gandhi, Sita and India under British rule, and Ravana and the British rulers. The document also examines how a temple priest in the novel elevates Gandhi to god-like status through his storytelling of Hindu myths.
Literature - Introduction to Literary Theories (Historical-Biographical, Mora...Shin Chan
ย
This document provides an overview of three major literary theories: moral-philosophical, historical-biographical, and feminist. It explains that literary theories are approaches used to understand literature by focusing on specific elements. For each theory, it outlines the main ideas and gives examples of the types of questions asked and potential topics when applying that theory to analyze a text. The document concludes by reminding readers that multiple theories can be used and that theories are suggestive lenses rather than rules.
The document provides information on classical Indian literature during the Gupta era from 320-550 CE. Some of the key developments included the rise of Mahayana Buddhism, creation of the Ajanta caves with elaborate sculptures and paintings, and important literary works written in Sanskrit including the Panchatantra, Jataka, and Kamasutra. Famous works included Kalidasa's play Sakuntala about the love between a king and nymph's daughter. Classical Sanskrit literature focused on genres like Mahakavya epics, Natya drama, and Niti works about proper conduct and the aims of human life.
module1 teaching and assessment of lit.studies.pptxAnalieCabanlit1
ย
Here are three key leaders for Black History Month along with a brief discussion of their lives and accomplishments:
1. Martin Luther King Jr. was an iconic American civil rights leader in the 1950s and 1960s. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped organize the nonviolent protests of the Civil Rights Movement. He advocated for civil and economic rights through nonviolent civil disobedience. He delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington.
2. Rosa Parks was an American activist known as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement." In 1955, she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, sparking the Montgomery Bus
This document provides an introduction to Philippine literature. It defines literature and discusses its universal themes and ability to express human ideas, thoughts, and emotions. Literary works are evaluated based on their universality, artistry, intellectual value, suggestiveness, spiritual value, permanence, and style. The document explains why the study of Philippine literature is important to understand our cultural heritage and traditions. Literature and history are also discussed as being interrelated means of documenting a nation's spirit. Several globally influential literary works are provided as examples. The major genres of literature - prose and poetry - are also outlined.
A blind boy helps lead Indian troops to victory in a battle against the British by guiding them up a hill, inspiring the author to write a short story about it. The story brings back memories of the author's childhood friend, a poor blind boy who lived near him in Jhansi and played the flute beautifully. The document also discusses Indian poetry and folktales as well as analyzing stories from collections like the Panchatantra and Hitopadesh.
This document provides an overview of different genres and types of literature. It discusses prose, poetry, fiction, non-fiction, and various literary forms such as novels, short stories, fables, legends, and essays. It also explores genres of poetry including lyric, dramatic, and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses the benefits of literature, noting that it can inspire empathy, build connections, and teach about history and culture.
Dark Gray and Yellow Textured Literature Genres of Literature Prsentation .pptxLorenAnn2
ย
This document provides an overview of different genres and types of literature. It discusses prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction. Specific genres like novels, short stories, fables and essays are defined. The document also explores different forms of poetry like lyric and narrative poetry. Finally, it discusses the benefits of literature, such as developing skills and providing different perspectives.
Value of Education in Novel Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih by S.JAIAJHSSR Journal
ย
ABSTRACT : Novel Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih is a novel by S.Jai that tells about the side of life of the
people of Kediri. Kediri is the hometown of S.Jai, so he raises stories about the people of Kediri. Kumara
Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel tells about the spirit of life of the personal figures of small communities in remote
villages in Java, precisely in the Kediri hamlet in the face of shifting, friction and changing times. Based on
feeling like asking questions or at least doubts about the ups and downs of abangan, santri and priyayi relations.
This study aims to describe the values of Education contained in the Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel by
S.Jai. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis or content analysis. This method is
used to examine the contents of a document. The document in this study is the Kumara Hikayat Sang Lover
novel. The results showed that the Kumara Hikayat Sang Kekasih novel, most of the people who developed in
Kediri was the life of a Santri, Priyayi and Abangan which were compiled as documentation of the mental
history of the community and the novel contained educational values, including social, moral, cultural, religious
education ,ekonommi and historically
KEYWORDS :Novels, content analysis, and educational values.
This is a PPT I designed for my friend Rini Tochhawng who is currently doing her Thesis on this same topic. Here's me wishing her all the best, and hope this well researched thesis will earn her a well deserved doctorate degree.
The literature in the books which gives us important information about the past is called literary source. The Vedas, Upanishads, Smritis, Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Sangam literature throw light on the political, social, economic and religious conditions of early India.
Comparative Indian Literature: an approach to a Schoolinventionjournals
ย
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses several ancient Indian texts that shaped Indian civilization, including religious Vedic texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata containing the Bhagavad Gita. It also outlines philosophical, scientific, and performing arts texts such as the Arthashastra on politics and economics, Sushruta Samhita on Ayurvedic medicine, and Natyashastra on drama and music. These texts illustrate India's rich spiritual traditions and cultural heritage and provide insights into history, ethics, and various aspects of ancient Indian society.
module3 teaching and assessment of lit.studies - Copy.pptxAnalieCabanlit1
ย
The document discusses literature as a significant human experience. It defines literature as any form of writing that deals with human society and experiences in an artistic way. Literature comments on themes relating to the human condition, such as death, relationships, and conformity, which make it relatable to readers. It also teaches lessons about life through exploring human possibilities and helping people discover themselves and find meaning in life. The document examines different genres and elements of literature such as prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction.
Concept maps are graphical tools used to organize and represent knowledge through concepts and relationships. They begin with a main idea and branch out to show how it can be broken down into specific topics. Concept maps help students understand theories and concepts, manage subconcepts, and see relationships and the overall picture. Common forms include spider, hierarchical, flowchart, and systems maps. Questioning, discussion, narration, dramatization, and brainstorming are interactive techniques used for teaching that develop students' thinking skills.
Grade 8 - Dignity Discussion "Analyzing Literature" and The Story Elements.pdfJastineRaagas
ย
Literature encompasses creative works such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction that reflect human experiences. It serves as a mirror to society and offers insights into human nature. There are two basic types of literature - fiction, which involves imaginative storytelling, and non-fiction, which provides factual information based on real events. Elements that make up stories include characters, setting, plot, conflict, point of view, and theme. These elements enhance comprehension and enjoyment of literature.
Literature serves several important roles in society. It acts as a transmitter of values by allowing readers to learn lessons about morality and ethics from characters' experiences. Literature also serves as a preserver of ideals, customs, and traditions by providing insights into the past ways of life. Additionally, literature functions as a mirror that reflects the cultures of different races and broadens readers' understanding of humanity. Literature is also an agent of change, as it has historically influenced public opinion and swayed social movements. Finally, literature provides pleasure and entertainment for readers.
This chapter discusses how colonial administrators and evangelists invented racial identities and histories to divide populations in India. It explains how the concept of a distinct "Dravidian race" was fabricated by combining linguistic separatism, missionary interests, and ethnolinguistic scholarship. Key figures like Francis Whyte Ellis, Alexander Campbell, and Bishop Robert Caldwell promoted ideas that Tamil and other South Indian languages were unrelated to Sanskrit and belonged to non-Aryan Dravidians who were oppressed by invading Aryans. This helped establish a Dravidian identity and the notion of Aryan oppression. The chapter examines how Tamil literature and traditions like the Thirukural and Saiva Siddhanta were selectively appropriated and revised to link
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
ย
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
ย
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
ย
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
ย
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
ย
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. Sanskrit has been instrumental in lending
continuity to Indian civilization. In its
heyday it was spoken and used in all
regions of India including the Dravidian
south. While Tamil has maintained a more
or less independent literary tradition, all
other languages in India have taken freely
from Sanskrit vocabulary and their
literature is permeated with the Sanskrit
heritage.
3. Sanskrit is perhaps the oldest language in the
world to be recorded. Classical Sanskrit, which
developed from the Vedic times, held sway
from about 500 BC to about AD 1000. In
independent India it is listed among the
languages of the Eighth Schedule of the
Constitution though it is not the official
language of any state.
4. The hymns of the Rig-Veda bear the seeds of
Sanskrit literature. Orally handed down for
long, these hymns not only served the
purpose of religion but also were a common
literary standard for the Aryan groups in
India. After 1000 BC, there developed an
extensive prose literature devoted to ritual
mattersโthe Brahttmnas; but in these too
there are examples of story-telling, terse
and abrupt in style.
5.
6. KATHA SAHITA
Katha Sahitya, also known as Katha literature,
is a form of traditional storytelling and
narrative literature in the Indian subcontinent.
It has a rich history and is an integral part of
the cultural and literary heritage of the region.
The word "Katha" in Sanskrit means a story or
narrative, and "sahitya" means literature, so
Katha Sahitya essentially refers to the literary
tradition of storytelling.
7. Oral Tradition: Katha Sahitya has its roots in the ancient oral storytelling traditions of
India. Before the advent of written literature, stories and narratives were passed down
from generation to generation through oral means. Storytellers, known as "kathakas" or
"bards," would recite these stories to entertain and educate the audience.
Diverse Themes: Katha Sahitya encompasses a wide range of themes and genres. It
includes religious and mythological stories, folk tales, historical narratives, moral and
ethical stories, and even contemporary fiction. These stories often convey important life
lessons, values, and cultural insights.
Language and Regional Diversity: Katha Sahitya is not limited to any one language or
region. It has been produced in various languages spoken across the Indian subcontinent,
including Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, and many others. Each region has its
own unique storytelling traditions and styles.
Influence on Other Forms of Literature: Katha Sahitya has had a profound influence on
other forms of Indian literature, including poetry, drama, and prose. Many renowned
poets, playwrights, and authors have drawn inspiration from traditional Katha narratives.
Here are some key aspects and characteristics of Katha Sahitya:
8. Adaptation and Modernization: Over time, Katha Sahitya has evolved
and adapted to changing cultural and technological landscapes.
Traditional stories have been retold and reimagined in contemporary
contexts, often in written form, making them accessible to a wider
audience.
Cultural Significance: Katha Sahitya plays a significant role in
preserving and transmitting cultural and moral values. It reflects the
societal norms, beliefs, and customs of different periods in Indian
history.
Famous Works: Some well-known examples of Katha Sahitya include
the "Panchatantra" and "Jataka Tales," collections of fables and moral
stories; the epics like the "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana," which are
epic narratives with profound moral and philosophical teachings; and
the "Vikram and Betal" stories, known for their clever and moralistic
tales.
In summary, Katha Sahitya is a vibrant and diverse literary tradition in
the Indian subcontinent that encompasses a wide range of stories and
narratives, often with moral and cultural significance. It has evolved
over centuries, leaving a lasting impact on Indian literature and
culture.
9. PANCHATANTRA
The Panchatantra is an ancient
collection of animal fables and moral
tales that originated in India over two
millennia ago. It is one of the most
famous and influential works of Indian
literature and has been widely
translated into many languages.
10. Origin and Authorship: The Panchatantra is traditionally attributed to
Vishnusharma, a sage and storyteller. However, the true authorship
remains a matter of debate, and it is likely that the tales were passed down
through generations orally before being compiled into a written work.
Structure: The Panchatantra is divided into five books, or "tantras," which
contain a series of interrelated stories. Each tantra is dedicated to a specific
theme or set of stories, and they are often framed as conversations between
animals.
Characters: The stories in the Panchatantra feature a variety of animal
characters, each of which embodies certain human characteristics and
traits. The most famous characters include the wise old Brahmin named
Vishnusharma and a group of talking animals like lions, jackals, crows, and
mice.
Moral and Ethical Lessons: The primary purpose of the Panchatantra is to
impart moral and ethical lessons. Each story illustrates a specific moral
principle or provides practical wisdom for dealing with various life
situations. These lessons are often presented in a witty and entertaining
manner.
11. Universal Appeal: The Panchatantra's timeless themes and lessons have
made it universally appealing. Its stories have been adapted and retold
in various cultures around the world, demonstrating the enduring
relevance
of its teachings.
Influence: The Panchatantra has had a significant influence on world
literature. It served as a source of inspiration for Aesop's Fables in the
West and influenced storytelling traditions in the Middle East and
beyond.
Cultural Significance: Beyond its literary significance, the Panchatantra
is an important cultural and educational resource. It has been used for
centuries to teach children and adults alike about morality, diplomacy,
and practical wisdom.
In summary, the Panchatantra is a classic collection of Indian fables that
uses animal characters to convey moral and ethical lessons. Its enduring
appeal and profound wisdom have made it a beloved and influential work
in world literature.
12. "Mitrabheda" is one of the books from the
ancient Indian collection of fables and moral
stories known as the "Panchatantra.โ
It is one of the five books or "tantras" that
make up the Panchatantra, an ancient Indian
collection of animal fables and moral tales.
The Panchatantra is traditionally attributed to
Vishnusharma and is renowned for its wisdom
and storytelling.
Mitrabheda
13. Title Meaning: The term "Mitrabheda" translates to "The Separation of Friends" in
English. As with other books in the Panchatantra, the title reflects the central theme
of the stories contained within this tantra.
Theme: "Mitrabheda" primarily deals with the theme of diplomacy, friendship, and
strategies to navigate conflicts within relationships, especially among friends. The
stories in this book explore various scenarios where friends face betrayal,
misunderstandings, and conflict, and they offer lessons on resolving such issues
wisely.
Story Examples: "Mitrabheda" contains several well-known stories, including the
tale of "The Monkey and the Crocodile," where a monkey cleverly outwits a
crocodile who initially pretends to be his friend. This story, like others in the tantra,
imparts lessons on trust, deception, and the importance of discerning true friends
from false ones.
Moral and Ethical Lessons: As with all parts of the Panchatantra, "Mitrabheda" aims
to teach moral and ethical lessons. The stories within this tantra emphasize the
importance of trust, loyalty, and the ability to handle conflicts with tact and wisdom.
Cultural and Educational Significance: "Mitrabheda," along with the rest of the
Panchatantra, has been used for centuries as an educational and cultural resource
in India and beyond. It continues to be a valuable source of wisdom for teaching
children and adults about human relationships and ethical decision-making.
14. Mitra Samprapti
"Mitra Samprapti" is a term from the ancient Indian collection of
fables and moral stories known as the "Panchatantra." In English, it
translates to "The Winning of Friends" or "Gaining Friends." This
concept is closely related to the themes of friendship, diplomacy, and
the art of building and maintaining relationships, which are prevalent
throughout the Panchatantra.
In the context of the Panchatantra, "Mitra Samprapti" refers to the
strategies and principles for cultivating friendships, resolving
conflicts, and managing relationships effectively. The stories within
this category typically provide valuable lessons and insights into how
to win over friends, build trust, and navigate interpersonal dynamics
15. One of the most well-known stories related to "Mitra Samprapti" in
the Panchatantra is "The Lion and the Hare." In this story, a clever
hare befriends a lion and uses its intelligence to outwit other animals
and help the lion. The story illustrates how wit and wisdom can lead
to the winning of friends and allies.
The overall message of "Mitra Samprapti" is that building and
maintaining friendships and alliances require tact, trust, and mutual
benefit. These principles are not only relevant in personal
relationships but also have broader applications in diplomacy,
politics, and various aspects of life where interpersonal connections
play a crucial role.
Like other parts of the Panchatantra, "Mitra Samprapti" provides
valuable moral and ethical lessons that emphasize the importance of
building positive relationships, being trustworthy, and using
diplomacy and wisdom to resolve conflicts and win over others.
16. Kakolukeeyam
"Kakolukeeyam" is an ancient Sanskrit play written by the
renowned Indian playwright and poet Bhasa. It is
considered one of the most important works in Sanskrit
classical drama and is often studied for its literary and
dramatic qualities. Bhasa is credited with writing
"Kakolukeeyam." He is believed to have lived during the
2nd or 3rd century BCE and is considered one of the
earliest known playwrights of classical Sanskrit drama.
"Kakolukeeyam" is a Sanskrit play and belongs to the
genre of classical Indian drama, known as "Nataka." It
follows the conventions of Sanskrit drama, including the
use of various dramatic elements like dialogues, songs,
and dance.
17. Plot: The play is based on the story of the bird Kakoluka, which becomes the source of a conflict
between two Brahmins, Sthavaka and Vatsavyuha, who both desire to eat the bird.
The drama unfolds as they compete to possess the bird, leading to humorous and dramatic
situations.
Themes: "Kakolukeeyam" explores various themes, including human greed, the consequences of
rivalry, and the absurdity of desire. It uses satire and humor to comment on the human condition.
Style: Bhasa is known for his simple and direct style of writing, which is in contrast to some other
classical Sanskrit playwrights like Kalidasa. His plays are noted for their focus on dialogue and
character interactions.
Revival: Bhasa's works, including "Kakolukeeyam," were largely forgotten for many centuries.
However, in the early 20th century, the manuscripts of his plays were discovered, leading to a
revival of interest in his works among scholars and theater enthusiasts.
Influence: Bhasa's contributions to Sanskrit drama have had a significant influence on later
playwrights and the development of Indian theater. His works are considered valuable for their
insights into ancient Indian culture and society.
In summary, "Kakolukeeyam" is an important play by the ancient Sanskrit playwright Bhasa,
known for its humor, social commentary, and exploration of human desires and conflicts. It is
a significant work in the classical Indian dramatic tradition and continues to be studied and
appreciated today for its literary and theatrical qualities.
18. Thank you for providing additional context. "Labdha
Pranasha," when translated, means "Loss of Gains" or
"Loss of Acquired Wealth" in Sanskrit. This term is often
used in the context of financial management and
economics to describe situations where an individual or
entity experiences a loss or reduction in their previously
acquired wealth, assets, or gains.
In a broader sense, "Labdha Pranasha" can be applied
to various aspects of life where individuals or
organizations may face setbacks, whether financial,
social, or personal, leading to a loss of what they had
previously gained or achieved.
Labdha Pranasha
19. Managing and mitigating "Labdha Pranasha" is
a common consideration in financial planning,
risk management, and business strategy. It
involves taking measures to protect one's
wealth or assets and making wise decisions to
minimize the impact of potential losses. It is
also a concept that has been explored in
ancient Indian texts and philosophy as part of
broader discussions on wealth management
and personal well-being.
20. "Apareekshita Karakam" is a Sanskrit term that can be
translated as "Unexamined Action" or "Unconsidered Action."
It refers to actions or decisions made without careful thought,
examination, or proper evaluation of the potential
consequences. This concept is relevant in various contexts,
including ethics, philosophy, and decision-making.
In ethical and philosophical discussions, "Apareekshita
Karakam" may be used to emphasize the importance of
thoughtful and deliberate actions. It suggests that hasty or
impulsive actions can lead to unintended negative
consequences, and individuals should exercise prudence and
reflection before taking any significant steps.
Apareekshita Karakam
21. The concept encourages individuals to consider the moral
and ethical implications of their actions, as well as the
potential impact on themselves and others. It
underscores the idea that actions taken without due
consideration can result in regrettable outcomes.
In a broader sense, "Apareekshita Karakam" serves as a
reminder of the value of mindfulness, careful planning,
and ethical reasoning in decision-making, whether in
personal life, professional settings, or matters of broader
societal concern. It encourages individuals to pause,
reflect, and make informed choices rather than acting
impulsively or recklessly.
22. The "Hitopadesha" is a classic collection of ancient
Indian fables and moral stories that originated in India
more than a thousand years ago. It is known for its
wisdom, wit, and ability to impart valuable life lessons
through engaging narratives. Here are some key
points about the "Hitopadeshaโ
It is traditionally attributed to Narayana Pandit, a
Sanskrit scholar and poet. However, the true
authorship is a subject of historical debate, and it is
likely that the stories were passed down through oral
tradition before being compiled into a written work.
Hitopadesha
23. Structure: The "Hitopadesha" is organized into four books, each with
a specific theme. The stories within these books are presented as
conversations between various animal characters, often involving a
king or a wise counselor.
Themes: The primary purpose of the "Hitopadesha" is to impart moral
and ethical lessons. The stories cover a wide range of themes,
including friendship, diplomacy, leadership, virtue, deceit, and the
consequences of one's actions. Each story typically illustrates a
specific moral principle or offers practical wisdom.
Style: The "Hitopadesha" employs a straightforward and direct style of
storytelling, making it accessible to readers of various ages and
backgrounds. The use of animal characters and relatable situations
adds to its appeal.
24. Influence: The "Hitopadesha" has had a profound influence on
Indian literature, culture, and education. It has been translated into
numerous languages and adapted in various forms, including
poetry, prose, and drama.
Global Impact: Beyond India, the "Hitopadesha" has also
influenced storytelling traditions in other cultures. It is considered
one of the sources of inspiration for Aesop's Fables in the Western
literary tradition.
Cultural Significance: The "Hitopadesha" is a cultural treasure in
India, and its stories have been used for centuries to teach
important values, ethics, and life lessons to both children and
adults.
25. Some well-known stories from the "Hitopadesha"
include "The Monkey and the Crocodile," "The
Blue Jackal," and "The Lion and the Hare," each
of which imparts valuable moral and practical
lessons in an engaging and memorable manner.
In summary, the "Hitopadesha" is a revered
collection of fables and moral stories that
continues to be cherished for its timeless wisdom
and storytelling excellence. It remains a valuable
resource for imparting moral and ethical values in
various cultures.
26. SHOLKA WITH TRANSLATION
๏ถSelection: This shloka is extracted from the lesson Mitralabha of
Hitopadesha, written by NarayanaPandita.
๏ถTranslation:Thewisepersonsspend theirtimebyenjoying thediscussionon
poetryand Shastras,while fools pass theirtimeinvilepursuits, insleepor in
quarrelling.