The document provides a summary of chapters from Tim Marshall's book "Prisoners of Geography". It discusses the key points from chapters about Russia, China, the US, Western Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and North and South Korea. Some main ideas include:
- Russia's vast size and lack of warm water ports shape its strategic challenges and goals.
- China's borders are defined by natural barriers like mountains and deserts, and it views Tibet as important for controlling water resources and defending against India.
- The US has benefited from its geographic isolation and access to two oceans, making it difficult to invade.
- Europe's rivers and mountains contributed to separate identities and conflicts between nations
China has several strategic goals: becoming a powerful, modernized nation, preeminent in Asia, and able to influence events in the Americas. To achieve this, China is building up its political, economic, and military power on a global scale. This includes developing ports and infrastructure worldwide that could support military operations. Meanwhile, the US military has significantly reduced in size since the end of the Cold War. If left unaddressed, China's buildup poses a potential long-term threat to US national security interests.
China is a major actor in the world economy and international politics. It is the second biggest economy in the world and by the end of this decade it will become the biggest in the world. It is already the biggest destination for more than 130 countries exports of goods, a major investor in many developing countries, and the main lender for many of them.
Under Xi Jinping leadership China´s foreign policy has become more assertive and with Trump policy of confronting China (that to a big extent will be followed by Biden ) its competition with U.S. is seen as inevitable.
In this article a review of China’s foreign policy is given. First, its foreign policy before Xi Jinping is analyzed; Second, the current China foreign policy is reviewed; Third, China foreign policy toward Latin America is seen; and Last, some conclusions are given.
The document summarizes the territorial disputes over islands and waters in the South China Sea between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. It discusses China's "nine-dash line" claim over much of the region that was rejected by an international tribunal in 2016 in a case brought by the Philippines. The ruling found that China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights, and that none of the features China occupied qualified as islands under international law. However, China and its ally Pakistan have rejected the tribunal's ruling.
China has an export-oriented economy that depends on other countries importing its cheap goods. This makes China vulnerable to disruptions in trade. Geopolitically, China aims to maintain control over buffer regions like Tibet and Taiwan, and protect its coastal regions. There are disputes over territories in the South China Sea, where China claims ownership over a vast area marked by its "nine-dashed line" on maps, conflicting with claims by other countries. While China faces no major land-based military threats currently, it views the U.S. Navy as a threat to its control of coastal regions.
World War 1 had devastating impacts on Russia's social, political, and economic structure:
1) Military defeats weakened the Tsar's authority and led to massive casualties totaling over 1.7 million troops killed and 2.5 million captured by 1917.
2) The war effort strained Russia's economy through high spending, inflation, and transportation issues that caused food shortages in cities.
3) Social unrest grew as workers faced declining living standards from inflation, shortages, and loss of life. Over 25% of soldiers went to the front unarmed by 1915.
China pursues an independent foreign policy focused on preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It aims to create a favorable environment for economic reform and modernization. China follows the principles of peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality and mutual benefit in developing relations. Recent foreign policy emphasizes closer ties with neighbors and reducing tensions, while disputes over territories continue with some Asian countries.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY REVISION - AGE OF IMPERIALISM: 1.1 SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICAGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the causes, conflicts, and impacts of the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. The main causes were commercial and strategic interests in securing raw materials and trade routes, as well as enhancing international prestige. This led to tensions and conflicts between European powers over territory in Africa, such as the Treaty of Berlin and the Fashoda Incident. The impacts on Africa included some benefits from European rule like improved infrastructure, but also disadvantages like exploitation of resources and loss of traditional culture.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
China has several strategic goals: becoming a powerful, modernized nation, preeminent in Asia, and able to influence events in the Americas. To achieve this, China is building up its political, economic, and military power on a global scale. This includes developing ports and infrastructure worldwide that could support military operations. Meanwhile, the US military has significantly reduced in size since the end of the Cold War. If left unaddressed, China's buildup poses a potential long-term threat to US national security interests.
China is a major actor in the world economy and international politics. It is the second biggest economy in the world and by the end of this decade it will become the biggest in the world. It is already the biggest destination for more than 130 countries exports of goods, a major investor in many developing countries, and the main lender for many of them.
Under Xi Jinping leadership China´s foreign policy has become more assertive and with Trump policy of confronting China (that to a big extent will be followed by Biden ) its competition with U.S. is seen as inevitable.
In this article a review of China’s foreign policy is given. First, its foreign policy before Xi Jinping is analyzed; Second, the current China foreign policy is reviewed; Third, China foreign policy toward Latin America is seen; and Last, some conclusions are given.
The document summarizes the territorial disputes over islands and waters in the South China Sea between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. It discusses China's "nine-dash line" claim over much of the region that was rejected by an international tribunal in 2016 in a case brought by the Philippines. The ruling found that China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights, and that none of the features China occupied qualified as islands under international law. However, China and its ally Pakistan have rejected the tribunal's ruling.
China has an export-oriented economy that depends on other countries importing its cheap goods. This makes China vulnerable to disruptions in trade. Geopolitically, China aims to maintain control over buffer regions like Tibet and Taiwan, and protect its coastal regions. There are disputes over territories in the South China Sea, where China claims ownership over a vast area marked by its "nine-dashed line" on maps, conflicting with claims by other countries. While China faces no major land-based military threats currently, it views the U.S. Navy as a threat to its control of coastal regions.
World War 1 had devastating impacts on Russia's social, political, and economic structure:
1) Military defeats weakened the Tsar's authority and led to massive casualties totaling over 1.7 million troops killed and 2.5 million captured by 1917.
2) The war effort strained Russia's economy through high spending, inflation, and transportation issues that caused food shortages in cities.
3) Social unrest grew as workers faced declining living standards from inflation, shortages, and loss of life. Over 25% of soldiers went to the front unarmed by 1915.
China pursues an independent foreign policy focused on preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. It aims to create a favorable environment for economic reform and modernization. China follows the principles of peaceful coexistence, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality and mutual benefit in developing relations. Recent foreign policy emphasizes closer ties with neighbors and reducing tensions, while disputes over territories continue with some Asian countries.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY REVISION - AGE OF IMPERIALISM: 1.1 SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICAGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the causes, conflicts, and impacts of the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. The main causes were commercial and strategic interests in securing raw materials and trade routes, as well as enhancing international prestige. This led to tensions and conflicts between European powers over territory in Africa, such as the Treaty of Berlin and the Fashoda Incident. The impacts on Africa included some benefits from European rule like improved infrastructure, but also disadvantages like exploitation of resources and loss of traditional culture.
This is a slide-set that I had used for a workshop conducted by the Indian School of Business on the Indo-Pacific on July 30, 2021.
It discusses the evolution of the US Indo-Pacific strategy and China's perceptions and policy responses.
The First and Second Balkan Wars occurred from 1912-1913 as Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia formed the Balkan League to drive the Ottoman Empire from Europe. In the First Balkan War, the Balkan League was successful in defeating the Ottomans. However, in 1913 the Second Balkan War broke out as the members of the League fought over the division of the conquered territory, particularly Macedonia. Bulgaria lost this war, weakening Ottoman control but also increasing tensions between the Balkan states that would contribute to conflict leading up to World War I.
Introduction to Central Asia and Russian Relations. Focus on 5 nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), former Soviet Union. GDP, literacy rate, mortality and demographics comparison of two countries.
Foreign policy of the united states of americaSamSnipes
This document discusses several aspects of US foreign policy, including how the president and congress establish policy, examples like the Truman Doctrine and involvement in NATO, and support for organizations like the UN and World Hunger Organization. The Truman Doctrine established US policy to provide military and economic support to Greece and Turkey in response to Soviet actions. Through NATO, the US commits to political and military support of other member nations in return for their defense of the US. The UN and World Hunger Organization receive US funding and support to promote peace, development, and end hunger globally.
The document provides information about the Ukraine crisis, including:
1) Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe and was formerly part of the Soviet Union along with Russia. Crimea, now occupied by Russia, was formerly part of Ukraine.
2) NATO expansion caused tensions as Russia opposed Ukraine joining NATO due to security concerns about Western military presence near its borders.
3) The conflict began when Ukraine's president rejected an EU trade deal in 2013, leading to protests that ousted him. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, hoping to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and the EU.
The document discusses the need for a strategic framework for maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It notes that the IOR faces risks from interstate conflicts, terrorism, illegal activities at sea, and other threats. While regional countries recognize the need to cooperate on security issues, efforts so far have lacked momentum due to underdeveloped countries and internal political issues within states. It argues that a strong, coordinated regional organization is needed to address the many security threats facing the IOR.
Central Asia is an important geopolitical region for several reasons:
1) It is rich in natural resources like natural gas and located along key trade routes like the Silk Road, making it strategically important.
2) Major powers like the US, Russia, China, and European states have economic and security interests in the region due to its resources and location bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan.
3) Central Asia experienced growing attention after the 9/11 attacks as countries sought to curb terrorist groups operating in the region and secure strategic transportation routes for trade and energy pipelines.
Geopolitics of the_united_states_-_ebook_finalVYTIS MALECKAS
This document provides an overview of the geography of the United States and how it has contributed to the country's growth and power. It discusses several key geographic features, including the Mississippi River basin which provides extensive internal waterways for transportation. It also notes the country's insulation from threats by surrounding oceans, deserts, forests and lakes. The document argues that control of the Mississippi basin core region has allowed the US to dominate North America and emerge as a global power.
This presentation is on Turkish Foreign Policy between 1923 and 1939, during Kemal Ataturk's period. It explains the central themes of foreign policy and achievements.
This document discusses U.S. foreign policy towards Russia from 2000-2012. It examines the significance of foreign policy and outlines the key areas of study as U.S.-Russia relations and efforts to promote democracy in Russia. The main argument is that while Russia has become more democratic since the fall of the Soviet Union, relations remain tense and U.S. policy has not significantly changed. The document then outlines Russia's principal foreign policy interests in global order, security, and economic growth as well as U.S. interests in international security, the world economy, and global order.
The Cuban Missile Crisis arose from escalating tensions between the US and Cuba following Fidel Castro's rise to power in 1959. Castro aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union and received economic support after the US imposed sanctions. In 1962, the Soviet Union began secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, intending to deter a US invasion and gain leverage over the US's missiles in Turkey. The US discovered the missiles through aerial photographs and implemented a naval blockade around Cuba. For 13 days, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the US and USSR brought forces to high alert and negotiated a resolution. Ultimately, the Soviets agreed to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the US agreeing to eventually remove its missiles in Turkey. The crisis emphasized
strategic importance of indian ocean.pptxMahamAaqil2
This document summarizes the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean region. It discusses how the Indian Ocean's vast size and importance for trade and energy transport have led countries to compete for influence and control over key chokepoints. The most contested areas are the Strait of Malacca, Strait of Hormuz, and Bab-el-Mandeb Strait due to heavy oil shipments. While the US was historically influential, China is expanding its presence through new bases and economic initiatives. How powers respond to shifting dynamics and non-traditional threats like climate change will impact their ability to cooperate on security in the strategically critical Indian Ocean.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
Geopolitik originated as a uniquely German school of geostrategy that developed after German unification in the late 19th century. Key figures who influenced the development of Geopolitik included Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm II, and later Adolf Hitler. Central concepts of German racial identity and the pursuit of economic dominance of territory demonstrate continuity between the German Empire and Nazi periods. Germany pursued expansionist policies aimed at revising the international system to gain more territory and power, including the concept of Mitteleuropa to dominate Central and Eastern Europe economically under German leadership.
China's Belt and Road Initiative Presentation - 31st March 2021Morlai Kargbo, FCCA
The Belt and Road Initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by China in 2013. It aims to invest in projects across Asia, Europe, and Africa along six major land and sea corridors to connect China to international markets. The massive project, estimated to cost $4-8 trillion, includes plans for roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure. Both China and participating countries hope it will encourage regional connectivity and economic growth. However, some critics argue that it may allow China to gain political influence and could burden some nations with unsustainable debt.
The document summarizes several key events in the Cold War between 1950-1962, including the Korean War, the Hungarian Uprising, the U-2 Spy Plane Incident, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the arms and space races between the US and USSR. It provides context around how these events escalated tensions between the two superpowers and their allies.
In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
The document summarizes the causes and major events of the Sino-Soviet split between China and the Soviet Union from the 1950s to the late 1970s. Key causes included border disputes, disagreements over socialist ideology and foreign policy, and personal animosities between Mao and Soviet leaders like Stalin and Khrushchev. Major events in the split included the USSR withdrawing aid from China in the late 1950s, China developing nuclear weapons independently in the 1960s, and both countries pointing nuclear missiles at each other in the late 1960s. The split began to ease in the late 1970s with the deaths of Mao and Brezhnev and the establishment of relations between China and the US.
0 – Introduction
1 – Without an economy, there is no thriving military power
2 - US military proliferation on the planet
2.1 - East and Oceania
2.2 – Europe
2.3 - Middle East
2.4 – Africa
2.5 – America
3 – USA, a fated evildoer
A dangerous circus right next door, in the middle eastGRAZIA TANTA
The greatest danger is that decadent states tend to not accept this decadence and cause disasters, without, preferentially, opting for hara-kiri.
Contents
Introducing the clowns
An erratic, chaotic pecking
Persian Gulf - many attackers for one target
Where are the threats?
The First and Second Balkan Wars occurred from 1912-1913 as Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia formed the Balkan League to drive the Ottoman Empire from Europe. In the First Balkan War, the Balkan League was successful in defeating the Ottomans. However, in 1913 the Second Balkan War broke out as the members of the League fought over the division of the conquered territory, particularly Macedonia. Bulgaria lost this war, weakening Ottoman control but also increasing tensions between the Balkan states that would contribute to conflict leading up to World War I.
Introduction to Central Asia and Russian Relations. Focus on 5 nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), former Soviet Union. GDP, literacy rate, mortality and demographics comparison of two countries.
Foreign policy of the united states of americaSamSnipes
This document discusses several aspects of US foreign policy, including how the president and congress establish policy, examples like the Truman Doctrine and involvement in NATO, and support for organizations like the UN and World Hunger Organization. The Truman Doctrine established US policy to provide military and economic support to Greece and Turkey in response to Soviet actions. Through NATO, the US commits to political and military support of other member nations in return for their defense of the US. The UN and World Hunger Organization receive US funding and support to promote peace, development, and end hunger globally.
The document provides information about the Ukraine crisis, including:
1) Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe and was formerly part of the Soviet Union along with Russia. Crimea, now occupied by Russia, was formerly part of Ukraine.
2) NATO expansion caused tensions as Russia opposed Ukraine joining NATO due to security concerns about Western military presence near its borders.
3) The conflict began when Ukraine's president rejected an EU trade deal in 2013, leading to protests that ousted him. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, hoping to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and the EU.
The document discusses the need for a strategic framework for maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It notes that the IOR faces risks from interstate conflicts, terrorism, illegal activities at sea, and other threats. While regional countries recognize the need to cooperate on security issues, efforts so far have lacked momentum due to underdeveloped countries and internal political issues within states. It argues that a strong, coordinated regional organization is needed to address the many security threats facing the IOR.
Central Asia is an important geopolitical region for several reasons:
1) It is rich in natural resources like natural gas and located along key trade routes like the Silk Road, making it strategically important.
2) Major powers like the US, Russia, China, and European states have economic and security interests in the region due to its resources and location bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan.
3) Central Asia experienced growing attention after the 9/11 attacks as countries sought to curb terrorist groups operating in the region and secure strategic transportation routes for trade and energy pipelines.
Geopolitics of the_united_states_-_ebook_finalVYTIS MALECKAS
This document provides an overview of the geography of the United States and how it has contributed to the country's growth and power. It discusses several key geographic features, including the Mississippi River basin which provides extensive internal waterways for transportation. It also notes the country's insulation from threats by surrounding oceans, deserts, forests and lakes. The document argues that control of the Mississippi basin core region has allowed the US to dominate North America and emerge as a global power.
This presentation is on Turkish Foreign Policy between 1923 and 1939, during Kemal Ataturk's period. It explains the central themes of foreign policy and achievements.
This document discusses U.S. foreign policy towards Russia from 2000-2012. It examines the significance of foreign policy and outlines the key areas of study as U.S.-Russia relations and efforts to promote democracy in Russia. The main argument is that while Russia has become more democratic since the fall of the Soviet Union, relations remain tense and U.S. policy has not significantly changed. The document then outlines Russia's principal foreign policy interests in global order, security, and economic growth as well as U.S. interests in international security, the world economy, and global order.
The Cuban Missile Crisis arose from escalating tensions between the US and Cuba following Fidel Castro's rise to power in 1959. Castro aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union and received economic support after the US imposed sanctions. In 1962, the Soviet Union began secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, intending to deter a US invasion and gain leverage over the US's missiles in Turkey. The US discovered the missiles through aerial photographs and implemented a naval blockade around Cuba. For 13 days, the world stood on the brink of nuclear war as the US and USSR brought forces to high alert and negotiated a resolution. Ultimately, the Soviets agreed to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the US agreeing to eventually remove its missiles in Turkey. The crisis emphasized
strategic importance of indian ocean.pptxMahamAaqil2
This document summarizes the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean region. It discusses how the Indian Ocean's vast size and importance for trade and energy transport have led countries to compete for influence and control over key chokepoints. The most contested areas are the Strait of Malacca, Strait of Hormuz, and Bab-el-Mandeb Strait due to heavy oil shipments. While the US was historically influential, China is expanding its presence through new bases and economic initiatives. How powers respond to shifting dynamics and non-traditional threats like climate change will impact their ability to cooperate on security in the strategically critical Indian Ocean.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
Geopolitik originated as a uniquely German school of geostrategy that developed after German unification in the late 19th century. Key figures who influenced the development of Geopolitik included Otto von Bismarck, Wilhelm II, and later Adolf Hitler. Central concepts of German racial identity and the pursuit of economic dominance of territory demonstrate continuity between the German Empire and Nazi periods. Germany pursued expansionist policies aimed at revising the international system to gain more territory and power, including the concept of Mitteleuropa to dominate Central and Eastern Europe economically under German leadership.
China's Belt and Road Initiative Presentation - 31st March 2021Morlai Kargbo, FCCA
The Belt and Road Initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by China in 2013. It aims to invest in projects across Asia, Europe, and Africa along six major land and sea corridors to connect China to international markets. The massive project, estimated to cost $4-8 trillion, includes plans for roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure. Both China and participating countries hope it will encourage regional connectivity and economic growth. However, some critics argue that it may allow China to gain political influence and could burden some nations with unsustainable debt.
The document summarizes several key events in the Cold War between 1950-1962, including the Korean War, the Hungarian Uprising, the U-2 Spy Plane Incident, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the arms and space races between the US and USSR. It provides context around how these events escalated tensions between the two superpowers and their allies.
In this lesson, we will go through the origins of the Cold War, going right back to the Russian Revolution all the way to the events that followed the end of WWII.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
The document summarizes the causes and major events of the Sino-Soviet split between China and the Soviet Union from the 1950s to the late 1970s. Key causes included border disputes, disagreements over socialist ideology and foreign policy, and personal animosities between Mao and Soviet leaders like Stalin and Khrushchev. Major events in the split included the USSR withdrawing aid from China in the late 1950s, China developing nuclear weapons independently in the 1960s, and both countries pointing nuclear missiles at each other in the late 1960s. The split began to ease in the late 1970s with the deaths of Mao and Brezhnev and the establishment of relations between China and the US.
0 – Introduction
1 – Without an economy, there is no thriving military power
2 - US military proliferation on the planet
2.1 - East and Oceania
2.2 – Europe
2.3 - Middle East
2.4 – Africa
2.5 – America
3 – USA, a fated evildoer
A dangerous circus right next door, in the middle eastGRAZIA TANTA
The greatest danger is that decadent states tend to not accept this decadence and cause disasters, without, preferentially, opting for hara-kiri.
Contents
Introducing the clowns
An erratic, chaotic pecking
Persian Gulf - many attackers for one target
Where are the threats?
- China has been building artificial islands in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea and claiming territory far beyond what international law allows. This has angered other countries that border the sea like Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
- The South China Sea is a critical global trade route and may contain significant oil and gas resources, giving China strategic and economic incentives to control the area. However, its aggressive actions are exacerbating tensions.
- By ignoring international laws and treaties, China seeks to dominate the South China Sea, but its actions undermine stability in the region and its relations with neighbors. Investors would be wise to avoid the area due to these legal and political risks.
Heartland theory
History of Heartland Theory:
Theory of Heartland
1919 modifications
1943 modification and concept of Midland Basin
Why Eastern Europe
Importance
Success and failures
Containment
Criticism
RIMLAND THEORY
THEORY
Spykman’s division of the world
Mackinder vs Spykman
Criticism
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in .docxhanneloremccaffery
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1894).
I
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1
In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words:
"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area
has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier
line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot1
have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic
movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the
colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and
the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.
Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call
these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American
institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an
expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and
in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions
of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--
I was about to say fearfully--growing!", 2 So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of
American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently
emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area;
and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in
the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the
Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area,
such as the rise of representative government; into complex organs; the progress from primitive
industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in
addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process
of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new
development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over
again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot2
...
The document discusses several Second World and developing countries/regions including Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, Mexico, and the Arab world. It describes Russia's weakened economy and declining population despite its large energy exports. Ukraine struggles with defining its identity and improving its economy. Central Asia remains an area of geopolitical competition due to its location along the Silk Road and oil/gas resources. Mexico has struggled to develop into a First World country due to issues like poverty, drug trafficking, and economic dependence on the US. The Arab world also grapples with development challenges while dealing with tensions between Western influence and local political/cultural movements.
The Heartland Theory proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder divided the world into three zones: the Heartland (Eurasia), the Inner Crescent (coastal regions surrounding the Heartland), and the Outer Crescent (remaining landmasses). Mackinder argued that whoever controlled the Heartland would control the world, and predicted power struggles between land and sea powers, with land powers ultimately prevailing. While the theory helped predict World Wars I and II, it oversimplified geopolitics and did not anticipate many later geopolitical developments.
The document summarizes key points from Parag Khanna's book "The Second World" about geopolitics and various countries and regions. It discusses how the book uses history to understand the present and future. It then provides highlights about the European Union as a powerful superstate, Russia's vulnerability due to its size and fragmentation, Turkey's strategic location and relations, and China's controversial occupation and control over Tibet and Xinjiang for their natural resources, which is akin to the US losing territory west of the Rockies.
The document summarizes key points from Parag Khanna's book "The Second World" about geopolitics and various countries and regions. It discusses how geopolitics looks to history to improve the future. It then summarizes Khanna's views on the EU as a rival superpower to the US. Next it discusses Russia as a fragmented state vulnerable to exploitation. It also briefly outlines Khanna's perspectives on Turkey, China's occupation of Tibet and Xinjiang, and includes the work cited.
- China views dominance over the South China Sea as strategically important for gaining access to the wider Pacific and Indian Ocean, allowing it to influence global trade routes and project power.
- If China gains control over the South China Sea, it could "Finlandize" countries like Vietnam and the Philippines by constraining their foreign policies to be more favorable to China's interests through economic and military pressure.
- The US faces the challenge of enforcing costs on China to prevent aggression in the South China Sea, while avoiding a direct military conflict that could damage the important US-China relationship.
Conceptual development of Heartland and Rimland theories with special referen...ZenicaBarnwal
Rimland and Heartland theories relevance in today's world with a case study of south china sea. With objectives of to provide a brief overview of the Heartland and the Rimland Theory and to highlight their key differences with a perspective of Eurasia.
To discuss relevance of Rimland in the present world with the help of a case study.
The document discusses the Civil War blockade established by the Union navy around Confederate ports. It was initially ineffective with only 36 ships but grew to include 150 ships added weekly. Some blockade runners were able to get supplies through for the Confederacy, but they could not destroy the expanding Union navy blockade. Later, the Confederacy built ironclad ships like the Virginia but the Union Monitor defeated it in battle, maintaining the blockade. Ultimately the blockade cut off much of the South's international trade and supply lines, weakening the Confederate war effort over time.
- War clouds are gathering as Russia threatens to invade Ukraine and China flexes its muscles on the Indian border. Both countries have rebuilt their economies and militaries while Western powers have aging equipment.
- China and Russia want to show strength domestically and see Western treaties as having truncated their nations. They have penetrated infrastructure overseas and tested new weapons.
- The global power balance has shifted eastward as Western nations ceded manufacturing and technology to Asia. A future world war would likely be in Asia between East and West. India would struggle to fight on multiple fronts against China and Pakistan.
- War clouds are gathering as Russia threatens to invade Ukraine and China flexes its muscles on the India-China border. Both countries have rebuilt their economies and militaries while Western powers have aging equipment.
- China and Russia want to show strength domestically and see Western treaties as having truncated their nations. They have penetrated Western systems through cyber and economic means.
- The global power balance has shifted eastward as Western nations ceded manufacturing and technology to Asia. A future world war would likely be in Asia between East and West. India would struggle to fight on multiple fronts against China and Pakistan.
This is presented during a session "Strategic cultures" at the symposium “Lessons of 1914 for the future of Asia” on 14-15 July 2014 held at Temple University Japan Campus. This symposium is organized by Andreas Herberg-Rothe, Faculty of social and cultural studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany and supported by the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Japan.
This document provides background information on the conflict between China and Vietnam in 1979. It discusses the long history of conflict and domination between the two countries dating back thousands of years. China occupied Vietnam for 1,000 years and was the greatest threat to Vietnam's sovereignty and identity. There were many Vietnamese rebellions against Chinese rule led by heroes like Trieu Da and the Trung sisters. The document then discusses how the two countries formed an alliance in the 20th century against Western colonial powers, but that their alliance was abnormal and tensions remained based on historical geopolitical and racial animosities. It sets up how these tensions would later erupt into the brief Sino-Vietnamese war of 1979.
UC at Boulder the Significance of The Frontier to American.pdfsdfghj21
This document discusses Frederick Jackson Turner's 1893 paper on the significance of the American frontier to history. It provides excerpts from Turner's paper describing how the frontier shaped American development and institutions as settlers moved westward across North America. Turner argues that the frontier was the most effective force in Americanizing immigrants and that each new frontier area served as a guide for those following, with settlements evolving in similar ways. The availability of free land on the frontier promoted rapid growth and the formation of a unified American nationality and culture.
Discussion Board description (500 Words)· In the readings thusLyndonPelletier761
Discussion Board description (500 Words)
· In the readings thus far, the text identified many early American interests in the Middle East from geopolitical to missionary.
· Using the text and your own research, compare these early interests with contemporary American interests in the Middle East.
1. In particular, how has becoming 1) a global hegemon after WWII and 2) the concurrent process of ‘secularization’ transformed American foreign policy thought and behavior toward Israel and the Middle East region generally?
2. What themes have remained constant and what appear new?
3. Would you attribute changes more to America’s new geopolitical role after WWII, or to the increasing secularization of American society?
Explain carefully and think critically.
Chapter 13
EMPIRES AT DAWN
AWAKENING AT SUNRISE ON JULY 11, 1882, THE INHABITANTS of Alexandria, Egypt, could see an ominous line of silhouettes stretched across the Mediterranean’s horizon. Word of the mirage-like sight filtered quickly through the city and soon throngs of curious citizens gathered on the docks. Peasants, clerks, and merchants gazed wordlessly out at the specter hovering just beyond the harbor, while platoons of anxious artillerymen scurried around their guns. Many of them understood that the history of their nation, if not that of the entire Middle East, was about to be altered. The political upheavals that had long shaken Egypt, fracturing its pride and its dreams of independence, were erupting.
The tremors had intensified over a three-year period, during which the European powers declared Egypt insolvent, ousted Khedive Isma’il, and installed the more malleable Tawfiq. This flagrant interference in Egyptian affairs sparked opposition from the swelling ranks of Egyptian nationalists led by a charismatic colonel, Ahmad ‘Urabi. Of peasant stock and a strict Islamic background, the brawny, broad-nosed, and mustachioed ‘Urabi was Egypt’s highest-ranking native officer. Vowing “Egypt for the Egyptians,” he sought to oust the Turkish elite that still controlled the army and free Egypt of all its foreign debts. The khedive and his European creditors consequently conspired to have ‘Urabi arrested. The colonel would not be silenced, however, and by 1882, he was threatening to unseat the khedive. Riots in support of ‘Urabi broke out in Cairo and Alexandria and spread toward the Suez Canal. Fearing for the safety of its nationals in Egypt and, above all, for the security of its precious canal, Britain resolved to intervene.
The phantomlike forms aligned off Egypt’s coast that July morning gradually came into focus: British battleships. At precisely 6:50 a.m., blinding flashes suddenly illuminated their decks. Seconds later, with deafening shrieks and numbing explosions, salvos of large-caliber shells smashed into the twisting alleys and elegant parks of Alexandria. The spectators on the docks instantly scattered and the city’s famously bustling streets emptied. But the Egyptian ar ...
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Discover innovative uses of Revit in urban planning and design, enhancing city landscapes with advanced architectural solutions. Understand how architectural firms are using Revit to transform how processes and outcomes within urban planning and design fields look. They are supplementing work and putting in value through speed and imagination that the architects and planners are placing into composing progressive urban areas that are not only colorful but also pragmatic.
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The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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4. Author
Timothy John Marshall (born 1 May 1959) is a British journalist, author
and broadcaster, specializing in foreign affairs and international
diplomacy.
He has written seven books including Prisoners of Geography.
Other titles include The Power of Geography a #2 Sunday Times
bestseller; Shadow play: The Inside Story Of Europe's Last War,
And 2018 Sunday Times bestseller Divided: Why We’re Living In An Age
Of Walls.
Marshall is founder and editor of news web
platform thewhatandthewhy.com, a site for journalists, politicians,
foreign affairs analysts and enthusiasts to share their views on world
news events.
4
5. Introduction
Tim Marshall begins his article by stating that “the land on which we live
has always shaped us.”
He explains how the geography of a place affects politics and warfare.
The book describes how geography—mountains, plains, rivers, coastlines,
climate and natural resources—shape the fate of nations.
It also considers how other influences—religion, culture language and
ethnicity–interact with local geography.
5
6. Cont.
For example, Russia is worried about Ukraine because
it’s mostly flat and open; this allows for enemies to
attack from any direction.
In contrast, China and India have never fought each
other because they are separated by high mountains.
Tim Marshall has identified the key geopolitical issues
facing all the world's key continents and regions.
Only the Antarctica and Oceania are not discussed.
6
7. Chapter 1 ( Russia)
Russia is the vastest expanse of land constituting a
state making up 11 time zones and roughly more
than twice the size of the United States.
Russia can be dissected into two parts; European
Russia separated by Ural mountains and Siberia or
Asian Russia.
Most of the Russian population lives in the European
side, more densely congregated around the city of
Moscow.
Russia is hostile in the Baltics due to the fear of
Western assault.
If Putin is worried about western Europe coming in
through flatlands because of the limited capability
Russia has to push them back.
7
8. Cont.
The author argues that Russian geography is a double-edged sword,
pointing specifically to the Northern European point between Poland and
Moscow
And presents Poland as a narrow corridor in which Russia could drive its
armed forces to prevent any enemy advancing towards Moscow.
Russia has never been conquered since the Northern European gap begins
to expand beyond a certain point
And it becomes difficult even for a large army to efficiently execute their
actions out in the wide open terrain
Example: Germany and Napoleon attack failed to conquer Russia.
8
9. Cont.
Author points out Russia’s major weakness in the form of not
having a warm water port.
That is primarily why Russia annexed Crimea to have access to the
port of Sevastopol.
But even if Russia takes Sevastopol, they need to go through
Bosphorous strait which is controlled by Turkey to reach Aegean
Sea to reach the strait of Gibraltar which is controlled by Spain.
Both Turkey and Spain are members of NATO and EU so this
option adds to the difficulties of Russia.
Russia approached Afghanistan in 1979, most probably to have a
warm water port.
The author also stated that Gas and Oil are the real weapons of
Russia and not nukes since most Central European some West
European states are reliant on Russia for energy sources.
Lastly, author states that there is a sharp decline in Russian
population and Putin is facing the same challenges of frozen
ports.
9
10. Chapter 2
china
China’s borders are delineated by its natural formations such as the Tibetan
Plateau, Himalayas jungles deserts and Pacific Ocean even while it is able to
reach out to other parts of the world through trade and military might.
China is country both blessed and cursed by its waste geography
China is a civilization pretending to be a nation.
China is afraid of India and water shortages, so they keep a hold on Tibet.
If China allows Tibet independence, India could easily invade China and lose a
major water supply.
The Yellow River is to China what the Nile is to Egypt – the cradle of its
civilization, where its people learnt to farm, to make paper and gunpowder.
To the north of this proto-China were the harsh lands of the Gobi Desert in
what is now Mongolia.
To the west the land gradually rises until it becomes the Tibetan Plateau,
reaching to the Himalayas. To the south-east and south lies the sea.
10
11. Cont.
If we look at China’s modern borders we see a great power now confident that it is
secured by its geographical features, which lend themselves to effective defense and
trade.
In the north we see the 2,906-mile-long border with Mongolia. Gobi desert provides a
defensive line to china.
Next door, to the east, is China’s border with Russia, which runs all the way to the
Pacific Ocean – or at least the Sea of Japan subdivision of it.
Continuing clockwise, we come to the next land borders: Vietnam, Laos and Burma.
Vietnam is an irritation for China.
Vietnam is only a minor threat and a problem that can be managed.
The border with Laos is hilly jungle terrain, difficult for traders to cross – and even more
complicated for the military.
As they move clockwise to Burma, the jungle hills become mountains until at the
western extreme they are approaching 20,000 feet and beginning to merge into the
Himalayas.
11
12. Cont.
This brings us to Tibet and its importance to China. The Himalayas run the length of the
Chinese–Indian border before descending to become the Karakorum Range bordering
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
This is called the natural great wall of china.
Very little trade has moved between China and India over the centuries, and that is
unlikely to change soon. Of course the border is really the Tibetan–Indian border – and
that is precisely why China has always wanted to control it.
Tibet is a bulwark for china against Indian attack.
This would give India the commanding heights of the Tibetan Plateau and a base from
which to push into the Chinese heartland, as well as control of the Tibetan sources of
three of China’s great rivers, the Yellow, Yangtze and Mekong, which is why Tibet is
known as ‘China’s Water Tower’.
12
13. Cont.
Finally the clock hand moves round past the borders with Pakistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (all
mountainous) before reaching the border with Kazakhstan, which leads back round north to
Mongolia.
This is the ancient Silk Route, the trade land bridge from the Middle Kingdom to the world.
it’s a weak spot in China’s defence, a gap between the mountains and desert; but it is far from the
heartland, the Kazakhs are in no position to threaten China, and Russia is several hundred miles
distant.
In the case of China's giant northwest Xinjiang Province, the geographic factor is focused outward.
Here, the emphasis is not on how geography has shaped the local Muslim Uighur population and
their landscape
The external dynamics generated by Xinjiang's location bordering eight other nations, and as an
unruly Province of Han dominated China.
Therefore, Xinjiang is disintegrated with center and descended into chaos.
13
14. Critique on chapter 2
The US-China relations have been looked at through traditional lens of
security. The dynamics of 21st century go beyond the arms race and power
struggle.
Despite the argument that the western democratic norms do not
essentially comply with the Chinese civilization, the western narrative has
been implied while looking at the conflict state in East Asia. (Incoherence)
The concluding argument “China is danger to itself” is weak, obscure and
not supported with facts.
14
15. (Chapter 3) US
Chapter 3 examines the United States, a nation with many
resources and good geography. It has generally enjoyed stability
because of its common language and heritage.
50 states but one nation; owing to the historical reasons and
geographical realities.
Divided into three parts;
East coast plain leading to the Appalachian mountains, great plains
stretching all the way to the rocky mountains and over the mountains
lies the desert leading to the Sierra Nevada mountains and then to the
shores of Pacific ocean.
Geographically invulnerable
Has an access to the Pacific (transcontinental treaty 1819)
and Atlantic.
Mighty blue water navy adds to the strength.
15
16. cont.
Guns and good geographical locations make the United States untouchable.
With only two friendly countries bordering it, the US is in a good geographical
location. Any invasion from Canada or Mexico would mean long supply chains for
those countries.
In world war 2 the US finally claimed its position on the global chessboard.
The US took control of almost all the British naval bases in the western hemisphere.
Replaced the great Britain as the great power.
Nationalistic Europe and Soviet defeat in the cold war left US as the sole world power
with only China to tackle.
It will take a whole century for China to surpass US. (Tim Marshall)
The assumptions on the decline of US are factually incorrect. (Marshall)
16
17. Critique
The historical reasons for geographical make-up of the
modern United states are comprehensively explained.
The US adventures on the world stage are projected in the
light of Democratic peace theory which reflects a biased
approach to the debate.
The future of US-China rivalry is understood through
conventional approach. (Flawed)
The non-traditional domain has been overlooked.
17
18. Chapter 4 ( western Europe)
Chapter 4 looks at Europe, which is divided by
mountains and rivers, contributing to separate
nations with different languages and cultures that are
prone to war.
Europe’s major rivers do not meet. This partly
explains why there are so many countries in what is a
relatively small space.
Therefore, rivers acts boundaries between many
countries.
Northern Europe is better located geographically
than southern Europe.
18
19. Cont.
Southern countries do not have fertile lands and rely heavily
on trade to maintain their food supply.
Due to geography, however, some areas of Europe have
thrived more than others
The Northern European Plain gifted France, Belgium, the
Netherlands, and Germany with good soil and a wealth of
crops.
Because of the surplus of crops and goods, northern
Europe was associated with hard work and developed big
cities of commerce.
19
20. Chapter 5 ( Africa )
Chapter 5 discusses the many challenges that Africa has
faced, such as geographic barriers and political borders.
The north is covered with a desert, while the south is full of
jungles.
There are also mountains in the middle of the continent.
A home to one of the beautiful coastline and beaches, as well
as legendary rivers, African geography has stunning yet
impractical waterways.
With limited scope to develop these shores into economic
hub, as they sharply turn into waterfall, divided the land of
Africa into sub- sections.
The magnificent Zambezi river, the largest river in the region
connecting six countries, gradually punctuated into
breathtaking waterfall.
These factors have made it hard for Africans to develop their
land and prosper economically.
20
21. Cont.
Africa’s waterways, while gorgeous, are simply not efficient.
Contact between countries is limited because of the lack of efficient water
systems.
Geography has given Africa beautiful but impractical waterways.
The relationship Africa has with its oceans and waterways is a complex and
frustrating one, and this isn’t just as a result of its vast deserts.
The impracticality of Africa’s rivers as useful trade routes has made both
trade and contact between the continent’s different regions very limited.
In turn, significantly hindered economic development across the continent
and prevented major trade routes from forming.
21
22. Cont.
The unwieldiness of African rivers as useful trade routes made both trade and
contact between the continent’s different regions restricted. This has, in turn,
significantly hindered economic development across the continent and
prevented major trade routes from forming.
But with the globalized world order, and European engineered projects, the same
rivers are converted into hydropower mega projects.
The mining of minerals and oil production further enriches the regions.
Nevertheless, corruption along with miss governance remains the eminent
reason for limited development of the region.
The regions also faced some of the hot-bed conflict zone areas including
Somalia, Nigeria and Sudan.
22
23. Chapter 6 ( Middle East )
Chapter 6 explores the Middle East, where
mountains and deserts alternate. Borders also
create conflict in this region.
The Political and Domestic condition of the
Middle East, simply be summed-up into
following lines, “The Europeans used ink to draw
lines on maps; they were lines that did not exist
and created some of the most artificial borders
the world has seen. An attempt is now being
made to redraw them in blood”
The colonial powers drew artificial borders on
paper, completely ignoring the physical realities
of the region.
23
24. Cont.
The geographical landscape of the region consist of vast desserts, oases, snow-covered mountains,
long rivers, great cities and coastal plains
The region gained importance mainly due to very two reasons; oil and ethnic violence
Birthplace of three monotheist religions, the region now host most Muslims, with limited population
of Jews and Christians.
Perhaps the greatest division within the region is between the Muslim community, i.e., Sunni
Muslims and Shia Muslims.
This ethnic division shapes the demography's of the regions and play a larger role in the greater
game of politics and power.
Separatist movements within the region further harbor the war-prone elements, including Kurdish
issue and Palestine issue.
International involvement within the region, also makes it a part of larger global game.
24
25. Chapter 7(Pakistan and India)
Chapter 7 focuses on Pakistan and India, which have fought
over the Kashmir region for decades whereas other internal
pressures are present as well.
Writer describes both states as prisoners of geography
because of dysfunctional and false boundary lines and
disputes between them by colonial power.
Pakistan is geographically, economically, demographically and
militarily weaker than India. Its national identity is also not as
strong.
India, despite its size, cultural diversity, and secessionist
movements, has built a solid secular democracy with a unified
sense of Indian identity.
25
26. Cont.
Pakistan is an Islamic state with a history of dictatorship and populations
whose loyalty is often more to their cultural region than to the state.
India and Pakistan can agree on one thing: neither wants the other one
around” aptly pointed out by Marshall
This chapter was filled with Pak-India Relationships with their neighboring
countries, major wars, comparison of both, Formation of Dhaka, Secularism of
India and democracy in Pakistan and Kashmir issue.
This chapter describes the past, present and future rivalries between these two
states, and refers to the involvement of China and the United States in the
region.
26
27. critique
Marshall has made several statements on historical events, however, he
seldom explains them.
His historical narrative often dilute the geographical narrative he wishes to
deliver in the chapter.
The maps in the chapter have not been marked in detail to clearly explain the
author’s narrative.
27
28. Chapter 8
Chapter 8 discusses Japan. North and South Korea.
Geography has gifted North Korea with hills, while
there’s flat land in South Korea all the way to Seoul.
Therefore, if North Korea were to launch a surprise
attack, their army could move quite easily over the
flat terrain and into the heart of the enemy’s capital
city.
On the other hand, if South Korea were to launch a
surprise attack, it would immediately hit a series of
geographical speed bumps that would slow down
ground troops and make them vulnerable to attack.
28
29. Cont.
Tim Marshall drew a comparison between North and South Korea, and he also tells the reason why
America threw bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Moreover, relationships between Tokyo and Seoul are also explained.
Korea was divided after World War II, but they rely on alliances with larger nations to preserve a precarious
peace.
Tension between the Koreas is well known to the world and the author describes the origins of the Hermit
kingdom and the lack of strategy from the USA in dealing with the problem
The author notes that the geographical barriers of Japan caused it to militarize in the first half of the
twentieth century.
Consequently, Japan was punished by the Western world, which brought its economy and industrial
development to its knees.
The Japanese post-war stance is described in detail and the author contends the increasing Japanese
defense budget displays the intent of resolve against Chinese threats.
29
30. critique
Concerning Korea and Japan, not much reference is made to
the geographical layout and characteristics that shape this
region, as in the other chapters
The chapter lacks an in-depth analysis of major conflict events.
30
31. Chapter 9 ( Latin America)
Chapter 9 covers the difficulties of Latin America.
The Amazon rainforest is not being conserved,
and land for farming has been limited because of
a growing population.
The River Amazon may be navigable in parts, but
its banks are muddy and the surrounding land
makes it difficult to build on. This problem, too,
seriously limits the amount of profitable land
available.
To top it off, there’s also political neglect in this
region.
31
32. critique
Apart from geographical factor, writer has missed to mention
that the sole cause of Latin America disparity is US role to
marginalize them wholly.
US fear and counter measures to mitigate threats from Latin
American countries is also one of the major cause of decline
which writer has missed.
32
33. Chapter 10
Artic
This chapter focus on another region that’s important to global
warming: the Arctic Ocean.
Global warming has melted ice caps, opening up new areas for
mining and drilling.
This area is now becoming a point of conflict over resource
extraction as well.
The word ‘arctic’ comes from the Greek artikos, which means
‘near the bear’.
The Arctic is a global, not just a regional, issue.
The Arctic Ocean is 5.4 million square miles; this might make it
the world’s smallest ocean but it is still almost as big as Russia,
and one and a half times the size of the USA.
33
34. Cont.
Arctic region includes land in parts of Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden
and the USA (Alaska)
The effects of the melting ice won’t just be felt in the Arctic: countries as far away as the Maldives,
Bangladesh and the Netherlands are at risk of increased flooding as the ice melts and sea levels rise.
There are twelve other nations with Permanent Observer status having recognized the ‘Arctic States’
sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction’ in the region, among other criteria.
There currently are at least nine legal disputes and claims over sovereignty in the Arctic Ocean, all
legally complicated.
Russia, meanwhile, is building an Arctic Army. Six new military bases are being constructed and
several mothballed Cold War installations.
Perhaps the Arctic will turn out to be just another battleground for the nation states.
34
35. Personal opinion
The book has profoundly explained the tens maps.
I would call Prisoners of Geography both essential reading for beginners and
veterans of the geopolitical, international relations and military history world.
However, Due to emerging role of global agents like youth culture, technological
advancement and mega urban culture has surpassed nations' landscape.
The writer has not blamed great powers for geographical asymmetry and down
fall due to great powers interest.
Somehow, writer has provided shallow view to geopolitics because the geography
can’t be the sole cause of rise and fall of nations after all.
Moreover, writer has presented a neoliberal and pro-US narrative.
He has denied the down fall of US and declared US a kind of never-ending
empire.
35
36. Conclusion
Geography has always been a prison of sorts – one that defines what a nation
is or can be, and one from which our world leaders have often struggled to
break free.
As the twenty-first century progresses, the geographical factors that have
helped determine our history will mostly continue to determine our future.
Societies are inevitably shaped by the land upon which they exist.
Of course geography does not dictate the course of all events. but
Geography will determine the nature of the fight. Whether to go over the
mountains or to launch nuclear weapons.
36
37. Cont.
Natural resources and geographic features can provide safety and prosperity or leave
a country’s citizens exposed and struggling.
Although modern technology now allows us to bend the rules of geography.
It still remains crucial to understanding why nations have turned out the way they are
today.
New geographical realities such as climate change present new opportunities and
challenges.
despite of new technologies and control of outer space. Geography remains the
salient factor for a country to rule and survive.
37