The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani TV Comedy Talk Show “Khabarnaak”AJHSSR Journal
Various TV channels are established in the Pakistani media with an increasing number of
satellites. Talk shows are most prominent among other shows as they precise and present bitter facts in a very
light way by commenting, satirizing, analyzing and criticizing in much funny style. All day morning, noon,
evening, late night- talk shows are shown; even for special occasions, special talk shows are arranged. Among
these shows Political shows are most spectacular to manifest the thinking, perceptions, and impact of the
different political announcements from the leaders in a present alarming situation.“Khabarnaak” is a very
popular comedy talk show in Pakistan due to lofty language, witty compliments and especially characters of
“Khabarnaak” criticizing different aspects of society.Critical analysis of these announcements amuse the
listener as well as convey the news exploring specific words, accent, tone , indirect speech or some similes or
metaphors used by the host. Critical Discourse Analysis of “Khabarnaak” will explain how they criticize and
why they criticize. Actually, characters of “Khabarnaak” did not know different linguistic phenomenon. They
communicate in Urdu, Punjabi and English, every sentence uttered by the characters have a different ratio of
code switching. The present study is based on political and social scenarios through CDA of “Khabarnaak” as it
is very popular because it has first-moveredge.This research is purely qualitative and based on the philosophy of
Fairclough‟s model. According to Fairclough‟s model language can be manipulated through different social
factors. Three episodes are selected to critically analyze thesocio-political aspects that can be identified from the
Pakistani TV comedy talk show “Khabarnaak
This paper presents the results of a new monitoring project of the US presidential elections with the aim of establishing computer-based tools to track in real time the popularity or awareness of candidates. The designed and developed innovative methods allow us to extract the frequency of queries sent to numerous search engines by US Internet users. Based on these data, this paper demonstrates that Trump was more frequently searched than the Democratic candidates, either Hillary Clinton in 2016 or Joe Biden in 2020. When analyzing the topics, it is observed that in 2020 the US users had shown a remarkable interest in two subjects, namely, Coronavirus and Jobs (unemployment). Interest for other topics such as Education or Healthcare were less pronounced while issues such as Immigration were given even less attention by users. Finally, some “flame” topics such as Black Lives Matter (2020) and Gun Control (2016) appear to be very popular for a few weeks before returning to a low level of interest. When analyzing tweets sent by candidates during the 2020 campaign, one can observe that Trump was focused mainly on Jobs and on Riots, announcing what would happen if Democrats took power. To these negative ads, Biden answered by putting forward moral values (e.g., love, honesty) and political symbols (e.g., democracy, rights) and by underlying the failure of the current administration in resolving the pandemic situation.
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistani TV Comedy Talk Show “Khabarnaak”AJHSSR Journal
Various TV channels are established in the Pakistani media with an increasing number of
satellites. Talk shows are most prominent among other shows as they precise and present bitter facts in a very
light way by commenting, satirizing, analyzing and criticizing in much funny style. All day morning, noon,
evening, late night- talk shows are shown; even for special occasions, special talk shows are arranged. Among
these shows Political shows are most spectacular to manifest the thinking, perceptions, and impact of the
different political announcements from the leaders in a present alarming situation.“Khabarnaak” is a very
popular comedy talk show in Pakistan due to lofty language, witty compliments and especially characters of
“Khabarnaak” criticizing different aspects of society.Critical analysis of these announcements amuse the
listener as well as convey the news exploring specific words, accent, tone , indirect speech or some similes or
metaphors used by the host. Critical Discourse Analysis of “Khabarnaak” will explain how they criticize and
why they criticize. Actually, characters of “Khabarnaak” did not know different linguistic phenomenon. They
communicate in Urdu, Punjabi and English, every sentence uttered by the characters have a different ratio of
code switching. The present study is based on political and social scenarios through CDA of “Khabarnaak” as it
is very popular because it has first-moveredge.This research is purely qualitative and based on the philosophy of
Fairclough‟s model. According to Fairclough‟s model language can be manipulated through different social
factors. Three episodes are selected to critically analyze thesocio-political aspects that can be identified from the
Pakistani TV comedy talk show “Khabarnaak
This paper presents the results of a new monitoring project of the US presidential elections with the aim of establishing computer-based tools to track in real time the popularity or awareness of candidates. The designed and developed innovative methods allow us to extract the frequency of queries sent to numerous search engines by US Internet users. Based on these data, this paper demonstrates that Trump was more frequently searched than the Democratic candidates, either Hillary Clinton in 2016 or Joe Biden in 2020. When analyzing the topics, it is observed that in 2020 the US users had shown a remarkable interest in two subjects, namely, Coronavirus and Jobs (unemployment). Interest for other topics such as Education or Healthcare were less pronounced while issues such as Immigration were given even less attention by users. Finally, some “flame” topics such as Black Lives Matter (2020) and Gun Control (2016) appear to be very popular for a few weeks before returning to a low level of interest. When analyzing tweets sent by candidates during the 2020 campaign, one can observe that Trump was focused mainly on Jobs and on Riots, announcing what would happen if Democrats took power. To these negative ads, Biden answered by putting forward moral values (e.g., love, honesty) and political symbols (e.g., democracy, rights) and by underlying the failure of the current administration in resolving the pandemic situation.
Dirk Hovy
Center for Language Technology
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen, Denmark
dirk.hovy@hum.ku.dk
Shannon L. Spruit
Ethics & Philosophy of Technology
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
s.l.spruit@tudelft.nl
AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT OF TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING IN THE UNITED STATES...ijma
This research study sought to investigate how the concept of transmedia storytelling had been studied in both the United States and South Korea. The general objective of this research was to discover whether researches in the United States and South Korea studied the concept of transmedia storytelling differently and whether researchers in both the United States and South Korea have focused on different aspects of
transmedia storytelling. Qualitative methods were used in the study. A systematic review was used as a method of data collection and analysis. The results of the study have revealed that the difference between studies that have been done in the United States and South Korea on the concept of transmedia storytelling have discernible differences. The only slight differences are with respect to the use of mobile technology
and the scope and nature of the channels through which transmedia is experienced.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Rhetorical Identification Analysis of English Political Public Speaking: Jo...Bahram Kazemian
Since political discourse reflects the close relation between politics and language, it has attracted many scholars’
attention at home and abroad. Therefore, English political public speaking (EPPS for short), the subcategory of political
discourse, has been chosen as the subject of the study. Based on the findings of Kenneth Burke’s new rhetoric and classical
rhetoric, the identification strategies of EPPS in John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address from the perspectives of rhetorical content and rhetorical form were probed. Since EPPS is always well-prepared rather than impromptu, the identification strategies via rhetorical content and form are always employed by the speaker to accomplish their purposes.
Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for...Joni Salminen
CITE: "Salminen, J., Almerekhi, H., Milenković, M., Jung, S., An, J., Kwak, H., & Jansen, B. J. (2018). Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for Identifying and Classifying Hate in Online News Media. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018), San Francisco, California, USA, 25–28 June."
Download paper: http://jonisalminen.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Anatomy-of-hate_aaai18_ICWSM18_submit_final_camera.pdf
Autocratic leadership ideology and the risk of conflict ideological support...Tom Hanna
Presentation for Midwest Political Science Association 2021. Abstract: Why are some autocracies more prone to interstate conflict than others? Recent scholarship on authoritarian politics and international conflict has demonstrated the role of institutional constraints on autocratic leaders and explored the size of leaders’ coalitions. Yet, institutional configurations do not tell us everything we need to know about authoritarian leaders' incentives and constraints. Coalition size alone does not tell us everything about their support groups either. I argue that leaders with programs of ambitious social change pose a higher threat of international conflict than those concerned with less ambitious goals, such as protecting regime elites or personal rent seeking. The ideological vision for social transformation weakens formal and informal institutions, eroding constraints, and empowering regime support groups. Many ideological groups espouse transnational goals. Leaders pay a cost for failing to respond to these demands through some promotion of their autocratic ideology, often by interstate conflict. These inaction costs, which can be understood in the wider context of audience costs in conflict, become a source of conflict and narrow the bargaining range in the event of disputes. The evidence presented demonstrates that autocratic leaders with transformative ideologies are associated with a higher risk of international conflict as a result of ideological inaction costs.
Dirk Hovy
Center for Language Technology
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen, Denmark
dirk.hovy@hum.ku.dk
Shannon L. Spruit
Ethics & Philosophy of Technology
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
s.l.spruit@tudelft.nl
AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT OF TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING IN THE UNITED STATES...ijma
This research study sought to investigate how the concept of transmedia storytelling had been studied in both the United States and South Korea. The general objective of this research was to discover whether researches in the United States and South Korea studied the concept of transmedia storytelling differently and whether researchers in both the United States and South Korea have focused on different aspects of
transmedia storytelling. Qualitative methods were used in the study. A systematic review was used as a method of data collection and analysis. The results of the study have revealed that the difference between studies that have been done in the United States and South Korea on the concept of transmedia storytelling have discernible differences. The only slight differences are with respect to the use of mobile technology
and the scope and nature of the channels through which transmedia is experienced.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Rhetorical Identification Analysis of English Political Public Speaking: Jo...Bahram Kazemian
Since political discourse reflects the close relation between politics and language, it has attracted many scholars’
attention at home and abroad. Therefore, English political public speaking (EPPS for short), the subcategory of political
discourse, has been chosen as the subject of the study. Based on the findings of Kenneth Burke’s new rhetoric and classical
rhetoric, the identification strategies of EPPS in John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address from the perspectives of rhetorical content and rhetorical form were probed. Since EPPS is always well-prepared rather than impromptu, the identification strategies via rhetorical content and form are always employed by the speaker to accomplish their purposes.
Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for...Joni Salminen
CITE: "Salminen, J., Almerekhi, H., Milenković, M., Jung, S., An, J., Kwak, H., & Jansen, B. J. (2018). Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for Identifying and Classifying Hate in Online News Media. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018), San Francisco, California, USA, 25–28 June."
Download paper: http://jonisalminen.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Anatomy-of-hate_aaai18_ICWSM18_submit_final_camera.pdf
Autocratic leadership ideology and the risk of conflict ideological support...Tom Hanna
Presentation for Midwest Political Science Association 2021. Abstract: Why are some autocracies more prone to interstate conflict than others? Recent scholarship on authoritarian politics and international conflict has demonstrated the role of institutional constraints on autocratic leaders and explored the size of leaders’ coalitions. Yet, institutional configurations do not tell us everything we need to know about authoritarian leaders' incentives and constraints. Coalition size alone does not tell us everything about their support groups either. I argue that leaders with programs of ambitious social change pose a higher threat of international conflict than those concerned with less ambitious goals, such as protecting regime elites or personal rent seeking. The ideological vision for social transformation weakens formal and informal institutions, eroding constraints, and empowering regime support groups. Many ideological groups espouse transnational goals. Leaders pay a cost for failing to respond to these demands through some promotion of their autocratic ideology, often by interstate conflict. These inaction costs, which can be understood in the wider context of audience costs in conflict, become a source of conflict and narrow the bargaining range in the event of disputes. The evidence presented demonstrates that autocratic leaders with transformative ideologies are associated with a higher risk of international conflict as a result of ideological inaction costs.
AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONCEPT OF TRANSMEDIA STORYTELLING IN THE UNITED STATES...ijma
This research study sought to investigate how the concept of transmedia storytelling had been studied in
both the United States and South Korea. The general objective of this research was to discover whether
researches in the United States and South Korea studied the concept of transmedia storytelling differently
and whether researchers in both the United States and South Korea have focused on different aspects of
transmedia storytelling. Qualitative methods were used in the study. A systematic review was used as a
method of data collection and analysis. The results of the study have revealed that the difference between
studies that have been done in the United States and South Korea on the concept of transmedia storytelling
have discernible differences. The only slight differences are with respect to the use of mobile technology
and the scope and nature of the channels through which transmedia is experienced.
This article focused on the the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics point of view. There were two research questions were arisen what types of the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics and the factors of the difference language used based on gender in social media Instagram. Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) was used to analyze the data. The data was taken from all of component of the sociolinguistics aspect in social media network especially for gender patterns that existed on the social media instagram college students’ users id in Pekanbaru. The writer took 30 Instagram users id as sample. The study found that two types of gender patterns, first; gender in writing and second; gender in profile photo, thus there were five main assumptions that caused the differences language in gender in social media Instagram, namely; (1) an audience is active and goal-oriented in their media consumption, (2) media are used for gratifications, (3) media are in competition with other means of need satisfaction, (4) people understand their personal media use, interests, and motives enough to communicate with researchers about their choices, (5) the audience members are the only people who can make judgments regarding the value of the media content. The study recommends that sociolinguistics is an interesting topic to be researched thus future field of study concerns with the rapid changing phenomena in social media.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxsalmonpybus
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxcuddietheresa
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the ...
THE SURVEY OF SENTIMENT AND OPINION MINING FOR BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIAIJCSES Journal
Nowadays, internet has changed the world into a global village. Social Media has reduced the gaps among
the individuals. Previously communication was a time consuming and expensive task between the people.
Social Media has earned fame because it is a cheaper and faster communication provider. Besides, social
media has allowed us to reduce the gaps of physical distance, it also generates and preserves huge amount
of data. The data are very valuable and it presents association degree between people and their opinions.The comprehensive analysis of the methods which are used on user behavior prediction is presented in this paper. This comparison will provide a detailed information, pros and cons in the domain of sentiment and
opinion mining.
PSY-850 Lecture 4Read chapters 3 and 4.Objectives Different.docxamrit47
PSY-850 Lecture 4
Read chapters 3 and 4.
Objectives:
Differentiate between ethnography and phenomenology.
Contrast data collection and analysis methods employed in ethnography and phenomenology.
Approaches to Qualitative Research: Ethnography and Phenomenology
Introduction
Ethnographic studies are considered a special case of phenomenological study when the phenomenon observed is a specific culture (Geertz, 1973). Their use ranges from the study of remote primitive cultures by participant-observers to urban marketing studies of the nature of demand for products using focus groups.
Ethnography
The ethnographic approach studies the social interactions of a group to learn the mechanisms by which individuals develop understanding of their everyday life-world. This is the identification of the ways and means used to create dynamic social equilibrium in their group (Garfinkel, 1967). These ways and means enable group members to have fairly accurate expectations of others' behavior and a basis for comprehending expected and unexpected behavior. The product of an ethnographic study is an explicit description of these ways and means.
With this knowledge, researchers can begin to understand how the group's members make sense of the world in which they exist. If successful, it may be possible to determine what events (e.g., the immigration of foreigners or the gain of a new local industry) and conditions (e.g., prolonged drought or growth in incomes over a couple of decades) to which the group may adapt well and to what they may have difficulty adapting. Two key variables here are the expectation (from fully expected to unexpected) and the comprehensibility (from fully comprehensible to incomprehensible).
Thus, the idea of making sense of everyday life is decomposed into two properties (expectation and comprehensibility) that give a richer description of what ethnographers seek. This is an example of increasing the richness of a description, another goal of ethnographic studies (Geertz, 1973). Another example is a study of fire prevention strategies for the National Science Foundation, where Armstrong and Vaughn (1974) replaced housing stock (number of residential units) in New York City with average persons per unit and total population. The data from two sources instead of one were used, enriching the study by this same method of decomposition.
Increasing descriptive variables, where logical, is only one way of enriching a study. There is no simple or formulaic way to achieve richness, but Geertz (1973) provides excellent and detailed guidelines. Review of data, reconsideration of findings, discussions of meaning, or use of the Delphi procedure (Dalkey, 1969) can all be used. Delphis are not just for ethical review, but for study of any complex issue.
Denzin and Lincoln (2005) recommend certain actions of the ethnographer:
1. Combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.
2. Observe the world from the point of view of the ...
Impact of Green Attitude on Green Work Behavior: An Empirical Study of Employ...AJSSMTJournal
As interesting and important areas, Green Attitude (GA) and Green Work Behavior (GWB) are
examined considering the employees in a Sri Lankan tiles manufacturing company. The main objective of the
study is to explore the impact of GA on employees’ GWB. Using simple random sampling, 81 employees were
selected as the sample and primary data were gathered using two self-developed instruments regarding to GA
and GWB. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the data and the main finding of the
study is that there is a positive and significant impact from GA on GWB of the employees in the selected tiles
manufacturing company. As the recommendation of the study authors instruct the companies in the tiles
manufacturing industry to develop employees’ green attitude for the better work behavior in greening
The Effect of Competence and Teacher Certification on Performance of “Vocatio...AJSSMTJournal
This study aims to determine the effect of teacher competency and certification on teacher
performance with motivation as an intervening variable. This research is motivated by the still low competency
of teachers, not all teachers who carry out their tasks well, teachers' motivation is still low, teacher's
performance has not reached the target in SMK Kerinci Regency. The research method with a quantitative
approach with the path analysis method. Data collection techniques with questionnaires, observation and
interviews. The respondents of this study were 53 Vocational High School Teachers in Kerinci Regency. The
sampling method uses the total sampling method in which the entire population in this study is the research
sample. Hypothesis testing was calculated with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program
version 24.0.
The results of this study found that competence has a significant effect on teacher motivation, teacher
certification has a significant effect on teacher motivation, motivation has a significant effect on teacher
performance, competence has a significant effect on teacher performance, teacher certification has a significant
effect on teacher performance, competence has no significant effect on performance with motivation as an
intervening variable, and teacher certification has a significant effect on performance with motivation as an
intervening variable on Vocational High School Teachers in Kerinci Regency.
Gender Differences on Organizational Commitment: Empirical Evidence from Empl...AJSSMTJournal
Organizational commitment is considered as a crucial factor that has a direct impact on
organizational outcomes. A systematic empirical study was carried out to address the existing contextual gap
and intellectual curiosity on gender differences in organizational commitment on apparel industry workers of Sri
Lanka. The main objective of the study was to investigate whether there is a significant difference among male
and female employees in terms of the level of organizational commitment in the apparel industry of Sri Lanka.
This is an analytical nature study and unit of analysis is individual employees. The survey method was utilized,
and 100 employees responded to the author developed questionnaire using random sampling technique. The
instrument used to measure organizational commitment was adopted by Allen and Meyers’ standard
questionnaire which consists of a multi-component model include; affective commitment, continuance
commitment, and normative commitment. Reliability and validity of the instruments used were assured. The
empirical findings revealed that there is no significant difference between male and female employees in terms
of organizational commitment in the apparel industry of Sri Lanka.
Teaching with Frequent Tests and its Consequences on Students’ Performance in...AJSSMTJournal
The intricacies of good teaching are known only to experienced teachers. Teaching is assessment
and, learning and retention are functions of regular testing. This study theorises classroom assessments and
links them with implicit theories of learning and retention of knowledge. The subjects of the study were
motivated to maintain the momentum of learning through taking regular tests and subjected to counselling and
regular feedback on the tests they took. The study analysed statistically semester results for five different year
groups of students taught Quantum Mechanics by the same lecturer who adopted weekly testing. The results
show substantial continuous improvements in students’ academic achievement. The results may be indictments
on lecturers who do not use classroom tests to motivate students’ learning.
The Effect of Competence and Organizational Culture on Work Motivation and It...AJSSMTJournal
This study aims to determine the purpose of competence and organizational culture on employee
performance with motivation as a mediating variable. This research is motivated by level of employee ability or
employee competency is still low so that employee performance becomes difficult to achieve, relations between
colleagues in the organization are still low, Employee motivation and encouragement from the organization still
cannot impact employee performance and the performance of employees who are still not stable so that target
institutions have not been achieved.
The research method with a quantitative approach with the path analysis method. Data collection techniques
with questionnaires, observation and interviews. The respondents of this study were 42 employees of Kayu Aro
Barat District. The sampling method uses the total sampling method in which the entire population in this study
is the research sample. Hypothesis testing was calculated with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) program version 24.0.
The results of this study found that competence has a significant effect on work motivation, organizational
culture has a significant effect on work motivation, work motivation has a significant effect on employee
performance, competence has a significant effect on employee performance, organizational culture has a
significant effect on employee performance, work motivation as a mediating variable does not have a significant
effect between competence and employee performance, work motivation as a mediating variable does not have
a significant effect between organizational culture and employee performance at Kayu Aro Barat District Kerinci
Regency.
Effects of Perceived Workplace Incivility on Presenteeism Perceptions: A Rese...AJSSMTJournal
There are many different presenteeism conceptualizations in the business literature, and despite
some insights about underlaying presenteeism factors, further research is still needed in this emerging area. One
of such factors is claimed to be incivility within the business context. There is, however, not ample research about
these factor’s connections with presenteeism itself. Taking this gap into account, the aim of this study is to
scrutinize any possible effects of business members’ perceived workplace incivility on their presenteeism
perceptions. Data are collected via questionnaires from the members of small and medium sized enterprises
(SMEs) in Ikitelli Organized Industrial Zone in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 183 participants are contacted. There is a
statistically significant connection between the participants’ perceived incivility and presenteeism, implying that
these two negative business aspects are actually related. This finding clearly points out that perceptions of
undesirable, rude, and negative behaviors in the work context is a motivator of the participants’ unwillingness to
be present in their business environment. It is also noteworthy that the perceived incivility is a monolithic aspect,
whereas the perception of presenteeism is composed of perceptions about negativities and resistance, both of
which are related to issues in business context.
Switching Among Brands of Poultry Feeds: The Egg Farmers’ Acuity in Ogun Stat...AJSSMTJournal
In spite of the contribution of poultry to the protein intake and income generation of the growing
population of Nigeria, not many studies have been instituted at understanding the switching behaviour of the
poultry farmers when they make purchases of their major inputs, feed, which empirical evidences showed to
constitute about three-quarter of the variable cost of production. This study was therefore conducted to
address the gap by analysing primary data obtained from 480 poultry Egg-farmers in Ogun State through a
multistage sampling technique. The results revealed that poultry is a male dominated enterprise cutting across
two major religions in the country. Many of the farmers had been in operation for more than eight years and
are relatively educated with a mean age of 41 years. The Switching Cost (Monetized) indicated that, costs was
highest with Top feed users who opted for Vital feed at N2.20/bird/day and least for users of Hybrid who
considered Premium as an option at N0.12/bird/day. Similarly, Switching Cost (Psychological) revealed that
switching from Top feed to Premium feed will also be highest at 4.8 units and least with Hybrid to Chikun at
3.3 units. The study therefore recommended that feed producers should imbibe ways of increasing the likely
switching cost, both monetized and psychological that an Egg-farmer may incur if he switches to the Next Best
Alternative Brand through sound relationship management, lock-in programmes and reward of loyalty
Moonlighting as ‘Coping Strategy’ for Irregular Payment of Salaries in Nigeri...AJSSMTJournal
Moonlighting, a latent but real phenomenon in the Nigerian economic experience is being
considered alongside irregular workers’ monthly salary in Nigeria which has been on since 2015. Moonlighting
- keeping several jobs simultaneously under different employers as an employee, is more real in the western
world due to increasing legal control. In general, it is referred to as ‘hustling’, ‘multiple runs’, extra pursuits, or
‘PiPis’ in several contexts. Data was collected from 323 respondents from 4 Local Government Area
secretariats in Ekiti state through multistage sampling procedure. Statistics indicate a significant relationship [r
(323) = 0.47, p < .05] between workers’ irregular monthly salaries and the practice of moonlighting among
these public servants in Ekiti state. The affinity between irregular monthly salary and moonlighting has
significantly impacted job commitment deficit [r (323) = 0.47, p < .05]. Employees who experience high
irregularities in their salary tend to engage more in moonlighting (Mean=17.71; Std.Dev=4.96), than those who
have little experience of salary irregularities (Mean=15.77; Std.Dev=4.01). Employees who engage more in
moonlighting tend to be less committed (Mean=19.64; SD=3.77), in comparison with those who are less
engaged in moonlighting (Mean=20.30; Std.Dev=3.56). The study has shown that moonlighting has continued
as a habit and a strategy for mitigating the negative impact of irregular payment of workers’ salary among LG
employees. Increasing focus of labour law in that direction might be necessary to prevent its negative impact
on workers’ commitment and productivity in Ekiti State
Variables that Affect the Performance of the Members of the Traffic Unit Polr...AJSSMTJournal
This research aims to determine the variable that affects the performance of the members of the
Traffic Unit (satafterwards) of Padang police with job satisfaction as a Intervening variable. The research
samples are actually 92 members of the Traffic Unit (Satthus) Polresta Padang. The method of research with a
quantitative approach with a pathway analysis method and a hypothesis test using the T test with SPSS is used
to analyse the data. The results showed that: 1) Working discipline has significant effect on job satisfaction, 2)
significant impact on job satisfaction, 3) Working discipline is significant to the performance of members, 4)
significant integrity of the member's performance, 5) job satisfaction has significant effect on the member's
performance, 6) There is no influence of the working discipline variable on the performance of members that
are mediated by job satisfaction, and 7) there is no influence of integrity variables on the performance of
members mediated by job satisfaction.
Conflict and Workers’ Morale in Manufacturing Companies in Rivers State, NigeriaAJSSMTJournal
This piece of work theoretically discussed workers’ morale and conflict in manufacturing
companies in Rivers State with specific elaborations on: the meaning of conflict, workers’ morale, causes and
types of conflict, review of extant literature on conflict and workers’ morale, conflict management, impacts
and the relationship betwixt conflict and workers’ morale in manufacturing companies in Rivers State.
Theoretical framework was based on the traditional and contemporary theories of conflict, the basis of
which the study found that, just like death, conflicts are omnipresent and inevitable in life and abounds in
manufacturing companies in Rivers State as virtually every sphere of the organizations gets ravaged by one
form of conflict or the other ranging from: interpersonal/intergroup conflict, intrapersonal/group conflict,
intra-organizational, constructive or functional conflict, dysfunctional or destructive conflicts. It was deduced
that conflicts occur in organizations as a result of: incompatible goals, different values and beliefs, inconsistent
evaluation and reward system, communication problems, struggle for power, authority/control, and
leadership style, scarcity of common resources, organizational demands and self-worth demands. It was also
found that if a conflict is not aptly and promptly managed, it can lead to truncated or reduced workers’ morale
causing decreased productivity, failure to attain set goals, absenteeism, low service delivery, profit reduction,
frustration, anger, fear, distrust or resentment amongst the workers’. Again, the nature of the conflict, though,
determines how best it could be managed and conflict can sometimes yield positive workers’ morale or result
if well managed, meaning that not all conflict situations are negatively inclined. The recommendation is that
efforts should constantly be made to ensure that the causes of conflicts are handled timely as apt detection
and handling of conflicting parties/issues will resolve concerns amicably. Workers should be oriented with the
importance of peaceful coexistence in the workplace as coercion or intimidation will only lead to counter
productivity/low morale. It is suggested that this study be repeated in different organizational setting and in
other states in Nigeria. This findings and recommendations would provide good practical and theoretical
background for conflict management in organizations in future
Variables that affect Performance with Working Discipline as A Variable Inter...AJSSMTJournal
This research aims to determine empirically the variables affecting performance by working
discipline as a variable Intervening at the education office of Padang. Collection of primary data using poll or
questionnaire techniques. The research population is all civil servants of the Padang City Education Office in
2019. The number 101 research samples were determined using a saturated sampling technique (census).
Analysis of data in this study using path analysis.
The results showed that 1) working competencies have a positive and significant impact on employee
discipline 2) The working culture has a positive and significant effect on employee discipline 3) Working
competency is positive and significant towards employee performance 4) Work culture positive and significant
impact on employee performance 5) Work discipline is positive and significant to the performance of
employees 6) work competency is positive and significant to the employee performance of Padang City
education with working discipline as a intervening variable; 7) The working culture has a positive and
significant impact on the performance of the Padang City Education officer with the working discipline as a
intervening variable
Inclusive education has begun to be addressed within the context of the broader international
debate on “Education for All” (EFA), a debate launched at the World Conference held in 1990 in Jomtien,
Thailand. From Jomtien until today, thinking has evolved from the almost symbolic presence of special
educational needs in the initial documentation, towards the recognition that inclusion must be a fundamental
principle of the EFA movement as a whole. Within this process, the contribution of the Salamanca Declaration
on Special Educational Needs: Access and quality (Unesco, 1994) stands out, from which the concept of
educational inclusion emerges strongly. Thereafter thescope and perspectives of inclusive education has been
based on the idea that all children and young people have the right to a quality education with equivalent
learning opportunities, regardless of their social and cultural background and their differences in skills and
abilities (OIE -UNESCO, 20 08)
Curriculum Design: Inception to ExecutionAJSSMTJournal
This module attempts to look into the nuances of Curriculum, Syllabus and Course Designing and
its importance in today’s modern world. In a nutshell, the sequence of the life experiences through which an
academic institution attempts to promote a pupil’s growth is known as a curriculum and here we have tried to
look into the fact that any curriculum should focus on learner’s needs, interests, abilities and deficiencies in
order to make the process of Teaching-Learning effective. Curriculum is an organised course of study
undertaken by a student in or under the aegis of a school, college, university or any other institution of
learning and more commonly, the set of studies organised for a particular group of students by a school,
college etc. It is the set of desired learning outcomes or the structured set of learning experiences aimed at
achieving such outcomes. It is a very tricky process as it involves philosophical, social and administrative
factors of a programme and as result one should be aware of various perspectives and its impact upon the
learners ( that to a successful and a positive one) after the completion of the programme. Any curriculum
should be holistic in its significance and purpose in order to inculcate in the learner the knowledge, attitudes,
values, and techniques that have cultural relevance. Course and curriculum design is continuously evolving and
changing. There are escalating social and economic pressures on higher education to generate a wider range of
knowledge, skills and attitudes for coping with the demands of our 'super complex age'. The current velocity of
technological and social change is impelling teachers to think in terms of educating students not for today's
problems but for those of tomorrow
The Effect of a High-Commitment Work System on Improve Organization Citizensh...AJSSMTJournal
This study aimed at identifying High commitment work system(HCWS) in improving Organization
citizenship behavior (Altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship) in the zain telecom company The authors
employed a predictive-descriptive approach to identify the level of hcws at zain . Male and female employees
at zain (No.378) participated in the study. A questionnaire prepared to measure the role of HCWS in improving
OCB was implemented. Means, standard deviations, multiple linear regression and 1-Way ANOVA analyses
were used to examine the data. HCWS from the perspective of zain telecom company employees scored a high
level at overall test. OCB level from the perspective of the employees at zain telecomcompany and its
dimensions scored high. The predictive model of HCWS and OCB from employee’s perspective was statistically
significant. Based on these results, the authors recommend zain telecom company to take more interest in
improving its HCWS.
The Political Settlement of Local Economic Development in Ghana’s Local Gover...AJSSMTJournal
Both the 1992 Republican Constitution and the Local Governance Act, 2016 (Act 936) have
conferred political, administrative, social, economic and developmental authorities and functions on the
Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies. However, the assemblies have exercised all other authorities
to the neglect of their economic and developmental functions. In view of this, they still rely on central
government for development hence the concept local economic development emerged for assemblies to use
their local resources to champion the development of their localities. Deploying both primary and secondary
sources of data, this paper examined the extent of political settlement in the implementation of local
economic development (LED) in Ghana. The study found that the nature of the LED programme, the strategic
nature of the MMDAs, the activism of the actors, the benefits to be derived by the actors, the political party in
power and the need to test new development paradigms shaped the behaviour of actors in the LED
implementation process. The desire of each actor to project its interest above the others culminated into “turf
war” among them in the implementation process. The study recommends that the development of localities
should supersede the interest of actors, locality leadership should be proactive and aggressive in wooing
investors, and incentives should be provided for investors who invest in the hinterlands. Key lessons learnt
were: leadership was significant in LED, collaboration among actors is important for the success of LED.
Drug Dealers, Crimes, and Terrorism in the United States: A Study of Stephen ...AJSSMTJournal
This paper deals with the perpetration of crimes and drug business in the United States. It shows
that the crimes perpetrated in this country until the 1980s are the consequences of racial discrimination
between black and white Americans. Tired of the rejection in a country they believe is also theirs; Blacks think
that they have to respond to violence with violence by sacrificing the lives of many Americans, starting with
the President himself. Thus, this study shows not only the war raging between the United States and Colombia,
but also the influence of social movements from the United States on Cuba, with the downfall of Fidel Castro.
Entrepreneurial Skill needs of Agricultural Education Graduates in Vocational...AJSSMTJournal
The study investigates the entrepreneurship skill needs of agricultural education graduates in
Vocational training for combating unemployment F.C.T, Nigeria. The study used survey research design. Two
research questions two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Two hundred and eighty three (283)
respondents were randomly selected in the six area council. The instrument used for data collection was the
questionnaire. The method of data analysis was the use of descriptive statistic (mean and standard deviation)
Benchmark of 2.5 was used as criterion for agreed and less than 2.5 was considered disagreed. Chi-square
statistics was used to test the Null hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Based on the findings of this study, it
was concluded that various areas of poultry production skills were acquired by graduates of agricultural
education and also employment opportunities for agricultural education graduates in marketing of poultry
products thrive in the study area. It was therefore, recommended that graduates of agricultural education
graduates should be given orientation on the various employment opportunities available within their
environment in their area of skills to be self-dependence and also agricultural education graduates should put in
to practice their areas of skills acquisition in order to be self-employ and reduce unemployment.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
Cell Phones Usage for Academic Activities amongst Undergraduate Students of t...AJSSMTJournal
This study investigated the use of cell phones for academic activities amongst the undergraduate
students of the Federal University of Technology Minna (FUTM). Survey questionnaire was used for collecting
data from 379 respondents drawn based on stratified random sampling. The response rate was 99%. Findings
show that the majority 246(65.6%) of the respondents were very strongly agreed that they have awareness on
the usage of cell phones for making calls, while 224(59.7%) of them were very strongly agreed that they have
used cell phones to access the Internet. Whereas, 122(32.5%) of the respondents were very strongly agreed
that spending more time on cell phone reduces academic performance. Also 209(55.7%) of the respondents
were very strongly agreed that most students of FUTM faced the challenges of slow Internet connection,
252(67.2%) respondents were very strongly agreed that the wireless Internet infrastructure in the university
should be upgraded to ensure quality and faster download, and should be available to students for use all
times
An Ethnographic Investigation of Indigenous Management Thoughts and Practices...AJSSMTJournal
The application of Western management theories and philosophies in African societies have
been called to question by scholars, thus igniting calls for management principles and practices that reflect the
contextual nuances and environmental challenges of Africa. This paper examined the indigenous traditional
practices of Ido people of Kalabari, an Ijaw tribe in Rivers State, Nigeria, with a view to identifying the precolonial management thoughts and practices embedded in them. This is an ethnographic study which adopted
interviews, group discussion and observation as sources of data collection. Adopting the judgemental
sampling technique, 15 critical stakeholders of Ido Community – six males and nine females participated in the
interview and focused group sessions while the researchers lived as participant observers in the community to
identify the prevailing management practices and their underlying philosophy. The results of the study indicate
that the Ido people were already utilising indigenous management principles and practices before the advent
of colonialism. It was concluded that there is urgent need for more investigations into the traditional practices
of Africa and other developing economies to discover indigenous management theories and practices of these
geographies that will take cognizance of their contextual nuances and environmental peculiarities in order to
proffer solutions to their peculiar challenges
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines What States, Why and How?
1. 9 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
ISSN: 2313-7410
Volume 2 Issue 3, May-June, 2020
Available at www.ajssmt.com
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aspects of Impoliteness during 2007 and 2013
Presidential Campaigns in Kenya
Francis Kariithi
Department of Language, Linguistics and Literature Kisii University, Kenya
ABSTRACT : Ideally, presidential election campaigns in various countries in the world is undoubtedly an ugly
affair that may be seen as cutthroat undertaking, more so in countries where two opposing factions command
almost fifty percent support a piece. Language plays crucial role during campaigns since in order for politicians
to hammer their points home, language becomes central. The manner in which language is used may depict
some elements of impoliteness as a means to denigrating perceived opponents; in which case therefore,
language ends up linking interlocutors in a dynamic interaction. During campaigns politicians rarely adhere to
the natural principles of communication prompting speakers to employ deliberate impolite language with one
sole agenda; to demean or disparage “the foe”. Phenomena of impoliteness in Kenya political context during
presidential campaigns has always been seen presenting itself back to back if presidential campaigns five
months before 2007 and 2013 elections are analyzed by narrowing down to William Ruto’s utterances in two
major Kenya’s local dailies namely The Daily Nation and The standard. This study intends to investigate
impoliteness strategies that the aforesaid politician employed in order to outwit politicians from the opposing
front with an aim to persuading voters. The study discusses types of language impoliteness found dominantly
in William Ruto’s utterances in the run up to the two general elections. The study draws on Culpeper’s (2011)
“Model of Impoliteness Formulae” with a view to comprehending the extent to which this politician used
impolite language.
Keywords : Impoliteness theory, Impoliteness Strategies, Model of Impoliteness Formulae.
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1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The study investigates linguistics impoliteness used by William Ruto five months before 2007 and 2013
presidential campaigns by employing Model of Impoliteness Formulae proposed by Culpeper (2011).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Myriads studies have been done in connection with the famous Politeness Theory by renowned scholars
Brown and Levinson (1987) owing to the long history it has had. “Paradoxically, the opposite can be said for
the study of impoliteness. Only recently, there has been a growing interest to study the phenomenon of
impoliteness more extensively” (Halima 2015:9 quoting Locher & Bousfield, 2008). Halim (ibid) investigated
types of impoliteness strategies used by face bookers in politicians Face book in order to determine the factors
that may contribute to impoliteness among the face bookers in computer mediated communication. This study
employed Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategies (2011) with the findings showing that the most common
impoliteness used by Face bookers in the politician’s Face book was insult strategy. Apart from strategies;
other possible factors that contributed to impoliteness occurrences were such as anonymity, lack of non-
2. 10 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
verbal cues and emotion. The study concluded that, due to the CMC context; these three factors contributed
much to the occurrences of impoliteness in Facebook comments.
Rosa (2017) did a study on An Analysis of Impoliteness Strategies in the Film The Fault in Our Stars Film with an
interest to finding out the nature of impoliteness strategies used to create social disruption in the closed
social-distance among speaker and hearer. It endeavored to analyze kinds of impoliteness strategies that occur
in The Fault in Our Stars film; the study also intended to classify the type of counter strategies used in film and
to analyze the relation between power level difference and the choice of strategies. Rosa (ibid) used Jonathan
Culpeper theory of impoliteness and pointed out that choices of strategies in some cases are different from
the notion given that participant with lower power level shouldn’t perform impoliteness strategies. The study
also found out that some characters used the strategies as the notion explained. In essence, the strategies and
the notion were compatible with each other and power did not really influence the choice of impoliteness
strategies. Yulidar (2017:1) study investigated impoliteness strategies used in Daily mail’s comments targeting
to describe types of impoliteness strategies found dominantly and the conventional form of impoliteness in
Daily mail’s comments. The data on the study were comments of Daily mail site. The researcher used
documentation method to collect data. The steps employed were; reading and understanding the comments
below the article, writing the data of impoliteness strategies found in the comments and coding. The study
relied on the theory of impoliteness by Culpeper (2005) and conventional form of Culpeper’s theory (2010).
The study found out that not all impoliteness strategies were employed; accordingly, bald on record
impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and off record impoliteness or sarcasm/mock
impoliteness and pragmalinguistic of impoliteness strategies were expressed with some other forms, such as
assessing figurative language, rhetorical question, telling the truth, giving advice, etc.
Shinta et al (2018:1) study on Impoliteness Strategies used by Supporters and Detractors of Ahok in their
Online Comments by Gender based on Culpeper’s theory (1996); the research was descriptive qualitative
research based on impoliteness strategies phenomena in written language. The data on this research were
words, phrases, and sentences in online comments that contained impoliteness strategies found in social
media, Facebook and Instagram, collected from January to October 2017. The instruments of this research
were Wi-Fi, laptop, writing equipment, and indicators of impoliteness strategies. The results of analysis
showed that from 300 comments collected, there were 584 impoliteness strategies found. The reason why
number of strategies found bigger than the data collected was because the commentators mostly performed
more than one strategy in one utterance. Four of five strategies found in this research were bald on record,
positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock politeness. The most used strategy was
positive impoliteness. The highest user of positive impoliteness was male detractors which accounted for
(52%).
Goro (2014: v) did a linguistic study on the impolite language used by Matatu (a form of public transport)
conductors within the framework of Politeness Theory with focus being on Culpeper’s Impoliteness Strategies
(1996) borrowed from Politeness Theory (1987). According to the researcher, Impoliteness strategies are the
strategies used by the speaker to attack the positive and negative face of the hearer. These strategies include
the Bald on Record Impoliteness, Positive Impoliteness, Negative Impoliteness, Off Record Impoliteness and
Withhold Impoliteness. This research endeavored to answer a number of questions: Which were the impolite
speech acts that embody impolite language used by conductors? What strategies of impoliteness were used by
Matatu conductors? What motivating factors caused impoliteness? Qualitative method of research was used
while the data source was “naturally occurring‟ conversation between conductors and passengers that
contained impolite strategies. The data was collected using purposive sampling after which it analyzed by
breaking it down into five impolite strategies based on the aforesaid theory. They found out that there were
five strategies of impoliteness used in Matatu conductors discourse. Out of the five strategies, there are two
dominant strategies namely negative impoliteness and positive impoliteness. The study also revealed that, a
combination of two strategies could be used, such as positive impoliteness and bald on record impoliteness to
intensify the illocutionary act and impoliteness. Finally, the findings revealed that power and social distance
3. 11 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
were the main motivating factors that caused impoliteness. As a rejoinder to the above studies on
impoliteness in language used by various interlocutors; the current study intends to critically analyze the
nature of William Ruto’s impoliteness strategies that may have played out during Kenya presidential
campaigns five months before 2007 and 2013 general elections. The researcher’s motivation emanated from
one crucial occurrence in regard to the aforementioned politician; in that, this politician happened to have
found himself supporting two opposing factions a piece, Raila Odinga’s Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
in 2007 and Uhuru Kenyatta Jubilee Party in 2013. The study therefore undertakes this study in order to tease
out how William Ruto navigated his political campaigns diatribe in support of two dissimilar political factions
during the two periods understudy.
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Forms of Impoliteness by Culpeper (2011)
The following are Impoliteness forms proposed by the above scholar. It is worth to note that using any
particular form does not out rightly mean that the target will be offended since the most critical aspect here is
the context in which it is applied. Although Culpeper has categorized the strategies, it is very context-
dependent (Halim 2015:25). Categories of forms of impoliteness are: one is insults which are divided into four
sub-strategies, followed by pointed criticisms, challenging questions, condescensions, message enforcers,
dismissal, silencers, threats and negative expressive. Square brackets are designed to give an indication of
some of the structural characteristics of the strategies and alternatives are indicated with slashes (Halim, ibid).
INSULTS
1. Personalized negative vocative
- [you],[funking/rotten/dirty/fat/little/etc.][moron/fuck/plonker/dickhead/berk/pig
/shit/bastard/loser/liar/minx/brat/slut/squirt/sod/bugger etc] [you]
2. Personalized negative assertions
- [you][are][so/sucha][shit/stink/thick/stupid/bitchy/bitch/hypocrite/disappointment /guy/nuts/nuttier
than a fruit cake/hopeless/pathetic/fussy/terrible/fat/ugly etc]
- *you+*can’t do+*anything right/basic arithmetic/etc+
- [you] [disgust me]/[make me] [sick/etc.]
3. Personalized negative references
- [your] [stinking/little] [mouth/act/arse/body/corpse/hands/guts/trap/breath/etc]
4. Personalized third-person negative references (in the hearing of the target)
- [the] [daft] [bimbo]
- *she**‘s+ *nutzo+
POINTED CRITICISM/COMPLAINT
- [that/this/it] [is/was][absolutely/extraordinarily/unspeakably/etc] [bad/ruttish/crap/horrible/terrible
etc.]
UNPALATABLE QUESTIONS OR PRESUPPOSTIONS
- Why do you make my life impossible?
- Which lie are you telling me
- What’s gone wrong now?
- You want to argue with me or you want to go to jail?
CONDESCENSIONS (see also the use of “little” in insults)
- *that+ *‘s/is being+ *babyish/childish/etc.+
MESSAGE ENFORCERS
- Listen here (preface)
4. 12 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
- You got [it/that]? (tag)
- Do you understand [me] ? (tag)
DISMISSALS
- [go] [away]
- [get] [lost/out]
- [fuck/piss/shove] [off]
SILENCERS
- [shut] [it]/[your] [stinking/fucking/etc.] [mouth/face/trap/etc.]
- Shut [the fuck] up
THREATS
- *I’ ll/I’m/we’re+ *gonna+ *smash your face in/beat the shit out of you/box your ears/ bust your fucking
head off/straighten you out/etc.+ *if you don’t + *x+
- *you’d better be ready Friday the 20th to meet with me/do it+ *or+ *else+ *I’II+ *x+
- [x] [before I ] [hit you/strangle you]
NEGATIVE EXPRESSIVES (e.g. Curses, Ill-Wishes)
- [go] [to hell/hang yourself/fuck yourself]
- [damn/fuck] [you]
(Culpeper 2011, pp. 135 - 136)
4. METHODOLOGY
Data for the study were William Ruto utterances newspaper excerpts drawn from Daily Nation and The
Standard newspapers during presidential election campaigns three months before 2007 and 2013 general
election. The study targeted the aforesaid politician utterances which were in line with the general objective of
the study; hitherto, impoliteness strategies. The utterances were purposively selected after reading and
narrowing down to specific utterances that in essences the researchers presumed would have allowed
impolite strategies exhibited in the said politician’s utterances to be teased out. Utterances for the year 2007
were the ones that saw the said politician firmly in support of Raila Odinga from Orange Democratic
Movement (ODM) while those of 2013 were those that this politician was in support of Uhuru Kenyatta of
Jubilee Coalition with him being a running mate. However, after a careful examination of these utterances, the
study settled for ten utterances which portrayed elements of impoliteness in the language used by the said
politician. The ten utterances were randomly selected for analysis from twenty initial utterances picked from
the Daily Nation and The standard. We limited our samples to those utterances that featured within the
period understudy since these period marked the peak of campaigns and electioneering activities precursory
to the actual 2007 and 2013 general and Presidential elections in the country. The data was subjected to
interpretation in line with Culpeper’s Model of Impoliteness Strategies.
The study managed to collect a total of 40 utterances from William Ruto;s initial Daily Nation and Standard
newspaper excerpts from an earlier study by Kariithi (2015) on Ulinganuzi wa Usemi wa Kisiasa katika Kampeni
za Urais Nchini Kenya Miezi Mitano kabla ya Chaguzi za Mwaka wa 2007 na 2013 (Comparative Discourse
Analysis during Presidential Campaigns five Months before 2007 and 2013 Elections). In view of the above;
from the Daily Nation newspaper for the year 2007 there were 9 counts and Standard had 12 counts while in
the year 2012-203 there were 6 counts in the Daily Nation and 13 counts from the Standard. After invoking
Jonathan Culpeper’s Model of Impoliteness strategies a total of 157 impoliteness aspects from the above
politician’s utterances came in the fore. In order to prepare the ground for ensuring that an elaborate and
informed analysis is done, the study employed a graph a as means to condensing findings on data; hence
enhancing level of comprehension on the distribution of Culpeper’s (2011) Model of Impoliteness Strategies
on the study in question. Kastellec and Leoni (2007) observed that, graphs are superior at displaying
5. 13 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
confidence intervals for parameter estimates (and thus their uncertainty) and for making comparisons across
models. They believed that scholars who were to follow their advice were likely; both to understand their data
better and present their empirical results more clearly to their audience, thereby increasing the value and
impact of their research. In line with this observation, the table below assisted us in showing the correlation
between his 2007 and 2013 utterances in the graph and also the variation between Daily Nation and The
Standard. We wish to observe that only 10 utterances were analyzed for it was believed that the data was
sufficient for the study. The study invoked Culpeper’s Model of Impoliteness Strategies and avoided dealing
with individual strategy separately and opted to deal with these strategies jointly where they featured in the
same utterance.
Table 1: Data Counts from Daily Nation and Standard Newspapers
Findings and Discussion
We present the analysis of the data on this study involving William Ruto utterances which were perceived to
exhibit some aspects of impoliteness on his language use during two different occasions in which incidentally
he supported two factions a piece during presidential campaigns. In 2007 presidential campaigns he threw his
weight behind Raila Odinga and 2013 elections he supported Uhuru Kenyatta. The study therefore attempts to
tease out how the said politician applied impoliteness strategies in his utterances in the Daily Nation and The
Standard newspapers according to Culpeper’s framework (2011).
Graph 1: Strategies for 2007 and 2012-2013
Impoliteness Strategies in William Ruto’s utterance.
From the utterances collected, the graph above is distinct on the strategies that appear to have been
employed by the said politician during his campaign trails on the period understudy. The finding shows that
from the nine Culpeper’s (211) Model of Impoliteness Formulae; there are those strategies that were
extensively used. Strategies that were extensively used are Insults, Pointed Criticism/Complaints, Message
Enforcers, Dismissals, and Silencers. Based on the outcome, some strategies attracted larger extracts of data
compared to others since these were not single words but a battery of words in an elaborate political
6. 14 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
utterance. In a nutshell, one newspaper excerpt comprised detailed political utterance that finally enabled the
researcher to assign a number of strategies emanating from the initial data. Analysis of the data is given in
accordance with the strategy and in situation where one excerpt appears in more than one category, the same
will be discussed with an aim to condensing and confining the findings within that newspaper excerpt. In a
political set up political terrain has been delicate, more importantly when the affair inclines to the campaigns
pitying presidential aspirants in which case ethnic identity happens to be a factor. William Ruto is among the
most seasoned politicians in Kenya’s political arena and in 2007 he wrestled the late president Daniel arap Moi
to proclaim himself as the Rift Valley political kingpin after his (Moi) tenure in 2002 and his effort to support
retired president Mwai Kibaki during 2007 general election. With this occurrence, William Ruto subscribed to
ODM political ideologies and therefore his political utterances were tailored to fit squarely into Kenya’s
prevailing conditions, which till now were historical in nature. Politics utterances are never modest and are
perceived as competition thus promoting denigration from one politician to another. Language of impoliteness
is always the main stay of politicians with instances of glare political attacks playing out. Some of these attacks
may appear to be concealed; more so in situations where one politician feels that such undertaking may be to
his detriment. Where impoliteness is playing out, FTA is performed in a direct clear unambiguous and concise
way in circumstances where face is not irrelevant or minimized, more importantly is in the intension of the
speaker to attack the face of the hearer (Rosa 2017:35).
Impoliteness Strategies:
Insults as a strategy is simply meant to attack the face and it falls into four categories which are Personalized
negative vocative, Personalized negative assertions, Personalized negative references and Personalized third-
person negative references (in the hearing of the target). In level one there are attacks such as “you *moron/
loser/ liar/…”, level two consists of forceful statement without support to evidence such as “you are
“*you+*are+ stink/thick/stupid / hypocrite/disappointment/hopeless/ pathetic /terrible etc+, *you+*can’t
do+*anything right/basic arithmetic/etc+, *you+ *disgust me+/*make me+ *sick/etc.+ (Halim 2015:35)”. Level three
employs reference such as “your *stinking/little+ *mouth/act/body/corpse/hands/guts/trap/breath/etc+”. The
forth level involves third person in the hearing of the target such as “she’s *nutzo+
Data 1:
Daily Nation 20th
October 2007
My name and that of Raila are in the Report. How can we implement it? We are not foolish
to implement a report that was engineered by our enemies.
Although the insult that may be expected under this level of strategy may not be conspicuous; land issue in the
wake of presidential campaigns in Kenya in 2007 was a culmination of Ndungu Report on land being
surrendered to the then president Mwai Kibaki with a number of politicians being adversely implicated as
those who ameliorated unscrupulous land deals with the likes of William Ruto and his presidential aspirant
Raila Odinga featuring prominently in that report; to this end, William Ruto employed concealed insults to the
government then pointing out that such an act was an exhibition of hypocrisy, it was pathetic, disappointing,
terrible and in short the government did not do things right and therefore his utterances consisted forceful
statement which portrayed lack of evidence . This politician intended to disparage the government for such a
report; therefore, this utterance falls within the level of Personalized Negative Assertion. The utterance has
also a clear element of dismissal that meant to dismiss the report cleverly insinuating that it did not meet the
prerequisite threshold to be implemented. In view of this, the strategy is backed up by parentheses such as
[go] [away] [fuck] [off] [hove] [off] etc, all these attest to the fact that the politician in question was portraying
some rudeness in an effort to blatantly dismiss their opponents. According to him the report was intended to
paint them in bad light. There were also traits of pointed criticism or complaint towards the report and
promised not to allow its implementation on the basis that they were not fools. The strategy is backed up by
phrases painting critical attitude towards the politician in reference; in this case Mwai Kibaki with his brigade.
Parentheses such as, “*that/this/it+ *is/was+ *absolutely/extraordinarily/unspeakably/etc+” feature
7. 15 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
prominently. This politician was tactically referring to the proponents of the documents as fools; that was
indeed an insult that was not directly fired to their opponents who till then was the government. Although
Negative Expressive; Curses, ill-wish as a strategy never featured strongly; it is worth to note that this was a
good example of such strategy which was meant to curse the report. The strategy is always backed up by
parentheses such as, “*go+ *to hell/hang yourself/fuck yourself+ *damn/fuck+ *you+”; in essence therefore,
William Ruto was simply telling their opponents that they had done it badly on themselves and all they could
do was to keep the report to themselves.
Data 2:
The Standard 11th
November 2007
If Kibaki has not performed miracles for 35 years, 20 years of which he was minister, 11 as
vice president and the rest as president, which miracles can he perform in the five years he is
asking for?
This exhibits a clear linguistic Impoliteness where William Ruto’s communication was an intentional face-attack
not only to the former president but to his entire political brigade. Under this category of insult, William Ruto’s
utterances fall within Personalized Negative Assertion with Mwai Kibaki (retired president) being perceived as
a loser. William Ruto invokes the number of years he (Mwai Kibaki) had remained in the echelons of leadership
as a strategy to demean him overtly. William Ruto wanted Mwai Kibaki to be viewed as a hopeless leader,
who’s performance in various leadership position was an exhibition of a failure since with all those years to his
political credit he could not do anything right. This was a historical political tirade against the said politician
that even if he had an extension on his term as the president, there was no miracle that would have come with
such extensions. In essence, this was a face-aggravating political salvo that also acts as a dismissal strategy
meant to dissuade any voter who was still undecided as to who he was to support; with William Ruto using
real number of years that (Mwai Kibaki) had his political leadership prowess being tested, he was simply
disparaging his candidature and on the other hand persuading voters from across the political divide to wake
up to that reality. The utterance has an element of Unpalatable Question, with William Ruto begging the
question as to how five years he was asking for would have made the difference; to a loser since he was
destined to lose again. William Ruto in the above utterance appears to employ another impoliteness strategy;
Message Enforcer by swiftly employing a comparative strategy on the varying numbers of years he had
undisrupted run to those political positions. The strategy is always aligned with parentheses such as, “Listen
here (preface) You got [it/that]? (tag) Do you understand [me]? (tag)”. There is no doubt therefore that
William Ruto was cleverly drawing attention to his audience over an occurrence that he was privy to that they
(audience) needed to partake in. He was simply teasing out their historical knowledge in regard to their
opponent’s political background. Here William Ruto was enforcing his call and thus, persuading the electorate.
The utterance can as well be seen to fall under Silencer Strategy in that it was trying to silence Mwai Kibaki’s
call to have members of the public consider his request for a one more term. “…which miracles can he perform
in the five years he is asking for?” is an utterance that is meant to silence his clarion to the voters to have him
get another term.
Data 3:
Daily Nation 21st
December 2007
We respect Moi as one of our own, and it is imperative that he also respects our decision;
after all, respect is two way.
The late president Daniel arap Moi was undisputed spokesman of the Kalenjin community for a long time in
Kenya; the position in which he only appeared to have lost his substantial hegemonic command a few months
to the run up to 2007 general election when the likes of William Ruto deserted him in an effort to find their
own political footing. In his effort to breaking Moi’s political jinx, William Ruto alluded why as a community
the late president Daniel arap Moi needed to reciprocate by respecting their political decision of backing Raila
Odinga ambitions of dethroning retired president Mwai Kibaki during 2007 General Election. The utterance is
8. 16 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
an example of an insult falling under category on Personalized Negative Assertion which was simply portraying
Daniel arap Moi as a person who never exhibited elements of respect for not allowing Kalenjin community to
support another politician of their choice. To this end, this strategy is backed up by parentheses such as, “you
are/so/such [hypocrite] [disappointment] [disgusting], you [make me sick etc+”; ideally therefore, the move
was disgusting. The other clear strategy that appears to have been noted under Insult Strategy falls under level
four- Personalized third-person negative references (in the hearing of the targets). Here there are parentheses
such as, “*she+*’s+ *nutzo+”; the target here was the late president Daniel arap Moi and William Ruto brought it
in the fore in a negative reference. In regard to this observation, William Ruto was undeniably disparaging
Daniel arap Moi political machination in an effort to denying him that control over the Kalenjin community.
The utterance was clearly showing another impoliteness strategy in relation to Culpeper’s Model of
Impoliteness Formulae – Message Enforcers which is backed up by parentheses such as, “listen here, do you
understand [me]? (tag) etc”. In a clever way William Ruto appears to be telling the late president Daniel arap
Moi off, “after all” could be taken to be another way of telling him, “listen here” respect is two way – traffic. By
critically analyzing the aforesaid utterance, it is clear that another strategy that is conspicuous is Dismissal
which is backed up by parentheses such as, “*get+ *lost/out+ *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+”. Going by these
parentheses it is clear that William Ruto was dismissing Daniel arap Moi’s perceived control over the Kalenjin
community; by employing words such as, “…and it is imperative that he also…”, William Ruto was
unequivocally dismissing Daniel arap Moi’s historical hegemonic control over the community. The utterance is
also depicting another set of Culpeper’s impoliteness strategy; namely Silencers, here we have parentheses
that back up this strategy such as, “*shut+ *it+/*your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+, Shut *the fuck+ up”. Here William
Ruto was telling the late president Daniel Arap Moi to shut up his mouth and instead allow the community to
chat their new political route. Statements such as, “…it is imperative that he…” William Ruto was not mincing
his words, he intended to stomp his foot and tell him (Moi) to back off. This statement was simply silencing
Daniel Arap Moi crafty intensions against the Kalenjin community.
Data 4:
Daily Nation 18th
September 2007
… The paraded supporters of Kibaki represented ‘face of the past’ although Uhuru Kenyatta
was youthful he succumbed to tribal politics and destroyed the oldest party in Kenya. It will
be a contest between those who represent the status quo, yesterday and the past against
those who represent today, tomorrow and future.
This utterance was precipitated by various historical occurrences that till then were politically unpalatable to
Raila Odinga and William Ruto’s axis. “Faces of the past” was metaphorically employed to paint a dark future if
retired president Mwai Kibaki was to outwit Raila Odinga’s faction. Age wise, Mwai Kibaki’s faction had
politicians who were advanced in age in comparison to Raila Odinga’s faction; in view of this, William Ruto’s
utterance fits well in Culpeper’s (2011) Insult Strategy under Personalized Negative Assertions where there are
parentheses that are used to paint the expected picture such as, “*you+*are+*so/such a+ *disappointment,
hopeless+, *you are+ *nuttier than a fruit cake+ etc”. With this fact teased out, William Ruto was categorical in
his insinuation for glaringly opining that Mwai Kibaki was spend force and hopeless for settling on politicians
who were old and this to him was a disappointment to the youths of Kenya who had not seen anything good
from the old political outfit. By invoking “status quo” William Ruto was simply reaffirming his observation by
clearly showing that yester years’ failures were definitely to be unredeemable under Mwai Kibaki leadership.
Mason (2009:37) in his motivational book titled, “Conquering an Enemy called Average” refers to Status Quo
as a Latin phrase for “The Mess we’re In”; hence, if this observation can be employed here then William Ruto
was simply telling voters that, the old faces paraded by Mwai Kibaki comprised a disgusting lot and all they
were to reap out of it was a recycled political mess. Another strategy that appears to have come out of William
Ruto’s utterance above was Dismissal Strategy where he was dismissing Mwai Kibaki paraded politicians. This
strategy is backed up by parentheses such as, “*get+ *lost/out+ *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+”; thus dismissing his
status quo, yesterday and the past against those he perceived were to act as the pivot around towards
addressing their historical challenges. This utterance also acted as a silencer thus being an example of Silencers
9. 17 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Strategy which was used to denigrate Mwai Kibaki’s choice by insinuating that the future did not have anything
to do with the past; hence he dismissed the past because the future (Raila Odinga’s axis) was the long
expected solution to Kenya’s perennial political challenges. This strategy is backed up by parentheses such as,
“*shut+ *it+/ [your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+, Shut *the fuck+ up etc” and therefore, the utterance was meant to
tell them to shut up since those who had good intensions for the future of Kenya had settled for the right
people.
Data 5:
The Standard 7
th
October 2007
The people and Kanu party membership is with me in ODM because it is the party that
supports real change for this country.
Culpeper (1996, 2008, 2011) posits that positive impoliteness sub-strategies include ignore, snub the other -
fail to acknowledge the other's presence, exclude the other from an activity, disassociate from the other – for
example, deny association or common ground with the other; avoid sitting together, be disinterested,
unconcerned, unsympathetic, use inappropriate identity markers - for example, use title and surname when a
close relationship pertains etc. This observation may be seen to resonate well with William Ruto’s utterance
above which fall within the category on Insult under Personalized Negative Vocative where we have
parentheses such as, “*You+ loser, sod, dirty, bastard, liar, bugger etc”. This politician was referring to his
former party mates from KANU (Kenya Africa National Union) as losers because according to him they had
already lost KANU membership to him when he decamped to ODM (Orange Democratic Movement). The
politician appears to also being impolite to his colleagues in KANU who were still stuck in their yesterday by
tactfully seeing them as liars for assuming that KANU membership was firmly in their grip. In a nutshell,
William Ruto was impolitely excluding those other KANU diehards from any activity that involved KANU as a
party since ODM had reaped big from KANU. Another Impoliteness Strategy that fits well in the above
utterance is Message Enforcers whereby, parentheses that played out are in tandem with this strategy; these
are, “Listen here (preface) You got *it/that+? (tag) Do you understand *me+ ? (tag)”. In essence William Ruto
was bringing facts on the fore by enforcing his take in regard to his perceived occurrence within the realm of
KANU. “…because it is the party that supports real change…” was simply enforcing the message as to why the
people and Kanu Party membership was with him in ODM. The utterance is equally depicting another
impoliteness strategy-Silencers; the utterance in its entirely is meant to silence those who were still stuck in
the past to wake up to the reality that was clearly on the ground and avoid living in the world of fantasy by
continuing assuming that their political ground had not tilted away from them. Under this category of
Impoliteness we have parentheses such as, “*shut+ *it+/*your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+, Shut *the fuck+ up”;
William Ruto’s utterance was undeniably telling them off – shut up because he had shifted his political
allegiance with most of KANU membership to the detriment of those who had not discerned that fact.
During 2013 General Election William Ruto opted to throw his support behind Uhuru Kenyatta as presidential
aspirant with him being the running mate. His decision was instigated by the fact that, he (William Ruto)
perceived Raila Odinga as a political conman having supported him but reneged on an agreement that the two
had struck in the run up to 2007 General Election. With this unprecedented historical occurrence; William Ruto
ditched ODM and together with Uhuru Kenyatta came up with Jubilee Coalition. With this new formation,
William Ruto had to propagate Jubilee Coalition political ideologies forcing him to tailor his political utterances
to resonate with Jubilee Coalition’s standpoint. In regard to the above; Willam Ruto’s utterances had one
simple agenda, to disparage his political friend turned foe, to persuade voters across political divide, to whip
his Kalenjin community in an effort to halting any would be political upheaval from within and to act as
crusader of Kenya nationalism in the run up to 2013 General Election. Going by his utterances therefore,
William Ruto depicted a picture of a person whose political diatribes against Raila Odinga were a reverse of his
earlier political ideologies.
Data 6:
10. 18 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
The Standard 6th
November 2012
We supported that man in the last elections but we are now telling him bye. We have been
in the opposition for 10 years because of his Kibaki Tosha Slogan. If someone cheats you
once, he is a liar, but when you are cheated a second time, you become a fool yourself.
This was a historical political discourse that was employed by this politician to persuade and portray Raila
Odinga as a political bad omen that had befell Kalenjin as a community following their political oblivion that
was as a culmination of Kibaki Tosha slogan by Raila Odinga. This is an example of Impoliteness Strategy –
Insult targeted to Raila Odinga (that man); that was depicting him as a loser, a political blind man, referring to
him as myopic in nature. This was a Personalized negative vocative strategy where we have parentheses such
as, “*you+ *moron/bastard/loser/liar/minx/brat/slut/squirt/sod/bugger etc+ *you+”. Here Raila was being seen
as liar, a loser a moron, for in all that, he was the political architect who spelt doom to the Kalenjin political
supremacy in the country’s leadership echelon. The utterance also teases out a Personalized negative
assertion with parentheses such as, “*you+*are+*so/such a+ */stupid /hypocrite/ disappointment/
hopeless/pathetic/ etc+, *you+*can’t do+*anything right/basic arithmetic/etc+ *you+ *disgust me]/[make me]
*sick/etc.+”. To this end, Raila Odinga was being seen as a disappointment, hopeless, a person who could not
do anything right to the Kalenjin community since were it not for his unpopular political slogan, the community
would not have been obliterated from the top positions of leadership in the country. Under Insult, we can also
assign his utterance to Personalized negative reference “*your+ *stinking/little+ */act/hands/guts/trap/etc”,
with William Ruto perceiving his act as the main reason of the community being relegated to the untold lower
levels of leadership in the country. William Ruto also appeared to be lambasting Raila Odinga for initiating his
political trap to have the Kalenjin as community to be reduced to nobodies politically. Another Impoliteness
Strategy in regard to Culpeper’s Model of Impoliteness Formulae is Pointed Criticism/Complaint with
parentheses such as, “*that/this/it+ *is/was+ *unspeakably/etc+ *bad/ruttish/crap /horrible/terrible etc.+”. Here,
all that which William Ruto was doing was to portray that occurrence as unspeakably, horrible and terrible to
the Kalenjin as a community. Under Message Enforcers, William Ruto was underpinning his observation on the
genesis of all political tribulations the community was undergoing. The strategy is backed up by parentheses
such as, “Listen here (preface) You got *it/that+? (tag) Do you understand *me+ ? (tag)”. William Ruto was
cleverly lecturing Raila Odinga and enforcing his message in the same vein by positing that, “… but when you
are cheated a second time, you become a fool yourself”; hence Kalenjin community was not to be hoodwinked
by Raila Odinga gullible tricks. Dismissal as an Impoliteness Strategy clearly played out with William Ruto
appearing to be dismissing Raila Odinga with his yester year’s tricks which they were not to allow to be used
against them again. The strategy has parentheses such as, “*get+ *lost/out+ *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+”; to this end,
Raila Odinga was being told to “get lost, shove off” because the community had since then managed to unravel
his historical political tricks that he had employed and which could not see the light of the day against them
again. Equally, another Impoliteness Strategy that played out was Silencers under which parentheses such as, ”
[shut] [it]/[your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+, Shut *the fuck+ up”. William Ruto was telling Raila Odinga to forget
using his political traps, to shut up with his like “Kibaki Tosha slogan” because such traps to the community
were outdated. For completeness of summary; William Ruto employed this historical strategy against the
community to persuade them to remain as a united front and to disparage Raila Odinga against his historical
tricks against the Kalenjin community.
Data 7:
The Standard 4
th
February 2013
Those who have squandered their chance to lead only have themselves to blame. If you have
made a mistake retrace your steps, the only way to repent is to support others
William Ruto appeared to invoked ironic fatalism utterance which needed to be dissected from a wider
political spectrum in an effort to castigate Raila Odinga’s defeat by Mwai Kibaki at the behest of 2007 General
11. 19 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Election. This was a historical occurrence that was painting Raila Odinga in bad light – that of a loser. By being
requested to retrace his footsteps, William Ruto was underpinning one crucial observation; that Raila Odinga
must have been the author of his own political misfortunes till then. In essence Raila Odinga was on record for
having prevailed on the Kalenjin community elders requesting them to forgive him if he had made a mistake. In
The Standard newspaper of 30
th
October 2012, Raila Odinga was quoted, “Forgive me. I am seeking
forgiveness. If I erred, I am sorry I am a human being and I apologize as we were in the same team last time”. It
was in public domain that Kalenjin community in 2012- 13 was not holding Raila Odinga in high esteem
politically in comparison with how it was in 2007. To this end, William Ruto’s Utterances alluded that Raila
Odinga was a loser, thus having his utterance falling within the Impoliteness Strategy on Personalized Negative
Vocative with sentiments such
as,“*you+,*moron/fuck/plonker/dickhead/berk/pig/shit/bastard/loser/liar/minx/brat/slut/ squirt/ sod/ bugger
etc+ *you+” playing out. Under this Strategy of Insult we can as well see William Ruto’s utterance teasing out
Personalized Negative Assertions with parentheses such as, “*you+,*are+*so/such
a][hypocrite/disappointment/guy/nuts/nuttier than a fruitcake/hopeless /pathetic/ fussy/terrible/fat/ugly
etc], [you+*can’t do+*anything right/basic arithmetic/etc+, *you+ *Disgust me+/*make me+ *sick/etc.+’ playing out.
William Ruto was in no doubt perceiving Raila Odinga as a disappointment, hopeless, pathetic, disgusting and
more importantly as a presidential aspirant who could not do anything right. Those were tactical insults that
were meant to disparage Raila Odinga’s candidature and to persuade those who were still having a political
soft centre for him to abandon him. Another impoliteness strategy that appears to have had a root in the
utterance was Pointed Criticism/Complaint where we have parentheses such as, “*that/this/it+ [is/was]
*absolutely/extraordinarily/unspeakably/etc+ *bad/ruttish/crap/horrible/terrible etc.+”. William Ruto was airing
his sentiments with an effort to show that Raila Odinga’s performance was unspeakable, bad, horrible and
terrible and the only palatable thing he needed to do was to support others. Message Enforcers as strategy
under impoliteness is also discernible in relation to William Ruto’s utterance, with parentheses such as, “Listen
here (preface) You got *it/that+? (tag) Do you understand *me+ ? (tag)”. Here William Ruto appeared to be
enforcing one fact, listen here; go back to your political history path and see what you have done to yourself,
equally you got it, “your chance”. In essence, William Ruto was castigating Raila Odinga political outing in
2007. The utterance also fits well to be termed as a Dismissal strategy in which William Ruto appears to be
dismissing Raila Odinga for having squandered his chance of actualizing his political dream; a mistake he
needed to attribute to himself. Finally, William Ruto’s utterance was undisputed impoliteness strategy in the
category of Silencers; here there are parentheses such as, “*shut] [it]/[your] [mouth/face/trap/etc.], Shut [the
fuck+ up”. William Ruto was simply alluding that, all that Raila Odinga needed to do honorably was to “shut his
mouth, to shut up” and retrace his steps and he would have woken to reality; to blame none other than
himself.
Data 8:
The Standard 14th
October 2012
It is in bad taste for a person like Annan to travel all the way from Ghana to dictate voters on
who to elect in the coming General Election and I am telling him to keep off from interfering
with Kenyan politics.
Kofi Annan’s entry into Kenya’s murky political arena could be traced back to the acrimonious relationship that
2007 General Election ushered in between ODM’S presidential aspirant Raila Odinga and his political nemesis
retired president Mwai Kibaki where Annan and other dignitaries from Eastern Africa brokered a deal in which
Kenya’s first coalition government was constituted. In the agreement, Raila Odinga became Prime Minister
with Mwai Kibaki being the president. In view of this; William Ruto who earlier on was a confidant of Raila
Odinga during 2007 General Election intervention by Annan, did not like his (Annan’s) continued meddling in
Kenya’s political affairs after 2007 political truce. It is worth to note that William Ruto had severed his political
“brotherhood” with Raila Odinga in the wake to 2013 General Election. With this turn of events, William Ruto
political tirade was directed towards Raila Odinga camouflaged in Kofi Annan’s identity that till then was
seriously and in a disguised manner prevailing upon Kenyans to support Raila Odinga’s candidature. William
12. 20 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
Ruto’s utterance them exhibited impoliteness not only to the late Kofi Annan but to the entire ODM political
brigade. This was not a spontaneous utterance since many politician speeches are planned before hand. The
utterance therefore is an example of an Insult Strategy where Personalized Negative Assertions conspicuously
played out; the strategy is flagged by parentheses such as,
“*you+*are+*so/sucha+*shit/stink/thick/stupid/bitchy/bitch/hypocrite/disappointment/guy/nuts/nuttier than a
fruit cake/hopeless/pathetic/fussy/terrible/fat/ugly etc+, *you+ *disgust me+ *make me+ *sick/etc.+”. William
Ruto’s utterance if dissected rationally may be seen to have been referring to Kofi Annan and those he was
craving for as, stupid, hopeless, disgusting, nuts, disappointment, thick etc. these were clear insults all that was
not clear in William Ruto’s utterance was a single word coming out. Under this strategy, we can also see
Personalized negative vocative elements featuring in William Ruto’s utterance; here we have parentheses such
as, “*you+ */rotten/dirty etc.+, *moron/plonker/dickhead/berk/pig /shit/bastard/loser/liar/sod/bugger etc+”.
William Ruto must have seen Raila Odinga’s political brigade as rotten, dirty, losers, liars, buggar etc hence;
Ruto intended to dissuade those who may have opted to fall into Kofi Annan’s trap to consider otherwise.
There is also an element of Personalized third-person negative references (in the hearing of the target) with
parentheses such as, “*she]*‘s+ *nutzo+”. In short, William Ruto was referring to Kofi Annan in a negative
manner whose efforts had lived it’s usefulness in Kenya. Another impoliteness strategy that can be seen to
have played part in William Ruto’s utterance is Pointed Criticism/Complaint; here William Ruto was simply
directing a pointed criticism on Kofi Annan’s political machination underpinning that he was persona non grata
in political matters in Kenya and lacked moral authority to lecture Kenyans on the right candidate. Under this
category there are parentheses such as, “*that/this/it+ *is/was+ *unspeakably/etc+,
*bad/ruttish/crap/horrible/terrible etc.+”. As an impoliteness strategy, Message Enforcers are playing out well
in the utterance since William Ruto was simply enforcing his observation by positing that, “…I am telling him to
keep off from…”; the strategy has parentheses such as, “Listen here (preface) You got *it/that]? (tag) Do you
understand [me]?”. It’s like William Ruto was sounding a warning to him to desist from such uncouth political
acts. William Ruto’s utterance was highly coded since as a strategy of impoliteness; he was dismissing Kofi
Annan’s self imposed diplomacy shuttles having undertaken a similar thing earlier; to him (William Ruto), this
was an interlude diplomacy that was dissimilar to the one he was welcome. Under this category of
Impoliteness Strategy of Dismissal there are parentheses such as, “*get+ *lost/out+ *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+”; in
essence, William Ruto was simply telling off Kofi Annan that he was not welcome in Kenya and as such he
needed to get lost, shove off etc since he lacked any political backing to poke his nose in Kenya’s affairs.
William Ruto’s target was to disparage Raila Odinga and his political cronies as an outfit that had run out of
options by having Kofi Annan campaigning for him. On the other hand William Ruto was whipping voters not to
fall into Kofin Annan’s trap in which they might have seen him to be the only one who could make sense in
brokering for a coalition of his choice.
Data 9:
Daily Nation 21st
February 2013
My friend Gideon is fighting a losing war. Even with the inaccurate opinion polls, Amani has
been getting less than two percent rating. Are they expecting a miracle to happen on March
4th? Please don’t let the Baringo County votes split the Rift Valley votes.
The utterance above by William Ruto was a culmination of Kalenjin community power struggle between their
two sons; Gideon Moi son to the late president Daniel arap Moi and him (William Ruto). This was a historical
political struggle in which KANU as a party was supporting Amani party presidential candidate Musalia
Mudavadi with William Ruto backing Uhuru Kenyatta who was Jubilee Coalition presidential candidate where
he was running mate (William Ruto). The two politicians’ political altercation had seen William Ruto being
categorical on why his stay at KANU was long overdue. Earlier, William Ruto was quoted in the Daily Nation on
1st
October 2007, “We have decided that since the original owners of the party have come back, then it’s
prudent for us to quit. We shall be making an announcement this week as to our next course of action”.
Needless to say, the struggle within KANU political party had escalated to a point that was none of the others –
it was messy and it was quickly dividing Kalenjin community; therefore, during 2013 William Ruto had no soft
13. 21 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
centre for Gideon Moi who he perceived to be an enemy to the Kalenjin community for planning to scuttle his
political ambitions for going against the already elaborate political vein in regard to which political faction was
destined to win. This was an Impoliteness Strategy referred to Insults with other four categories subsumed
under it; here we have Personalized negative vocative, in which William Ruto appeared to castigate Gideon
Moi’s for not being realistic with the glaring facts as to who was to emerge the winner. Under this category we
have parentheses such as, “*you+ *rotten/dirty/little/etc.+, *Moron/fuck/plonker/ /loser/liar/minx/brat
/sod/bugger etc+ *you+”; here William Ruto was perceiving Gideon Moi as a loser, a lier, a person with dirty
tricks, rotten, a politician with little experience on matters politics. Another category of Impoliteness Strategy
under Insults is Personalized negative assertions with parentheses such as, “*you+*are+*so/such
a][thick/stupid/hypocrite/ disappointment/nuts/nuttier than a fruit cake/hopeless/pathetic/fussy/terrible etc],
*you+*can’t do+*anything right/basic arithmetic/etc+, *you+ *disgust me+/*make me+ *sick/etc.+”. William Ruto
was seeing Gideon Moi as disappointment to the Kalenjin community, a hopeless politician, a politician who
couldn’t do anything right, a hypocrite to the Amani party and Kalenjin community at large, a person who
lacked an iota of political arithmetic’s knowledge and who definitely ended up disgusting the entire Kalenjin
community. William Ruto insulted Gideon Moi if Personalized third-person negative references (in the hearing
of the target) can be invoked from what his utterance entailed. There are parentheses such as, “*the+ *daft+
*bimbo+, *she**‘s+ *nutzo+, and in relation to this; William Ruto utterance was simply referring to Gideon Moi as
a politician who was politically myopic and obstinate to real facts as they were “… even with the inaccurate
opinion polls…” which appeared not to have favored Amani presidential candidate who was being backed by
Gideon Moi. Going by the various Impoliteness Strategy in relation to Culpeper’s (2011), William Ruto
employed Pointed Criticism/Complaint strategy against Gideon Moi if his utterance can be dissected clearly;
parentheses under this strategy are such as, “*that/this/it+ *is/was+ *absolutely/
extraordinarily/unspeakably/etc], [bad/ruttish/crap/ horrible/terrible etc.+”; here, William Ruto saw Gideon
Moi’s decision to back Amani party as absolutely horrible, it was unspeakably terrible wondering how his short
sightedness was not allowing him to unravel the nature of Kenya’s political terrain then. William Ruto was also
enforcing his statement thus making Message Enforcers as a strategy to come in the fore; the strategy is
backed up by parentheses such as, “Listen here (preface) You got *it/that+? (tag) Do you understand *me+ ?
(tag)”. William Ruto appears to have been telling Gideon Moi, listen; “Amani has been getting less than two
percent”, “Do you understand; please don’t let the Baringo County votes split the Rift Valley votes”. In
essence, William Ruto was reprimanding Gideon Moi by enforcing his earlier statement within the entire
utterance. Another crucial Impoliteness Strategy that was playing out was Dismissal which has parentheses
such as, “*get+ *lost/out+ *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+”, in short William Ruto was ordering Gideon Moi to shove off
his unpopular observation and allow Rift Valley votes to be intact during the 4th March 2013 General Election.
There is also another Impoliteness Strategy that featured in William Ruto’s utterance, this was Silencers which
has parentheses such as, “*shut+ *it+/*your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+, Shut *the fuck+ up”. William Ruto was
simply alerting Gideon Moi to “shut it”, to halt his unpopular political machination for the sake of Rift Valley
political unity. William Ruto political utterance in the said newspaper was also exhibiting another Impoliteness
Strategy which is referred to as Threats in which there are parentheses such as, “*I’ ll/I’m/we’re+ *gonna+
*smash your face in/ bust your fucking head off/straighten you out/etc.+ *if you don’t + *x+, *you’d better be
ready Friday the 20th to meet with me/do it+ *x+ *before I + *hit you/strangle you+”. In a nutshell, William Ruto
was sending a warning shot to Gideon Moi to brace for a resounding defeat since not even a miracle could
have turned the tables against his Jubilee Coalition on 4th march 2013. Here, William Ruto was downplaying
Gideon Moi’s blind support to Amani Party as a move to futility thus consolidating his Rift Valley political base
and on the other hand disparaging Amani Party for it’s negligible support if they were to rely to the opinion
polls.
Data 10:
The Standard 7
th
November 2012
14. 22 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
“The prime minister should know that there is a shortage of foolish people in Kenya whom
he can lie to that he would support local trial of ICC cases, at the very least, the PM should be
honest on this what he is now engaging in is Political Conmanship (sic) Kenyans cannot buy”.
Following the entry of International Criminal Court escapade in Kenya in an effort to unravel 2007 disputed
presidential election outcome paradox; Kenya’s political arena experienced numerous political altercations
flying from one political divide to another in an effort to painting one political faction in bad light. In view of
this, William Ruto and Uhuru Kenyatta ended up being indicted in The Hague for their purported atrocities
against two major opposing communities in Kenya, namely the Kalenjin with William Ruto being perceived to
be the brain child of that ugly scene with Uhuru Kenyatta being implicated for being the mastermind for the
Kikuyu community. Therefore, William Ruto utterance was precipitated by that political historical occurrence
pitying the two (Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto) and Raila Odinga who they castigated for being behind
their political woes. William Ruto utterance was intended to instill a belief that Raila Odinga’s action was
detrimental to them and it meant to condescend, scorn and ridicule him – by emphasizing Raila Odinga’s
contemptuous act in which case he was skeptical in taking him seriously; thus, he belittled his commitment
and invaded his space by explicitly associating him with a negative aspect. William Ruto’s utterance was clearly
personalizing ICC as an occurrence that saw Raila Odinga speaking from his two side of the mouth. Going by
Culpeper’s (2011) Model of Impoliteness Formulae, William Ruto appeared to be insulting Raila Odinga overtly
by invoking a Personalized negative vocative against his political foe. Under Insult as a strategy, this category
has parentheses such as, “*you+ *rotten/dirty/little/etc.] [berk/pig/
shit/bastard/loser/liar/minx/brat/slut/squirt/sod/bugger etc+”; therefore, going by this kind of utterance,
William Ruto was perceiving Raila Odinga to be a liar, a dirty, a rotten and a dishonest politician who was
thriving on lies and dishonest acts. This was definitely an utterance that was insulting if dissected rationally.
Under this Impoliteness Strategy, there are also elements of Personalized negative assertions which in essence
can be seen as a political affront against Raila Odinga. The utterance has parentheses such as, “*you+*are+
[so/such a] [hypocrite/disappointment/guy/nuts/nuttier than a fruit cake/hopeless/pathetic/fussy/
terrible/fat/ugly etc+, *you+*can’t do+*anything right/etc+, *you+ *disgust me+/*make me+ *sick/etc.+”. It is
undeniably to observe that, William Ruto saw Raila Odinga as a political hypocrite, a disappointment, a
hopeless, a person who could not do things in the right way and because of such acts; he was disgusting in all
that he wanted people to believe in him. Another kind of insult is Personalized third-person negative
references (in the hearing of the target) which has parentheses such as, “*the+ *daft+ *bimbo+, *she**‘s+
*nutzo+”; William Ruto was simply giving his view in reference to what Raila Odinga was like, hence teasing out
an insult by taking him as [nutzo]. By William Ruto employing insult as a strategy he was basically bashing Raila
Odinga in an effort to disparage him against voters who were not in support of International Criminal Court
(ICC) most of who belonged to the Kikuyu and Kalenjin communities. The other Impoliteness Strategy that
appears to have played out in the above utterance was Pointed Criticism/Complaint which has parentheses
such as, “*that/this/it+ [is/was] [unspeakably/etc] *bad /horrible/terrible etc.+”; here William Ruto intended to
postulate that, it was unspeakably horrible for Raila to take Kenyans as fools by cheating that he could have
rooted for a local court. To this end, William Ruto saw Raila Odinga as a political conman who did not need to
be trusted. Messages Enforcers as an impoliteness strategy is undoubtedly seen to have played out if
parentheses under this strategy can be dissected, here we have, “Listen here (preface) You got *it/that]? (tag)
Do you understand [me]? (tag)”. William Ruto appeared to be enforcing his initial observation in his utterance
by underscoring that, “… at the very least, the PM should be honest on this one …”; here he was simply
alerting people to “listen here, do you understand me/”, in short he was reaffirming his earlier take on Raila
Odinga for taking Kenyans for fools. William Ruto utterance was a clear way of dismissing Raila Odinga’s
observation on local trial instead of the ICC one. Also here, Dismissal as a strategy played out if parentheses
within the strategy are observed; in essence we have, “*go+ *away+, *get+ *lost/out+, *fuck/piss/shove+ *off+.
Here William Ruto appeared to be telling Raila Odinga off since all that he was perfecting on was simply
political conmanship; for instance, “go away, get lost, shove off” because all that you are doing is lying to
Kenyans while you too well know that they are not fools. The last Impoliteness Strategy that appears to have
played out is Silencers Strategy which has parentheses such as, “*shut+ *it+/*your+ *mouth/face/trap/etc.+”;
15. 23 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
here William Ruto was simply notifying Raila Odinga to shut up his mouth and not to continue exhibiting his
political conmanship since Kenyans were not fools. Needless to say, it is clear to opine that William Ruto’s
utterance was a disparagement strategy to Raila Odinga’s political faction and on the other hand a persuasion
strategy to voters who were yet to decide which political faction they were to fall for.
5. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study has attempted an analysis of impoliteness strategies that played out in William Ruto’s
political utterance five months in the run up to both 2007 and 2013 General Elections in Kenya. In essence, the
paper has presented a brief account of pertinent features of the aforementioned politician’s utterance in
relation to Culpeper’s (2011) Model of Impoliteness Formulae. In his studies, Culpeper postulates that,
impoliteness refers to communicative strategies designed to attack face with an intension to cause social
conflict and disharmony. The study has managed to give an account of impoliteness strategies that the theory
teased out from the said politician, ranging from Insult, Pointed Criticism/Complaints, Message Enforcers,
Dismissals and Silencers which featured prominently. Going by the analysis based in the graph, it is undeniably
clear that there are impoliteness strategies that encountered low levels in the manner they featured. The
study observes that William Ruto’s political utterance were tactical gambits that meant to disparage his
political faction’s opponents ideologies bearing in mind that during those two periods he supported two
opposing sides. The utterances were also targeting to persuade voters to rally their support behind his
preferred political faction. It is my belief that, this is a useful framework for describing and explaining features
of impoliteness in linguistic phenomena in general.
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16. 24 Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology
INFO:-
Corresponding Author: Francis Kariithi, Department of Literature, Language and Linguistics Kisii
University.
How to cite this article: Francis Kariithi, Aspects of Impoliteness during 2007 and 2013 Presidential
Campaigns in Kenya, Asian. Jour. Social. Scie. Mgmt. Tech. 2(3): 09-23, 2020.
