1) High risk activities and accident control measures 2) How to Prevent Accidents in the Workplace. 3) Risk Assessment & Mitigation measures at Highway projects 4) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 5) WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT/ or AN INCIDENT? 6) Job Safety Analysis

1. PREVENTION OF
ACCIDENT
(Risk Assessment and Control)
PRESENTED BY
Dr. Revanuru Subramanyam
Professor (Associate), Department of Civil Engineering
Papua New Guinea University of Technology
2023

2. High risk activities and accident control measures
❖International Labour Office statistics says that 120 million occupational
accidents occur annually at workplaces worldwide. Out Of these accidents,
210,000 are deadly. Every single day, more than 500 workers do not arrive
home due to the accidents at work.
❖These are remarkable numbers that draw fairly little public attention.
❖Taking into account the fact that accidents take a considerable economic toll
on nations, companies and individuals, accidents do not get much publicity.
Accident prevention has been traditionally based on learning from accidents
and near-accidents (near misses).
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3. What is the Difference Between Accidents and Incidents?
• An accident is an event that has unintentionally happened, that
results in damage, injury or harm.
• An incident is an event that has unintentionally happened, but this
may not result in damage, harm or injury.
• Therefore, every accident can be an incident. However not all
incidents can be termed as an accident.
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4. What is an accident prevention plan?
➢An accident prevention plan is exactly what it sounds like:
➢a plan to identify, assess, and prevent hazards in your organization.
➢It is a long-term commitment to risk management that involves regular
inspection, updates, and preventative actions, constantly evolving to address
the risks that your organization faces.
➢Implementing an accident prevention plan (APP) is shown to have lasting
benefits.
➢It can drastically reduce your district’s accidents, protecting your employees
and saving your organization massive expenses each year.
➢OSHA estimates that workplace safety programs like APPs can save
employers between $4 to $6 for every dollar spent towards active accident
prevention.
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5. How to Prevent Accidents in the Workplace
• The types of workplace hazards will vary depending on your industry.
• However, there are some best practices all businesses can implement to
reduce the number of workplace accidents.
• 1. Risk Assessments
• 2. Regular Inspections
• 3. Ongoing and Effective Training
• 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• 5. Clear Signage
• 6. Accident Reporting
• 7. Physical Assessments
• 8. Encourage Communication 5

6. 1. Risk Assessments
• A risk assessment is the process of identifying what risks and hazards
exist or may exist at some point, how they may cause harm, and what
steps can be taken to minimize them.
• It’s a legal requirement for all companies.
• Not only do risk assessments save lives, but they also save money by
preventing fines and can reduce a company’s legal liability.
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7. Risk Assessment & Mitigation measures at Highway projects
➢Risk assessment is a process that seeks to estimate the likelihood of occurrence of
adverse effects as a result of major road mishaps, gas tanker explosions, fire
hazards, floods, cyclones, earth quakes etc at Highway projects.
➢Elimination of the risk (avoidance of accidents) is given prime importance and
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) has introduced many safety provisions
in the design of highway.
➢Some of these are listed below:
• Safety barriers/delineators hard shoulders on main roads
• Traffic signs and pavement markings
• Underpasses and other grade separators at congested junction
• Removal of junctions and direct access points on main roads
• Improved median openings with stacking lanes
• Separate provisions and direct access point
• Service roads in towns and villages for segregating local and through traffic.
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8. 2. Regular Inspections
❑Regularly inspect equipment and machinery to ensure everything is
functioning correctly and avoid accidents via malfunctions.
❑For an industry like construction, where heavy machinery is widely
used, regular inspections can save lives.
❑You should also inspect dangerous activities and processes to assess
risks and decide whether an alternative and safer method can be
used.
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9. 3. Ongoing and Effective Training
❖Preventing accidents is a lot easier when every member of your workforce
possesses the knowledge and skills necessary to mitigate risks.
❖Health and safety training is a legal requirement for every business. Some
businesses treat training as nothing more than a box-ticking exercise. Others
have good intentions but employ traditional long-format training that doesn’t
promote engagement and knowledge retention.
❖For those that are serious about reducing accidents, consider a more
progressive training format that’s tailored to the modern worker.
• Workers can access safety information on the job in their time of need, safety
practices become more consistent, resulting in a stronger workplace safety
culture.
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11. 4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• PPE is protective equipment worn to minimize exposure to workplace
hazards.
• PPE may include hard hats, gloves, high-visual clothing, and face
masks.
• OSHA recommends the implementation of a PPE program that should
address hazards and train employees on the use of PPE.
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12. 5. Clear Signage
• Clear signage, or safety signage, should be provided when risks can’t
be avoided or controlled in any other way.
• Employers are responsible for training their employees to understand
what all signs mean and what action they need to take when seeing a
sign.
• Additionally, safety signs must be properly maintained—a few missing
letters can change a sign’s entire meaning.
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13. 6. Accident Reporting
❑Accident reporting will help you evaluate the effectiveness of the measures
you have put in place to avoid workplace hazards.
❑It will also help you improve your workplace health and safety by allowing
you to investigate accidents and determine what went wrong.
❑Employers should provide some level of training to ensure workers know
how to report an accident.
❑Although the process will differ from place to place, a general rule is to
make the process efficient and accessible.
❑A time-consuming and complex process will only deter workers from
reporting incidents.
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14. 7. Physical Assessments
• Many of the prevention methods up until now have focused on evaluating
the working environment and equipment.
• However, it’s equally important to assess your workers to make sure they’re
fit to perform the tasks involved effectively and without risk to their own
health and the health of others.
• With physical assessments, employers should consider
the why and when. Why is the assessment needed? A common example is
when an employee’s health condition may impact their ability to effectively
do their job (e.g. a musculoskeletal condition that prevents heavy lifting).
• When is an assessment needed? This could be when an employee is
returning after extended time off due to illness. Or a new recruit is starting a
physically demanding role.
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15. 8. Encourage Communication
• Some businesses fail to include their workers when developing and
improving their workplace health and safety.
• Yet these are the people directly impacted by your practices and can
offer valuable insight into what does and doesn’t work.
• Create a culture of open communication and feedback from your
workforce.
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16. Typical construction site
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19. WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT/ or AN INCIDENT?
• WHAT IS AN ACCIDENT?
In occupational safety and health (OSH), an
incident is always a safety or health event
with unwanted consequences.
An accident is a type of incident. Accidents
have a narrower definition. What, exactly,
separates an accident from an incident
depends a little on who you ask, but an
accident typically implies a much more
serious outcome.
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20. HOW DO WE PREVENT AN INCIDENT OR ACCIDENT?
• Introduce what is termed as “Job Safety Analysis”.
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21. Risk Assessment of tasks, in terms of identifying and hazards, impacts of
the task.
• JSA is an abbreviation for Job Safety Analysis.
• It is a systematic technique of analysing potential hazards for each task needed
for a job.
• It helps integrate accepted health and safety protocols into a particular
organizational operation to implement the safest way to complete the task/ job.
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25. WHAT IS A HAZARD? WHAT IS A RISK?
• A Hazard
• A Risk
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A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition. It may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
A risk is the chance of something happening that will have a negative
effect. The level of risk reflects:
the likelihood of the unwanted event
the potential consequences of the unwanted event.

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29. IN ENDING THE SESSION ON PREVENTION OF ACCIDENT!!!
• Please be safe wherever you are working.
• Whatever you do, make sure you have identified the hazards
in the tasks, and implement whatever actions recommended
to lower the risk of an accident.
• Any incident may end up being an accident, if you donot
take note of it.
• Always discuss with everyone that will be working
anywhere near you.
• Awareness of what is happening around you.
• Anyone coming to any construction site must be inducted.
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