This document provides a summary of a research article that analyzes the language used between two Nigerian politicians, Olusegun Obasanjo and Ayodele Fayose, as reported in Nigerian newspapers from 2014 to 2015. The study uses Brown and Levinson's politeness theory to examine instances of (im)politeness in news excerpts featuring the two politicians. 12 excerpts from newspapers are analyzed to identify examples of different politeness strategies, including bald on record statements, negative politeness, positive politeness, and indirect speech. The analysis finds instances where each politician uses language to threaten the other's public image or preserve their own, pointing to the antagonistic relationship portrayed in their remarks.
The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The Research Title: “The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline of the 2014 Presidential Election Campaign”. The purpose of theresearch was to analyze the headline ideological discourse on the 2014 presidential election campaign. This type of research is qualitative. The research method is content analysis with Norman Faitclough‟s version of Critical Discourse Analysis. Research paradigm; critical paradigm with critical theory. Furthermore, the data collection techniques used in this research are Text Analysis, Indepth-interview, literature research and documentation, and observation. Based on the results of descriptive analysis at the text/ micro level, interpretive analysis at the level of discourse practice/ mezzo, and explanatory analysis at the level of sociocultural practice/ macro, the results of this research were obtained, about the ideology of the newspaper Sindo newspaper, theoretically or based on external symbols of this media and based on the acknowledgment of the key informant as the representative owner, it can be ascertained the ideological discourse of the 2014 Sindo newspaper‟s presidential election campaign is the Pancasila press. However, in the practice of press management the attitude of the owners of capital was very visible in favor of the presidential and vice presidential candidate pair of Prabowo-Hatta. But on the other handSindo Newspaper also gives the freedom to journalists to have slightly different attitudes with the policies of capital owners.
Sexist Language in Nigerian Newspapers: A Case Study of ThePunchand the Guard...iosrjce
This research was informed by the Whorfian view that language exerts a great influence on
worldview and attitudes. The work was based on Claude Shannon’s Communication Theory. The study
examined the forms, shades and manifestations of sexist language in two popular Nigerian newspapers. It
established that sexism in language is a bias, not only against women, but also against men. Expressions like,
men of the underworld, gunmen, for which there are no female equivalents in the language lend credence to this
assertion. A total of 206 articles, cutting across editorials, opinion pages, news reports, interviews and political
columns were critically reviewed. The newspapers selected were from the September and October 2011
editions and the June 2012 of the two newspapers. The data used in this research work were collected from the
articles covered in the two newspapers. This was done through a thorough examination of the data. The
example words from the newspapers were first isolated and then analysed against the background of the type of
sexist language they represented. Statistical tables and charts were used, where relevant to represent the data.
The study revealed that ‘generic masculine words’ were the most commonly used sexist form in Nigerian
newspapers.
Political Myths of the African Great Lakes Regionijtsrd
Political myth in the region is used by the politicians and rebels alike. Through the suitable planet of mythology they all try to gain and retain their power and financial profits. In other words, political mythology of the African Great Lakes is largely serving the interests of not only the states and nations, but also small groups that hold both political and economic power, as well as organised criminal groups. This kind of mythology is, therefore, characteristic of poor, underdeveloped countries troubled by conflicts. While the political superpowers use myths to justify their control over others, poorer nations use them to explain failures and social inequalities. Importantly, political myth of this region should not be perceived only negatively. We should remember that thanks to the faith in myth the continent shook off the yoke of colonialism. Without a doubt, nowadays, in the era of globalisation, this area needs new challenges, the new political myths which will guarantee the process of integration of the local communities. The good knowledge of this sphere of reality will allow us, the representatives of different civilisation, to better understand the political and economic dimension of the modern day changes in the region of the African Great Lakes. Wioleta Gierszewska ""Political Myths of the African Great Lakes Region"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23599.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/23599/political-myths-of-the-african-great-lakes-region/wioleta-gierszewska
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The Research Title: “The Analysis of Ideological Practices in Sindo Newspaper through the Headline of the 2014 Presidential Election Campaign”. The purpose of theresearch was to analyze the headline ideological discourse on the 2014 presidential election campaign. This type of research is qualitative. The research method is content analysis with Norman Faitclough‟s version of Critical Discourse Analysis. Research paradigm; critical paradigm with critical theory. Furthermore, the data collection techniques used in this research are Text Analysis, Indepth-interview, literature research and documentation, and observation. Based on the results of descriptive analysis at the text/ micro level, interpretive analysis at the level of discourse practice/ mezzo, and explanatory analysis at the level of sociocultural practice/ macro, the results of this research were obtained, about the ideology of the newspaper Sindo newspaper, theoretically or based on external symbols of this media and based on the acknowledgment of the key informant as the representative owner, it can be ascertained the ideological discourse of the 2014 Sindo newspaper‟s presidential election campaign is the Pancasila press. However, in the practice of press management the attitude of the owners of capital was very visible in favor of the presidential and vice presidential candidate pair of Prabowo-Hatta. But on the other handSindo Newspaper also gives the freedom to journalists to have slightly different attitudes with the policies of capital owners.
Sexist Language in Nigerian Newspapers: A Case Study of ThePunchand the Guard...iosrjce
This research was informed by the Whorfian view that language exerts a great influence on
worldview and attitudes. The work was based on Claude Shannon’s Communication Theory. The study
examined the forms, shades and manifestations of sexist language in two popular Nigerian newspapers. It
established that sexism in language is a bias, not only against women, but also against men. Expressions like,
men of the underworld, gunmen, for which there are no female equivalents in the language lend credence to this
assertion. A total of 206 articles, cutting across editorials, opinion pages, news reports, interviews and political
columns were critically reviewed. The newspapers selected were from the September and October 2011
editions and the June 2012 of the two newspapers. The data used in this research work were collected from the
articles covered in the two newspapers. This was done through a thorough examination of the data. The
example words from the newspapers were first isolated and then analysed against the background of the type of
sexist language they represented. Statistical tables and charts were used, where relevant to represent the data.
The study revealed that ‘generic masculine words’ were the most commonly used sexist form in Nigerian
newspapers.
Political Myths of the African Great Lakes Regionijtsrd
Political myth in the region is used by the politicians and rebels alike. Through the suitable planet of mythology they all try to gain and retain their power and financial profits. In other words, political mythology of the African Great Lakes is largely serving the interests of not only the states and nations, but also small groups that hold both political and economic power, as well as organised criminal groups. This kind of mythology is, therefore, characteristic of poor, underdeveloped countries troubled by conflicts. While the political superpowers use myths to justify their control over others, poorer nations use them to explain failures and social inequalities. Importantly, political myth of this region should not be perceived only negatively. We should remember that thanks to the faith in myth the continent shook off the yoke of colonialism. Without a doubt, nowadays, in the era of globalisation, this area needs new challenges, the new political myths which will guarantee the process of integration of the local communities. The good knowledge of this sphere of reality will allow us, the representatives of different civilisation, to better understand the political and economic dimension of the modern day changes in the region of the African Great Lakes. Wioleta Gierszewska ""Political Myths of the African Great Lakes Region"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23599.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/23599/political-myths-of-the-african-great-lakes-region/wioleta-gierszewska
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
The Pessimistic Investor Sentiments Indicator in Social NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the worldwide proliferation of social networks, the social networks have played an important role in the social activities .Peoples are inclined to obtain the corresponding public opinion to make decision such as shopping, education, investment and so on. Analysis of data generated by social networks has become an important field of research, however in the field of public opinion analysis of social networks the quantitative measure indexes are still lacking. In this paper, the calculation method of pessimistic investor sentiments indicator is proposed, and the index has a certain theoretical and practical value.
A Rhetorical Identification Analysis of English Political Public Speaking: Jo...Bahram Kazemian
Since political discourse reflects the close relation between politics and language, it has attracted many scholars’
attention at home and abroad. Therefore, English political public speaking (EPPS for short), the subcategory of political
discourse, has been chosen as the subject of the study. Based on the findings of Kenneth Burke’s new rhetoric and classical
rhetoric, the identification strategies of EPPS in John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address from the perspectives of rhetorical content and rhetorical form were probed. Since EPPS is always well-prepared rather than impromptu, the identification strategies via rhetorical content and form are always employed by the speaker to accomplish their purposes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
Youth in Contemporary Politics Roles and Benefits in Nigeriaijtsrd
The youth in contemporary Nigerian politics has played the role of acting the political thug for older politicians in the country. In this study, the researchers set out to examine the role and benefits of the youth in modern-day politics with specific reference to the recent Nigerias ‘‘Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill. It is in this light that this paper adopted Role theory in explaining the role of the youth in contemporary Nigerian politics. It is obvious that with the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, the youth in Nigeria can now participate effectively in the nations political processes, and not continue to play the dirty role of hooligan on the payroll of the sit-tight political leader who wants to perpetuate himself in power. The paper contends that the Federal government and the electoral umpire body, the Independent National Electoral Commission INEC , should make it a priority to fully implement the Not-Too-Young-to-Run Bill, to give many more youths the opportunity to vie for electoral offices in the country. In addition, youths should be included in the nations political processes by enlightening them on their role and benefits in such processes not just to function as political thugs but to aspire to run for electoral offices themselves. Patrick Oromareghake, PhD | Oluka, Nduka Lucas "Youth in Contemporary Politics: Roles and Benefits in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21518.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/21518/youth-in-contemporary-politics-roles-and-benefits-in-nigeria/patrick-oromareghake-phd
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
The Pessimistic Investor Sentiments Indicator in Social NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
With the worldwide proliferation of social networks, the social networks have played an important role in the social activities .Peoples are inclined to obtain the corresponding public opinion to make decision such as shopping, education, investment and so on. Analysis of data generated by social networks has become an important field of research, however in the field of public opinion analysis of social networks the quantitative measure indexes are still lacking. In this paper, the calculation method of pessimistic investor sentiments indicator is proposed, and the index has a certain theoretical and practical value.
A Rhetorical Identification Analysis of English Political Public Speaking: Jo...Bahram Kazemian
Since political discourse reflects the close relation between politics and language, it has attracted many scholars’
attention at home and abroad. Therefore, English political public speaking (EPPS for short), the subcategory of political
discourse, has been chosen as the subject of the study. Based on the findings of Kenneth Burke’s new rhetoric and classical
rhetoric, the identification strategies of EPPS in John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address from the perspectives of rhetorical content and rhetorical form were probed. Since EPPS is always well-prepared rather than impromptu, the identification strategies via rhetorical content and form are always employed by the speaker to accomplish their purposes.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
PARTY POLITICS AND THE FALL OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC IN NIGERIA: A REAPPRAISALJohn1Lorcan
Against the usual narratives which claim that ethnicity, regionalism and religion were sole players in the
fall of the Nigeria’s Second Republic, the paper provides a new perspective on the dynamics that led to the
fall of the Second Republic. In other words, the thrust of the paper is that the major cause of the crises in
most States and the Centre during the Second Republic was unhealthy party politics rather than religious,
regional or ethnic variations in Nigeria. The ugly inter and intra party politics experienced in 1979-1983
were the major factors that led to the fall of the Second Republic in Nigeria. The article stresses the need to
draw better policies and political manifestos that will address the problems facing Nigeria’s party politics,
which is an essential feature of democracy. The study offer useful information to researchers who are
interested in the history of party politics. Its interrogation of the misapplication of party politics in Nigeria,
for example, will enable policy makers and politicians to comprehend the reasons why the Second Republic
in Nigeria failed.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Muhammadu Buhari’s Inaugural Speeches with a...Premier Publishers
The discursive structures selected in talks and texts in politics and other spheres of social life are determined by the situations in which they are used. Politics and rhetoric are interwoven, and the latter is highly esteemed as an instrument of persuasion or manipulation in the former. Personal pronouns provide an easy access to these activities in mind control because they readily provide multiple identities. This researcher argues that Muhammadu Buhari in both his maiden speech as a Military Head of State in 1984, and inaugural speech as a President with executive powers in 2015 tactfully deployed personal pronouns to present different identities and project different ideologies, and that the backgrounds from which he spoke impacted on his pronominal choices. This study, therefore, sets to provide an insight into the influences of the ideological stances from which he spoke on his choice of language. The theoretical framework guiding the study is critical discourse analysis. The analysis reveals that by strategically selecting personal pronouns, Buhari constructed the identities that reflected the military and civilian backgrounds from which he spoke, as well as created the in-groups and out-groups he desired to project the authoritarianism and persuasion of military and democratic regimes respectively.
PROPAGANDA IN POLITICS - THE USE OF LANGUAGE FOR EFFECT IN ELECTIONEERING CAM...ResearchWap
In the Work Propaganda in Politics, the use of language for effect in electioneering campaign seeks to x-ray the role language play as an agent of influence. This work considers the influence of propaganda on the electorate making use of some linguistic devices, like Repetition, Word Coinages, Exaggeration, Attacks on Party Logo and Slogan, Vagueness, Abusive expression etc.
Propaganda has been the deliberate distortion of fact in order to influence people to change their line of thought or to blindly maintain their line of thought. Language in the other sense is the tool or medium via which this intention is achieved because you may have thought of something but if not communicated it cannot achieve your desired effect. Generally, the researcher is concerned with the campaign of calumny in the 2007 general elections in Nigeria, necessary recommendations will be made at the end of the work.
When the cold war was over at the end of 1980th, we expected that the 21st century would be peaceful, progressive, and politically stable. On the contrary, the strong consciousness of ETHNICITY was dramatically emerged in eastern European ethnic groups that were controlled by the old Soviet Union. The worse situation was the case of old Yugoslavia where were divided into three parts with arms. As we know, that war was the terrible genocide as we know.
What is “ Medical Anthropology?
Health and Sickness could be defined as the dynamic studies. Because, the concept of the sickness and health is depended on the indigenous values. It means “dynamics”.
2. Biomedicine and cultural( behavial sciences can be understood reciprocally.
Cultural Diagnosis.
The fact that the past scientific research and analysis gather so many different specialists needs to be stress. No profession can get alone the right perspective to comprehend the destructiveness of violence, we need different points of view to fight against it and hopefully to transfer this knowledge to the policy making body. It is my hope that our policy makers and society will begin to realize the importance of the anthropological aspects which I am going to discuss in this short paper.
Now, I would like to take this opportunity to share the role of Anthropology in this issue with policy makers and anthropologists but, let me first show about the role of anthropology in the process of development and its connection with violence. I believe that the anthropological theory should apply to the practical field. Another word, I would say that anthropologists must put on two hats (theoretical and practical).
The work was presented during the II Workshop on Medical Anthropology in Rome, October 14th - 15th 2011.
Lecture delivered on the occasion of the public presentation of The Nigerian Political Turf: Polity, Politics and Politicians written by Mobolade Omonijo on Tuesday, August 7, 2012 at The Muson Centre, Onikan-Lagos.
Abstract
Press freedom is an essential ingredient of the democratic culture. The higher the degree
of press freedom allowed in any country, the higher the degree of democracy its citizens
enjoy. This paper argues that there is a link between democracy and the extent of press
freedom in any society but years of military rule had strongly hindered press freedom in
Nigeria. The paper further argues that government across all eras be it colonial, military
and democratic has been plagued with mistrust and hatred for the press. Successive
governments churned out malicious press laws to emasculate the press which offer a
potent and enduring platform for a healthy democracy. The paper concludes that
obnoxious press laws by successive governments have hindered press freedom, and that
despite the democratic rule in Nigeria today, some of these press laws still exist in our
legal statutes that infringe on press freedom. The paper recommends that the atmosphere
of military hangover which pervades in our environment should be completely eliminated,
thus, all anti-press laws that have colonial or military rule history should be expunged
from our laws to pave way for a democratic press that operates according to democratic
tenets.
Is Abe the Person Shaping Japan’s Foreign Policy?Bright Mhango
Japan has featured highly in the news in 2013-14 especially in its dispute with China over some uninhabited Islands. Japan’s prime minister is spearheading big changes in Japan’s domestic and foreign policy. This paper seeks to argue that Abe’s personal beliefs are being reflected in Japan’s foreign policy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Discourse analysis, post structuralism, and foreign policy
Sanmi (70)
1. Volume 2 Issue 4
March 2016
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND
CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926
http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 1027
Doing Politics with Words: a Pragmatic Analysis of News Reports on
Obasanjo and Fayose’s Fracas
Ojo Ayoola Sanmi
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ojoayoola01@gmail.com
Abstract
Works abound on the use of language in the Nigerian political atmosphere but sufficient
attention has not been paid to the (im)polite remarks and interchange between politicians in the
Nigerian political milieu. This study therefore looks at the (im)politeness strategies in the
utterances of former president Olusegun Obasanjo and Governor Ayodele Fayose as reported in
the Nigerian newspapers. The study adopted Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory as its
theoretical guide. 12 excerpts were randomly selected from three Nigerian newspapers – The
Nation, The Punch and Nigerian Tribune between July 2014 and July 2015 – to show the
political rivalry between these two personalities. The wide report of the power tussle between
Olusegun Obasanjo and Ayodele Fayose in Nigerian newspapers is a pointer to the fact that the
language of these politicians arouses a wide audience in the Nigerian society; hence, politicians’
continuous use of language is an instrument to achieve political relevance and popularity,
among many things. This study therefore submits that, politicians should not make the media a
tool for political rivalry and they should not make confrontations the medium of sustaining
political relevance in the polity.
Keywords: (im)politeness, face, Obasanjo, Fayose, political fracas.
2. Volume 2 Issue 4
March 2016
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND
CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926
http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 1028
1. Introduction
Language is a marker of culture and so users of language tend to use certain means while
using language to communicate. A speaker might decide to be polite and might also decide to be
impolite to drive across his/her message. The Media is regarded as the conscience of the society
due to the important role they play in a nation building. Based on this, the language of newspaper
is always meticulously used by editors, columnists, et al, in newspapers to facilitate the
eagerness of readers. The readers can be likened to the audience and thus, the style of the
language of newspaper is expected to be impeccable. According to Bell (1991):
The essence of style is that …speakers are often primarily responding to their
audience in the language they produce …the audience are arguably the most
important and certainly the most researched component of mass
communication…communicators do work with an idea of the audience they are
speaking to and what they want.
With reference to the political news in Nigeria, the ideology behind the language of
newspaper reports is unfortunately biased. “Ideology refers to attitudes, set of beliefs, values and
doctrines with reference to religious, political, social and economic life, which shapes the
individual's and group's perception and through which reality is constructed and interpreted”
(Taiwo, 2007).
Olowe (1993) focusing on the interplay on the language and ideology of Nigerian English-
medium newspapers is of the opinion that no news report is ideologically neutral, transparent or
innocent. According to him:
The editor and his reporters on the one hand and their audience constitute an
ideological empire. The newspaper subjects all newsworthy events that
constantly come up in social life to rigorous linguistic manipulation to make
them suit the ideological expectation of the audience.
The politics played in the Nigerian society is often said to be confrontational whereby
leaders battle themselves mainly for supremacy and one major tool that is always used by
political leaders is the newspaper. Impolite words are exchanged freely and the newspapers are
known for reporting these stories verbatim. Political leaders often exercise their prowess over a
subordinate leader, in the words of Nafute (2006) “a chairman of a local government (equivalent
to a Mayor in North America) holds his seat at the mercy of his state governor.”
In the Nigerian society, politics goes beyond the need and desire to serve the citizenry. It is
the case that politicians are mainly peoples who set out to benefit from the country’s wealth and
cut heavily what they often refer to as ‘national cake’. Politics in Nigeria is really a unique one
that can only be understood by an insider. To this extent, Schaffner (1996) holds that:
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In political discourse, linguists have always been interested in the linguistic
structures used to get politically relevant messages across to the addresses in
order to fulfil a specific function, but narrow linguistic analysis of political
discourse cannot ignore the broader societal and political framework in which
such discourse is embedded.
Along this line therefore, a careful follow up of the Nigerian political terrain will show that
it is not only bothered on the administration of the state but it is also a platform for cold war
among politicians. It is in the light of the Nigerian political terrain as being a battle field for
politicians that this study hopes to investigates (im)politeness in the language of politicians,
looking specifically at newspaper reports on the power tussle between former president Olusegun
Obasanjo and Governor Ayo Fayose with the aim of shedding light on the kind of politics played
in Nigeria.
2. Literature Review
Garcia-Pastor (2008) explores the interface between impoliteness and power in the context
of political campaign debates of the 2000 US elections. In this, focus is on the interventions in
which politicians principally address one another and he observed that through interchanges,
debaters intend to damage and dominate the opponent, thus showing the antagonism that
underlies and sharpens their relationship. Garcia-Pastor employs a second-order approach to
impoliteness whereby this concept basically consists of a speaker’s intended face aggravation or
attached towards the hearer. The writer concludes that politeness investigations of debates have
not contemplated the issue of power seriously enough, notwithstanding the close relationship
between this concept and politeness phenomena.
Odebunmi (2009) explores the concept of politeness in print media political interviews in
Nigeria using a revised version of the theory of relational work. In the article, he attempts to
locate face work in the expanded frame of relational work to be able to account for this discourse
situation as suggested by the relational work theorists. In his data, two types of print media
political interview emerge viz, the subjective or sentimental and the factual or analytical. The
former often features a large quantity of politeness elements. The reason for this is that it often
touches on the emotional judgement of the participants. The latter, which presents the situation
as objectively as possible, often contains very few or no instances of politeness features. Three
aspects of relational work were found in his data, they are, politic verbal behaviour, polite verbal
behaviour and impolite verbal behaviour. The researcher shows through his analysis that much of
what transpires between participants in political interviews is informed by previously or
spontaneously conceived opinions which may be presented directly, using politic, polite or
impolite expressions. This research is what opened the field for enquiries into politeness in print
media political interviews in Nigeria where little works existed.
Previous works have showed and illustrated that there is a close connection between
(im)politeness and power in political campaign debates, print media political interviews and
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computer mediated communications among others, however this study aims at showing how
(im)politeness is used in power relations in the Nigerian Political scene by looking at the
utterances of two Nigerian politicians.
3 Methodology
The subjects of this study are two politicians: Olusegun Obasanjo and Ayodele Fayose.
These personalities are popular political actors in Nigerian politics. The former was once the
president of Nigeria (1976-1979, 1999-2007) and an all-time political leader after his regime.
The latter is the incumbent governor of Ekiti State (a state in Nigeria). His popularity lies in
having being impeached before as a governor of the same State and his most cordial relationship
with the people of his State. This study therefore considers the altercations between both men as
reported in Nigerian newspapers between July 2014 and July 2015.
The data for this study is the news reports of three prestigious national dailies; The Nation,
The Punch and Nigerian Tribune newspapers. These dailies are preferred considering their
national coverage and popularity. Their reports on the altercation of these two political actors
within the period of July, 2014 and July, 2015 are subjected to a pragmatic analysis in order to
understand the basis for such differences and to account for the political and social implications
of such confrontations.
4 Theoretical Framework
This study adopts as its theoretical guide the Politeness Theory. According to Eelen (2001)
“Lakoff could well be called the mother of modern politeness theory.” She defined politeness as
“a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by minimising the potential
for conflict and confrontation inherent in all human interchange”. Brown and Levinson`s (1978,
1987) politeness principle can be said to be one of the models of politeness principle that is
influenced by the work of the sociologist Ervin Goffman (1967) on the social construction of
self, and his notion of face-the public image individuals seek to project. Their work was first
published in 1978 and then reissued in 1987. They defined politeness as redressive action taken
to counter-balance the disruptive effect of face-threatening acts.
According to Brown and Levinson (1978:66), “face is the public image that every member
of the society wants to claim for himself”. Face has two components: Positive face which
represents an individual`s desire to seem worthy and deserving of approval (the desire to be well
thought of that manifests in the desire to be liked, admired, approved of, respected and
appreciated by others). Positive politeness tilts towards preserving the positive face of other
people, when we employ positive politeness, we use speech categories that emphasizes our
solidarity with others such as using informal address, shared dialects, shared expressions,
nicknames, frequent use of inclusive WE, etc. The second component is the Negative face,
which represents an individual`s desire to be autonomous, unimpeded by others. It is reflected in
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the desire not to be imposed upon, to have freedom to choose our actions. Negative politeness is
geared towards preserving the negative face of others which is likely considering the distance
between the speaker and hearer. When we use negative politeness, we use speech strategies that
convey our respect for the hearer. Nicknames, slang, and informal addresses are avoided.
Requests tend to be more indirect and impersonal involving expressions such as could you,
referring to the hearer in the third person, using litigating devices such as please, possibly, I`m
sorry but…etc.
This study will be carried out using specifically, the politeness strategies identified by
Brown and Levinson (1987) which are: Bald on Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness
and Off-the-Record or Indirect Strategy. Brown and Levinson’s strategies are preferred for this
study because they show vividly the political fracas between the two subjects of this study. These
devices will be explained in the analysis, giving three instances of each from the aforementioned
news papers. In all, a total of 12 excerpts will be used to covey the essence of this study.
5. Data Analysis
5.1. Bald on record
This is the strategy that does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face. It is
commonly used by speakers who know their addressees very closely. With the bald on record
strategies there is a direct possibility that the audience will be shocked or embarrassed by the
strategy.
Excerpt 1
I remember then as the ad hoc committee chairman, a crop of suitable,
brilliant, healthy and competent northern politicians in the PDP were
shortlisted by me for Obasanjo to pick from, but he overruled and asked
me to contact Yar’adua because he preferred him (The Nation 2015-02-
27)
Here, Fayose uses the Bald on record politeness strategy to present the former president
Obasanjo as a dictator and at the same time depicts himself as a highly intelligent leader. It is a
known fact that with the bald on record strategy, there is a direct possibility that the audience
will be shocked or embarrassed.
For Fayose saying the shortlisted (as an ad hoc committee chairman) northern politicians
who are (1) suitable, (2) brilliant, (3) healthy and (4) competent is an implication that he
(Fayose) is a politician with a phenomena leadership skill. Most importantly, the bald on record
politeness strategy used by Fayose here is evident in the fact that after he had shortlisted
seemingly appropriate politicians for Obasanjo but then, Obasanjo overruled it which depicts a
character typical of a dictator. Going by this, audience or readers will, of course be embarrassed
at the attitude of the former President Obasanjo.
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Excerpt 2
Former President Olusegun Obasanjo has asked Ekiti State governor, Ayo
Fayose, to shut up and seek God’s forgiveness for abusing him barely two
years after he begged him in a letter over previous abuse. (Nigerian
Tribune 2014-12-06)
Here, Obasanjo uses the bald on record strategy to threaten the face of his opponent. Bald
on record strategy is used to threaten the face of the hearer (or the receiver as the case may be)
and it’s mostly used when the two interlocutors are familiar with each other to a reasonable
extent. Asking Fayose to shut up can therefore be considered as a form of direct threat to his face
by the former president Olusegun Obasanjo while the latter part of the excerpt exonerate
Obasanjo himself as a man of a high social standard.
Excerpt 3
Fayose urged obasanjo to stop running other Nigerians down, saying “we
are all stakeholders in the country. It is wrong for any Nigerian, no matter
how highly placed to go about carrying himself around as the only honest
and lover of the country (The Nation 2015-07-21)
In the above excerpt, the aim of Fayose is to preserve his positive face and attempt a bald
on record on Obasanjo, he refers to himself as a stakeholder just as Obasanjo and goes ahead to
give advice to the Obasanjo indirectly thereby making an attempt to project himself and make
the audience have a positive view of him.
5.2. Negative politeness
This strategy presumes that the speaker will be imposing on the listener. It is the desire to
remain autonomous. For Instance according to Brown and Levinson (1987), a speaker may
request this way “I know you just paid your children’s school fees, but please can you lend me
N1, 000 till the weekend?” The addressee is likely to accede to the request if he/she has the
means because the request shows a respect for their ability to maintain autonomy.
Excerpt 4
In fairness to the late president, he objected on health ground but
Obasanjo insisted he must be the president...I am not against the north,
rather if Obasanjo has picked from the list of names submitted by my
committee to him, certainly a northerner replacing Obasanjo would have
ruled this country to 2015, as an insider who saw everything and who has
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noticed the repeat of the episode of 2006, I must talk (The Nation 2015-
02-27)
From the above report, Fayose exonerates himself and at the same time, portrays the
former President as the terrible person. By mentioning the former president’s name from time to
time shows that he has little or no respect for him whatsoever. It is noteworthy to assert that
Fayose describing himself as an insider is an attempt to make it known to the audience that he is
a high ranked leader in within the party.
Excerpt 5
Obasanjo should stop making uncomplimentary statements about the
party, if he continues, we will suspend him; nobody is bigger than this
party. (The Punch 2014-07-05)
This is a direct FTA to the opponent as Fayose reiterates the fact that the party (perceived
to be bigger than any member) can suspend Obasanjo if he does not desist from making
uncomplimentary statements. Fayose goes ahead to demand the suspension of the former
president based on what he regards as indiscipline on the part of the former president. From the
excerpt, it is conspicuous that Fayose tried to impose an order on former president Obasanjo.
Excerpt 6
Fayose said ...visiting Obasanjo to plead with him to rescind his decision
not to participate in the party’s activities was capable of encouraging
other members of the party to disrespect the President and the
Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria as done by
Obasanjo. (Nigerian Tribune 2014-12-06)
The major reason for the message from Fayose is to pass a message to the audience that the
former president has little or no political prowess within the party again and because of that,
party members should desist from pleading with the former president again as it will only breed
disrespect within the party.
5.3. Positive politeness
This strategy will attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face. This strategy is most
commonly used in situations where the interlocutors know each other fairly well. In many
instances attempts are made to avoid conflicts. For example, a positive politeness strategy might
be the request such as, “I know you are very busy now, but could you please spare me five
minutes.”
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Excerpt 7
I will differ a bit...my name is Ayodele Fayose, the Oshokomole, irunmole
to n je jollof rice (Nigerian Punch 2014-11-29)
Here, Ayodele Fayose differs from the discussion and announces his official name to the
audience, the reason for this is to institutionalise himself as a force within the party. It is
expected that members of the audience already know his name but hearing him mentioning his
name again is expected to give the audience some sort of expectation from Fayose. Fayose
purposely announces his appellation for two possibly reasons. On the one hand, it is known that
the appellation is given to him by the people of Ekiti state, the state which he is presently the
governor. The appellation is borne out of the fact that Fayose is widely accepted as a leader in
his country and also as a grassroots politician so sounding such appellation to the ear of the
audience is expected to boost his ego and also make the audience view him as a “man of his
people”. On the other hand, he is aware that some people might have a negative disposition to his
name; presenting his acceptability through his appellation is therefore an attempt to redress his
positive face before it is threatened.
Excerpt 8
Fayose begged obasanjo for forgiveness for what he called his actions
that has caused embarrassment to the former president. The tone of the
letter also asked the former president to help him facilitate his return to
the PDP. (Nigerian Tribune 2014-12-06)
In the above excerpt, Fayose is reported to have begged former president Obasanjo to
absorb him of all his sins. Fayose uses the positive politeness strategy to pass across his letter to
Obasanjo. The positive politeness is often used when the interlocutors know each other pretty
well and they try to avoid conflict. The letter written by Fayose is dated December 6, 2014 and it
was pasted on the Saturday Tribune. The tone of the letter depicts an apologetic addresser
(Fayose).
Excerpt 9
He (Fayose) added that he was in the position to lead PDP’s campaign...
(The Punch 2014-07-10)
From the above excerpt, Fayose does not only present himself as a leader but also enhances
his own positive face with such reported utterance. Knowing full well that Obasanjo is a leader
in the party (PDP), Fayose uses the indirect strategy to threaten the face of Obasanjo.
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5.4. Indirect strategy
The final politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is the indirect strategy. Here
the language is indirect, but the intention is usually clear from the context. For instance, a request
can be made this way “Is there any eatery around the corner?” by someone who is hungry and
wants to eat. This question insinuates that the speaker is hungry and would want to go and eat,
but it is not put so directly.
Excerpt 10
I, Obasanjo, however, noted that if anybody or group felt offended by his
continued membership of the PDP, he would offer an unreserved apology
and would continue to remain in the party.
ii. He said he had a national and international standard to maintain and
reputation to keep and sustain (The Punch 2014-10-13)
In the first part of the above excerpt, Obasanjo uses the indirect strategy to pass across his
message. The intention of the message is crystal clear. He wants to make peace with whoever is
pained by his continued membership of the PDP. The second part of the excerpt, Obasanjo is so
concerned about his positive face on the national and international scene that he results not to do
the Face Threatening Act at all (do not do the FTA).
Excerpt 11
The former president in his reply...accepted to forgive the Ekiti state governor
(Nigerian Tribune 2014-12-06)
Former president Olusegun Obasanjo also uses the indirect strategy to make it clear that he
was ready to apologise to Fayose, thereby damaging his own negative face.
Excerpt 12
Obasanjo, however, noted that if anybody or group felt offended by his
continued membership of the PDP, he would offer an unreserved apology and
would to remain in the party. (The Punch 2014-10-13)
Through indirect strategy, the name of the addressee may not be declared but the intention
is always clear from the context. The president makes it clear that he is ready to apologise to
anyone in the party and it is also clear that the president and Fayose are not in good terms so it is
only logical to assume that the former president is ready to apologise to the Ekiti state governor.
6. Conclusion
This study reveals that confrontation is one of the means through which Nigerian
politicians remain in vogue and even at that, confrontation among these politicians is not mostly
issue based. Rivalry in the political turf in Nigeria provokes a widespread debate among the
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Nigerian audience, hence, the free and wide reportage we have on the national dailies and the
Face Threatening Act (FTA) is done mainly through a blunt and appalling attack on the physical
states of one another.
It is also clear that, no matter the age differences among politicians, they could go to an
extreme length with the use of words and hurled insults at themselves with the aim of gaining
more political influence over their opponents. This study has also showed that the relationship
between politicians can be so terrible that they resort to pour invective against themselves and
the newspapers appear to be the most suitable medium their messages reach the audience.
However, this study submits that, politicians should not make the media a tool for political
rivalry and they should not make confrontations the medium of sustaining political relevance.
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